Taxonomy based on science is necessary for global conservation

Peer reviewe

Photography-based taxonomy is inadequate, unnecessary, and potentially harmful for biological sciences

The question whether taxonomic descriptions naming new animal species without type specimen(s) deposited in collections should be accepted for publication by scientific journals and allowed by the Code has already been discussed in Zootaxa (Dubois & Nemésio 2007; Donegan 2008, 2009; Nemésio 2009a–b; Dubois 2009; Gentile & Snell 2009; Minelli 2009; Cianferoni & Bartolozzi 2016; Amorim et al. 2016). This question was again raised in a letter supported by 35 signatories published in the journal Nature (Pape et al. 2016) on 15 September 2016. On 25 September 2016, the following rebuttal (strictly limited to 300 words as per the editorial rules of Nature) was submitted to Nature, which on 18 October 2016 refused to publish it. As we think this problem is a very important one for zoological taxonomy, this text is published here exactly as submitted to Nature, followed by the list of the 493 taxonomists and collection-based researchers who signed it in the short time span from 20 September to 6 October 2016

Eidmanacris neomarmorata Nihei 2017, sp. nov.

<i>Eidmanacris neomarmorata</i> Campos, sp. nov. <p>(Figs. 46–48)</p> <p>http://lsid.speciesfile.org/urn:lsid: Orthoptera.speciesfile.org:TaxonName:499169</p> <p> <b>Type material.</b> Holotype male, allotype, 5 males paratypes and 4 females paratypes (MZSP); 2 males paratypes and 2 females paratypes (UBTU). Labeled: “ Gruta Casa de Pedra, Pq. Nacional da Chapada dos Guimarães, Brasil, MT, Chapada dos Guimarães, 15°6’34’’S / 55°35’51’’W, 10–13/xii/2014, L. D. Campos <i>et al.</i> col. ” Specimens preserved in ethanol 80%.</p> <p> <b>Type locality.</b> Brazil, state of Mato Grosso, municipality of Chapada dos Guimarães.</p> <p> <b>Etymology.</b> From latin, <i>neo</i> means “new”. Named due to the similar coloration with <i>E. marmorata</i>.</p> <p> <b>Diagnosis.</b> This species can be distinguished from other <i>Eidmanacris</i> by the following characters: dark brown interspersed with whitish bands, first band with only one antenomere, other bands increasing in the number of antenomeres; apex of pseudepiphallic arm dorsally truncate in lateral view, superior and inferior projections hook shaped, upcurved, supero-internal and inferior projections reduced like spines in dorsal view; PsP2 curved inwards, posterior margin pointed, very sclerotized; dorsal projection of ectophallic invagination well sclerotized, elongate, posterior third thin, posterior margin with small central concavity.</p> <p> <b>Description.</b> <i>Head</i>. Light brown, marbled, dorsum pubescent, with dark spots. Occiput centrally light brown, laterally dark brown, with band light brown going from occiput to margin of each eye (Fig. 46C); vertex light brown, with anterior maculae dark. Fastigium dark brown, longer than wide, slightly narrowed at apex, narrower than scape; separated from vertex by transverse line forming “v” (Fig. 46C). In frontal view, frons light brown, with central triangle dark brown, four lateral bands dark brown, two vertical below eyes, two diagonal below scapes (Fig. 46A). Three ocelli present, well developed, lateral rounded, central flattened at bottom (Figs. 46A, B, C); eyes with unpigmented area on supero-internal angle (Fig. 46C). Maxillary palpi medium to dark brown, long and thin, joints 3, 4 and 5 almost same-sized, apex of joint 5 slightly upcurved, whitish ventrally (Fig. 46G). Gena light brown, dark brown band forming “v” in lateral view (Figs. 46A, B). Frontoclypeal suture yellowish brown, dark brown centrally. Clypeus light brown, with horizontal, central band dark brown; labrum whitish, lower portion yellowish brown. Mandible light brown, inner margin dark brown. Antennal scape light brown, inner surface dark brown (Figs. 46A, B, C); antennae dark brown interspersed with whitish bands, first band with only one antenomere, posterior bands increasing antenomeres in number.</p> <p> <i>Thorax</i>. Pronotum DD light brown, dark brown, marbled, with dark spots and maculae, wider than long, inflated, divided by light brown sagittal line slender and well discernible; DD cephalic margin slightly concave, caudal margin almost straight. (Fig. 46C); ventro cephalic angle rounded, margin light brown, ventro caudal margin dark brown, gradually ascendant (Fig. 46B).</p> <p> <i>Legs</i>. FI and II light brown, annulated with dark brown. TI and II light to medium brown, annulated with dark brown; TI with two same-sized apical spurs, TII with two inner apical spurs, one outer, smaller. FIII light brown, two bands of several stripes dark brown, thin, on outer surface, apical third dark brown (Fig. 46F). TIII medium to yellowish brown, annulated with three dark brown bands; subapical spurs 4/4, serrulation above and between subapical spurs; apical spurs 3/3, more developed on inner surface; inner apical spurs: median one longer (iam), dorsal almost same sized (iad), ventral smallest (iav) (iam>iad>iav); outer apical spurs: median one longer (oam), dorsal (oad) little longer than ventral (oav) (oam>oad>oav). Basitarsi I, II and III anteriorly light brown, posteriorly medium brown, pubescent.</p> <p> <i>Abdomen</i>. Dark brown, marbled, with dark spots and maculae, sub-cylindrical, posterior tergites narrower in dorsal view, divided by thin sagittal line light brown, tergite 7 yellowish (Fig. 46D).</p> <p> <b>Male.</b> Large-sized body, different shades of brown, marbled, with dark spots and maculae. FWs dark brown, relatively long, triangular, apex connected to single vein that divides external part of FW as lateral field, antero-internal margin yellowish brown, postero-internal margin with glandular thickening (Figs. 46B, C); inner margins touching each other, covering metanotal gland area, posterior margin reaching posterior metanotum border (Fig. 46C). Metanotal gland present, with anteromedian crest triangular, thin line of long bristles on lateral part; lateral projections short, conical, tip rounded; posteriorly with bristles (Figs. 46H, I). Supra-anal plate light brown, centrally medium to dark brown, anterior margin sub-straight, posterior margin somewhat concave; antero-lateral borders dark brown, lateral-distal projection medium brown, elongate, with long setae (Fig. 46J). Subgenital plate light brown, lateral borders darker, longer than wide, anterior third wider, anterior margin sub straight, posterior margin almost straight, centrally invaginated (Fig. 46K).</p> <p> <i>Phallic complex</i> (Figs. 47A–C; 48A–C). Pseudepiphallus: base of pseudepiphallic sclerite narrow in center; pseudepiphallic arm well sclerotized, upcurved, dorsal margin almost forming 90° angle in lateral view, apex dorsally truncate in lateral view; apex of pseudepiphallic arm with bristles on outer surface, superior and inferior projection hook shaped, upcurved like <i>E</i>. <i>marmorata</i> <i>,</i> although nearest; supero-internal and inferior projections reduced like spine in dorsal view; lateral projection short, pointed in lateral view, posterior margin almost forming 90° angle; anterior projection of pseudepiphallic sclerite elongate, anteriorly pointed, surpassing median part of pseudepiphallus in lateral view; PsP2 elongate, not surpassing posterior extremity of pseudepiphallic arms, curved inwards, posterior margin pointed, very sclerotized, with membranous sphere on inner concavity, laterally articulated with sclerite A; sclerite A straight, connected with base of pseudepiphallic arms; PsP1 sclerotized inwards, short, wider than long in dorsal view, upcurved in ventral view. Ectophallic invagination: ectophallic apodeme long, dorso-ventrally flattened in lateral view; ectophallic arc short, located anteriorly to base of pseudepiphallic sclerite in dorsal and ventral views: dorsal projection well sclerotized, fused, elongate, not surpassing PsP 2 in dorsal view, posterior margin with small central concavity; ventro-posterior projection elongate, sclerotized, posteriorly curved inwards. Endophallus: median-posterior projection of pseudepiphallic sclerite elongate, not reaching PsP2 apex; lateral-posterior lobes of endophallic sclerite elongate; endophallic apodeme long, upcurved in lateral view, limits not reaching ectophallic apodeme anterior margin.</p> <p> <b>Female.</b> Larger than male, general coloration similar (Fig. 46E). Supra-anal plate light brown, posterior and lateral margins dark brown, two posteriorly bands dark brown, diagonal, posterior margin somewhat rounded with long bristles (Fig. 46L). Subgenital plate medium brown, getting lighter on central part, posterior margin concave, central concavity rounded (Fig. 46M). Ovipositor as in figs. 46N and 46O.</p> <p> <i>Copulatory papilla</i> (Figs 48D–F). Cylindrical, somewhat longer than wide, anterior half wider than posterior in dorsal and ventral views, anterior and posterior margins concave.</p> <p> <b>Measurements (mm).</b> Male (n=8): <b>Hw</b>, 3.47 ± 0.19 (3.1–3.72); <b>iod</b>, 1.48 ± 0.07 (1.36–1.55); <b>Lpron</b>, 3.76 ± 0.25 (3.28–4.03); <b>awpron</b>, 3.44 ± 0.17 (3.1–3.65); <b>pwpron</b>, 4.05 ± 0.2 (3.72–4.34); <b>wpron</b>, 4.91 ± 0.28 (4.34– 5.27); <b>LFW</b>, 3.31 ± 0.2 (3.1–3.59); <b>wFW</b>, 1.93 ± 0.17 (1.67–2.17); <b>LFIII</b>, 17.04 ± 1 (15–18.15); <b>wFIII</b>, 3.37 ± 0.19 (3.15–3.6); <b>LTIII</b>, 17.92 ± 1.07 (15.45–19.05); <b>Ltars 1-III</b>, 4.91 ± 0.33 (4.2–5.25).</p> <p> Female (n=7): <b>Hw</b>, 3.69 ± 0.12 (3.47–3.84); <b>iod</b>, 1.57 ± 0.06 (1.48–1.67); <b>Lpron</b>, 3.93 ± 0.17 (3.72–4.21); <b>awpron</b>, 3.54 ± 0.14 (3.34–3.72); <b>pwpron</b>, 4.51 ± 0.23 (4.27–4.89); <b>wpron</b>, 5.14 ± 0.18 (4.89–5.33); <b>LFIII</b>, 18.32 ± 0.64 (17.7– 19.65); <b>wFIII</b>, 3.81 ± 0.14 (3.6–4.05); <b>LTIII</b>, 18.79 ± 0.59 (18.15–19.8); <b>Ltars 1-III</b>, 4.91 ± 0.21 (4.5–5.1); <b>OL</b>, 10.82 ± 0.32 (10.5–11.25).</p>Published as part of <i>Nihei, Silvio S., 2017, Taxonomic review of Eidmanacris Chopard, 1956 (Orthoptera: Grylloidea: Phalangopsidae), pp. 1-93 in Zootaxa 4321 (1)</i> on pages 66-70, DOI: <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/897058">10.5281/zenodo.897058</a&gt

Eidmanacris speluncae Nihei 2017, comb. nov.

<i>Eidmanacris speluncae</i> (Mello-Leitão, 1937) comb. nov. <p>(Figs. 30–32)</p> <p>http://lsid.speciesfile.org/urn:lsid: Orthoptera.speciesfile.org:TaxonName:499163</p> <p> <i>Arachnopsis speluncae</i> Mello-Leitão, 1937: 11 (female description). Type locality: Brazil, state of Minas Gerais, municipality of Santa Bárbara.</p> <p> <i>Arachnopsis speluncae</i>, Costa Lima 1940: 44 (note); Costa Lima & Costa Leite, 1953: 169 (note). <i>Phalangopsis speluncae,</i> Chopard, 1968: 284 (catalogue); Pinto-da-Rocha, 1995: 116 (faunal inventory); Mews & Sperber, 2009: 647 –655 (note).</p> <p> <b>Material examined.</b> Total: 10 males and 4 females. 1 male and 1 female labeled: “Gruta CH-24 Mina Conta História, Mariana-MG, 654822mE/7762702mN SAD’ 69, 23–30.ix. 08, Pellegatti et <i>al.</i> col.” 3 males labeled: “ Mina Alegria, Mariana-MG, 10.x.2010, Basi et <i>al.</i> col. Gruta RF-23 1 male labeled: “Barão dos Cocais-MG, 657243mE/7796388mN SAD’ 69, 10–21.iii. 09, R. Andrade et <i>al.</i> col”1 male and 1 female labeled: “Gruta RF-55 Barão dos Cocais-MG, 654571mE/7794897mN SAD’ 69, 22.iv –03.vii.09, R. Bessi et <i>al.</i> col.” 1 male labeled: “Gruta PBR12—Brumadinho-MG, 607308mE/7770983mN SAD’ 69, 28.ix –03.x.2009, Bessi et <i>al.</i> col.”. 2 males and 1 female labeled: “Gruta AP-57-Santa Bárbara-MG, 0637478mE/7785067mN SAD’ 69, 13–17.iv. 2010, Bessi <i>et</i> al. col.” 1 male labeled: “Gruta AP-49—Caeté-MG, 0636873mE/7784042mN SAD’ 69, 13–17.iv. 2010, Bessi <i>et</i> al. col.” (UBTU). All specimens preserved in ethanol 80%.</p> <p> <b>Distribution.</b> Brazil, state of Minas Gerais.</p> <p> <b>Diagnosis.</b> This species can be distinguished from other <i>Eidmanacris</i> by the following characters: first 40 antenomeres dark brown, followed by whitish antenomeres; pseudepiphallic arm with a line of bristles on outer surface; apex of pseudepiphallic arm clavate; superior, inferior and internal projections reduced; PsP2 rounded outside, concave inside, with small spine pointed anteriorly in ventral view; dorsal projections of ectophallic invagination wide posteriorly, posterior margin concave; posterior apex of ectophallic fold surpassing apex of pseudepiphallic arms; copulatory papilla dorso-ventrally flattened, anterior third little wider in dorsal and ventral views, anterior border whitish.</p> <p> <b>Redescription.</b> <i>Head</i>. Medium to light brown. Occiput light to medium brown, with maculae yellowish brown, band medium brown going from occiput to margin of each eye (Fig. 30C); vertex with three almost no discernible lines vertical, light brown. Fastigium medium to dark brown, longer than wide, slightly narrowed at apex, narrower than scape; separated from vertex by straight line forming “v” (Fig. 30C). Frons light to medium brown, with two lateral, dark bands below eyes (Figs. 30A, C). Three ocelli present, well developed, lateral elliptical, central flattened at bottom (Figs. 30A, B, C); eyes with unpigmented area on supero-internal angle (Fig. 30C). Maxillary palpi light brown, joints 3 and 4 medium brown, very long, thin, joints 3–5 almost same-sized (Fig. 30G), apex of joint 5 whitish, up-curved. Gena light brown (Figs. 30A, B). Frontoclypeal suture medium brown, centrally dark. Clypeus whitish with central maculae light brown; labrum whitish, lower portion light brown. Mandible dark yellow, inner and lower margins dark. Antennal scape yellowish brown, inner surface dark brown (Figs. 30A, B, C); about first 40 antenomeres dark brown, followed by whitish antenomeres.</p> <p> <i>Thorax</i>. Pronotum DD medium brown, anterior third dark, wider than long, inflated, with sparse dark spots and maculae, divided by thin, light yellow sagittal line; DD cephalic margin slightly concave, caudal margin almost straight (Fig. 30C); ventro cephalic angle rounded, margin light to medium brown, ventro caudal margin darker, gradually ascendant (Fig. 30B).</p> <p> <i>Legs</i>. FI and II yellowish, annulated with dark brown. TI and II light yellow, annulated with dark brown; TI with two same-sized apical spurs, TII with two inner apical spurs, one outer, smaller. FIII yellowish brown, several thin stripes medium brown on outer surface, apical third dark brown (Fig. 30F). TIII medium to dark brown, apical third lighter; subapical spurs 4/4, serrulation above and between subapical spurs; apical spurs 3/3, more developed on inner surface; inner apical spurs: median one longer (iam), dorsal shorter (iad), ventral smallest (iav) (iam>iad>iav); outer apical spurs: median one longer (oam), dorsal (oad) little longer than ventral (oav) (oam>oad>oav). Basitarsi I, II and III yellow, elongated.</p> <p> <i>Abdomen</i>. Sub-cylindrical, medium brown, marbled, divided by thin sagittal line light brown (Fig. 30D).</p> <p> <b>Male.</b> Large-sized body, general coloration medium brown, marbled. FWs medium brown, inner margin light brown, less sclerotized, rounded, apex connected to single vein medium brown that divides external part of FW as lateral field, posterior margin with tiny glandular thickening (Figs. 30B, C); inner margins not touching each other; FWs covering metanotal gland area, posterior margin not surpassing posterior metanotum border (Fig. 30C). Metanotal gland present, with anteromedian crest triangular, line of bristles vertically divided pointing out; lateral projections cylindrical, short, top rounded, near each other; posteriorly, long bristles pointing anteriorly (Figs. 30H, I). Supra-anal plate dark brown, anterior margin slightly concave, posterior margin sub-straight; lateral-distal projection very short, similar <i>E. larvaeformis,</i> posteriorly with long setae (Fig. 30J). Subgenital plate light brown, lateral borders dark, longer than wide, anterior margin sub straight, posterior margin somewhat rounded (Fig. 30K).</p> <p> <i>Phallic complex</i> (Figs. 31A–C; 32A–C). Pseudepiphallus: base of pseudepiphallic sclerite weakly sclerotized, median part narrow; pseudepiphallic arms more sclerotized than base of pseudepiphallic sclerite, slender like in <i>E. meridionalis</i>, upcurved, slightly curved inwards in dorsal and ventral views, outer surface with line of bristles; apex of pseudepiphallic arm clavate; superior, internal and inferior projections very reduced; anterior projection of pseudepiphallic sclerite long and thin, anteriorly pointed in lateral view, surpassing base of pseudepiphallic sclerite; PsP2 well sclerotized, elongate, not surpassing posterior extremity of pseudepiphallic arms, curved inwards, rounded outwards, concave, with membranous sphere in the concavity; small spine anteriorly pointed in ventral view; articulated with sclerite A laterally; PsP1 short, wider than long in ventral view, pointed posteriorly in ventral view, inner surface well sclerotized. Ectophallic invagination: Ectophallic apodeme elongate, slightly upcurved, laterally flattened; ectophallic arc short, located posteriorly to base of pseudepiphallic sclerite; dorsal projection weakly sclerotized, elongate, curved inwards, reaching apex of PsP 2 in dorsal view; ventro-posterior projection sclerotized, not so elongate, curved outwards in ventral view. Endophallus: median-posterior projection of pseudepiphallic sclerite elongate, surpassing pseudepiphallic arms apex, apex wide in ventral view; lateralposterior lobes of endophallic sclerite somewhat short; endophallic apodeme elongate, upcurved in lateral view, anterior limit almost reaching ectophallic apodeme anterior margin.</p> <p> <b>Female.</b> Larger than male, general coloration medium brown, marbled (Fig. 30E). Supra-anal plate medium to dark brown, posterior lateral margins darker, posterior margin rounded with bristles (Fig. 30L). Subgenital plate light brown, posterior margin concave, with small central concavity (Fig. 30M). Ovipositor as in figs. 30N and 30O.</p> <p> <i>Copulatory papilla</i> (Figs 32D–F). Dorso-ventrally flattened, longer than wide, anterior third little wider in dorsal and ventral views, posterior margin concave, anterior borders unpigmented.</p> <p> <b>Remarks.</b> This species was described based on a single female. Females of <i>Eidmanacris</i> do not provide as many informative characters for species delimitation as males do. Thus, with the description of the male we can properly re-define the species, and transfer it to <i>Eidmanacris.</i> This species has all the characters that are used in the diagnosis of <i>Eidmanacris</i>. The specimens described here were compared with the holotype, through photographs available in the Orthoptera Species File (Cigliano <i>et al.</i>, 2017).</p> <p> <b>Measurements (mm).</b> Male (n=7): <b>Hw</b>, 3.7 ± 0.32 (3.22–4.09); <b>iod</b>, 1.86 ± 0.08 (1.73–1.98); <b>Lpron</b>, 4 ± 0.59 (3.03–4.71); <b>awpron</b>, 3.25 ± 0.14 (2.97–3.41); <b>pwpron</b>, 3.96 ± 0.56 (3.34–4.52); <b>wpron</b>, 5.19 ± 0.59 (3.34–4.52); <b>LFW</b>, 2.06 ± 0.19 (1.86–2.35); <b>wFW</b>, 1.67 ± 0.24 (1. 3–1.92); <b>LFIII</b>, 18.3 ± 2.08 (16.2–21.15); <b>wFIII</b>, 3.42 ± 0.3 (3.15–3.75); <b>LTIII</b>, 20.28 ± 1.81 (18.6–22.8); <b>Ltars 1-III</b>, 5.61 ± 0.73 (4.65–6.6).</p> <p>Female (n=1): Hw, 4.03; iod, 1.98; Lpron, 4.4; awpron, 3.09; pwpron, 4.89; wpron, 5.83; LFIII, 20.4; wFIII, 3.9; LTIII, 22.65; Ltars 1-III, 6; OL, 17.85.</p>Published as part of <i>Nihei, Silvio S., 2017, Taxonomic review of Eidmanacris Chopard, 1956 (Orthoptera: Grylloidea: Phalangopsidae), pp. 1-93 in Zootaxa 4321 (1)</i> on pages 45-49, DOI: <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/897058">10.5281/zenodo.897058</a&gt

Eidmanacris corumbatai Garcia. Projections 1998

<i>Eidmanacris corumbatai</i> Garcia, 1998 <p>(Figs. 27–29)</p> <p>http://lsid.speciesfile.org/urn:lsid: Orthoptera.speciesfile.org:TaxonName:28455</p> <p> <i>Eidmanacris corumbatai</i> Garcia, 1998 <i>in</i> Mesa, Sperber & Garcia, 1998: 46. Type locality: Brazil, state of São Paulo, municipality of Cerrado de Corumbataí.</p> <p> <i>Eidmanacris corumbatai</i>, Prado & Fontanetti, 2005: 83 –87 (morphology of metanotal gland); Prado, 2006:452 –457 (reproductive behavior); Zefa, Fontanetti & Martins, 2010 (citogenetic note); Souza-Dias, Campos & Nihei, 2015 (note).</p> <p> <b>Type material examined.</b> Holotype male, allotype. Holotype male labeled: “ Brasil (SP), Cerrado de Corumbataí, 30-IX-95 / A. Mesa, P. García, Camila Cherem, Ejemplares fotografados”. Allotype labeled: “ Brasil (SP), Cerrado de Corumbataí, 10-IX-95, A. Mesa-P. García, C. Cherem ” (MZSP). Specimens preserved in ethanol 80%.</p> <p> <b>Other material examined.</b> Total: 4 males and 5 females labeled: “ Brasil, SP, Botucatu, Distrito de Vitoriana, Beira da Estrada no cerrado, 01.xii.1995, F. A.G. Mello—S. Nihei, <i>leg</i> ” (UBTU). All specimens preserved in ethanol 80%.</p> <p> <b>Distribution.</b> Brazil, state of São Paulo.</p> <p> <b>Diagnosis.</b> This species can be distinguished from other <i>Eidmanacris</i> by the following characters: frons with maculae dark brown below antennal scape in frontal view; antenomeres medium brown with whitish bands composed of <i>c.a.</i> 5 antenomeres, intersected by a single, whitish antenomere; lateral-posterior projections of Supra-anal plate greyish; superior, supero-internal and infero-internal projections of apex of pseudepiphallic arm reduced to a spine, inferior projection hook-shaped, with bristles on inner surface, upcurved, ventral projection curved inwards with bristles; posterior half of dorsal projection of ectophallic invagination thinner than anterior, posterior margin straight.</p> <p> <b>Redescription.</b> <i>Head.</i> Medium to reddish brown. Occiput pilose, with central maculae light brown, band light brown going from occiput to margin of each eye; vertex medium brown with three vertical lines light brown in dorsal view (Fig. 27C). Fastigium medium to dark brown, with two rows of bristles, slightly longer than wide, narrowed toward apex, separated from vertex by line forming “v” (Fig. 27C). Frons light brown, with three bands dark brown, vertical, two below eyes, one above clypeus; maculae dark brown below antennal scape, in frontal view (Figs. 27A, B). Three ocelli present, well developed, forming isosceles triangle, central one flattened at bottom, lateral ones elliptical (Figs. 27A, B, C). Eyes with an unpigmented small area on supero-internal angle (Fig. 27C). Maxillary palpi, long, thin, pilose, medium brown, distal portion of joints whitish; joints 3, 4 and 5 almost same-sized (Fig. 27G); apex of joint 5 upcurved. Gena light brown, posterior margin dark brown, line dark brown, vertical, connecting to inferior margin of eye in lateral view (Fig. 27B). Frontoclypeal suture dark yellow, clypeus light brown with central band dark brown in upper margin, in frontal view; labrum whitish, lower portion light brown. Mandible light brown, with inner margin dark brown. Antennal scape light brown, inner margin dark brown (Fig. 27A); antenomeres medium brown with whitish bands composed of <i>c.a.</i> 5 antenomeres, intersected by one antenomere whitish.</p> <p> <i>Thorax.</i> Pronotum DD reddish brown, wider than long, with sparse dark spots and maculae, slightly pubescent, inflated, divided by very tiny light brown sagittal line (Fig. 27C); DD cephalic margin slightly concave, caudal margin sub straight (Fig. 27C); lateral lobes dark brown, ventro-cephalic angle rounded, lighter than DD, ventrocaudal margin gradually ascendant (Fig. 27B).</p> <p> <i>Legs.</i> FI and II yellowish brown, annulated with dark brown. TI and II yellowish brown, TI with two samesized apical spurs; TII with two inner apical spurs, one outer, smaller. FIII yellowish brown, with thin stripes medium to dark brown on outer surface, dorsal margin and apical third dark brown (Fig. 27F). TIII yellowish brown; subapical spurs 4/4, with serrulation above and between subapical spurs; apical spurs 3/3, more developed on inner surface: median (iam) longer than dorsal (iad), ventral smallest (iav) (iam>iad>iav); outer apical spurs: median one longer (oam), dorsal sub-equal in length (oad), ventral smaller (oav) (oam>oad>oav). Basitarsi I, II and III dark yellow.</p> <p> <i>Abdomen.</i> Cylindrical in dorsal view, medium to dark brown, with spots and maculae, divided by a light brown thin sagittal line (Fig. 27D).</p> <p> <b>Male.</b> Large-sized body, general coloration reddish brown, with dark spots and maculae. FWs medium to dark brown, elongate, triangular, inner margin medium brown; posterior part of inner margin and apex whitish, connected to single vein that divides external part of FW as lateral field, glandular thickening present distally (Fig. 27C); inner margins not touching each other, covering metanotal gland, surpassing metanotum posterior border (Figs. 27B, C). Metanotal gland present, anteromedian crest forming inverted triangle with cluster of bristles; lateral projections short, conical, parallel (Figs. 27H, I), posterior portion of metanotum pubescent. Supra-anal plate light to medium brown, lateral margins dark, anterior margin slightly concave; lateral-posterior projections longer than posterior margin, grayish, with long bristles; posterior margin sub-straight (Fig. 27J). Subgenital plate longer than wide, with lateral pubescence, laterally medium to dark brown, centrally greyish; anterior margin straight, posterior margin straight with small invagination centrally (Fig. 27K).</p> <p> <i>Phallic complex</i> (Figs. 28A–C; 29A–C). Pseudepiphallus: central portion of the base of pseudepiphallic sclerite thinner than lateral portions, in dorsal view; pseudepiphallic arms sclerotized, hard, upcurved forming 90° angle in lateral view; apex of pseudepiphallic arm with bristles on outer surface; superior, supero-internal and infero-internal projections reduced to spine; inferior projection hook shaped with bristles on inner surface, upcurved, ventral projection curved inwards with bristles; lateral projection present, short, apex pointed; anterior projection of pseudepiphallic sclerite short, not surpassing base of pseudepiphallic sclerite; PsP2 elongate, sclerotized, reaching posterior extremity of pseudepiphallic arms in dorsal view, apex pointed in lateral view, curved inwards in dorsal view, with membranous sphere on inner surface; sclerite A connected with base of pseudepiphallic sclerite, straight, articulation with PsP2 visible; PsP1 elongate, inner surface well sclerotized in ventral view. Ectophallic invagination: ectophallic apodeme elongate; ectophallic arc located below the base of pseudepiphallic sclerite, “v”-shaped in dorsal view; ventro-posterior projection elongate, tip slightly curved inward; dorsal projection sclerotized, fused. Endophallus: median-posterior projection of endophallic sclerite elongated, not surpassing PsP2 apex, median portion wider in ventral view; lateral-posterior lobes of endophallic sclerite elongate; endophallic apodeme elongate, anterior to ectophallic apodeme.</p> <p> <b>Female.</b> Larger than male, general coloration similar (Fig. 27E). Supra-anal plate medium brown, posterior margin light brown, anterior margin slightly concave, posterior margin rounded with long bristles (Fig. 27L). Subgenital plate light brown with whitish band medially, wider than long, anterior margin sub straight, posterior margin rounded with central furrow reaching the median area of plate (Fig. 27M). Ovipositor as in figs. 27N, O.</p> <p> <i>Copulatory papilla</i> (Figs. 29D–F). Sclerotized, wider than long, cylindrical, anterior margin membranous, posterior region with visible hole, anterior margin rounded.</p> <p> <b>Measurements (mm).</b> Male (n=4): <b>Hw</b>, 3.37 ± 0.22 (3.22–3.72); <b>iod</b>, 1.65 ± 0.23 (1.42–1.86); <b>Lpron</b>, 3.85 ± 0.24 (3.59–4.15); <b>awpron</b>, 3.22 ± 0.40 (2.79–3.59); <b>pwpron</b>, 3.95 ± 0.13 (3.78–4.09); <b>wpron</b>, 5.13 ± 0.36 (4.71– 5.52); <b>LFW</b>, 3.36 ± 0.13 (3.16–3.47); <b>wFW</b>, 1.82 ± 0.15 (1.67–2.05); <b>LFIII</b>, 17.32 ± 0.93 (16.2–18.45); <b>wFIII</b> 3.52 ± 0.19 (3.3–3.75); <b>LTIII</b>, 17.85 ± 1.26 (16.35–18.9); <b>Ltars 1-III</b>, 4.8 ± 0.44 (4.35–5.4).</p> <p> Female (n=5): <b>Hw</b>, 3.67 ± 0.17 (3.47–3.9); <b>iod</b>, 1.71 ± 0.22 (1.48–1.98); <b>Lpron</b>, 4.03 ± 0.21 (3.72–4.21); <b>awpron</b>, 3.72 ± 0.15 (3.53–3.9); <b>pwpron</b>, 4.48 ± 0.14 (4.28–4.65); <b>wpron</b>, 5.44 ± 0.25 (5.08–5.7); <b>LFIII</b>, 18.18 ± 0.72 (17.4–18.9); <b>wFIII</b>, 4.26 ± 0.34 (3.9–4.8); <b>LTIII</b>, 18.09 ± 0.77 (17.25–18.75); <b>Ltars 1-III</b>, 4.65 ± 0.3 (4.35– 4.95); <b>OL</b>, 10.92 ± 0.55 (10.5–11.85).</p>Published as part of <i>Nihei, Silvio S., 2017, Taxonomic review of Eidmanacris Chopard, 1956 (Orthoptera: Grylloidea: Phalangopsidae), pp. 1-93 in Zootaxa 4321 (1)</i> on pages 41-45, DOI: <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/897058">10.5281/zenodo.897058</a&gt

Eidmanacris tridentata Desutter-Grandcolas 1995

<i>Eidmanacris tridentata</i> Desutter-Grandcolas, 1995 <p>(Figs. 21–23)</p> <p>http://lsid.speciesfile.org/urn:lsid: Orthoptera.speciesfile.org:TaxonName:28457</p> <p> <i>Eidmanacris tridentata</i> Desutter-Grandcolas, 1995: 462 (male description). Type locality: Brazil, state of Espírito Santo, municipality of Santa Teresa.</p> <p> <i>Eidmanacris tridentata</i>, Souza-Dias, Campos & Nihei, 2015: 554 (note).</p> <p> <b>Type material examined.</b> Holotype male, 1 paratype male. Holotype male labeled: “Vitoria, Fundao, Sta. Teresa, Réserve biologique de Sta. Lucia, 22-XI-1992, Nuit ”; “ Muséum Paris, BRESIL / Etat de Espirito Santo, L. Desutter-Grandcolas, rec.”; “ <i>Eidmanacris tridentata,</i> L. DESUTTER DET.”; “ HOLOTYPE ”. Paratype male labeled: “ Vitoria, Fundao, Sta. Teresa, Réserve biologique de Sta. Lucia, 22-XI-1992, Nuit ”; “ Muséum Paris, BRESIL / Etat de Espirito Santo, L. Desutter-Grandcolas, rec.”; “ <i>Eidmanacris tridentata,</i> L. DESUTTER DET.”; “ PARATYPE ” (MNHN). Dry specimens.</p> <p> <b>Other material examined.</b> Total: 25 males and 42 females. 5 males and 1 female labeled: “ Brasil, ES, Sta. Teresa, Reserva Sta. Lucia, i-96, F. A. G. De Mello—S. S. Nihei <i>leg</i> ”. 20 males and 29 females labeled: “Reserva.</p> <p>Biol. De Duas Bocas, Brasil, Cariacica-ES, 15–21/vii/2012, F. A. G. De Mello col.” (UBTU). The examined types are dry, and all other specimens are preserved in ethanol 80%.</p> <p> <b>Distribution.</b> Brazil, state of Espírito Santo.</p> <p> <b>Diagnosis.</b> This species can be distinguished from other <i>Eidmanacris</i> by the following characters: FWs very short, not reaching posterior border of metanotum; metanotal gland absent; apex of pseudepiphallic arms trifid, forming three projection-like spines: superior, inferior and supero-internal; PsP2 elongate, thin, fused with sclerite A; ventral sclerotization of median posterior projection of endophallic slcerite only on anterior 2/3; copulatory papilla sclerotized in the middle; copulatory papilla membranous on anterior portion and larger, posterior portion unpigmented, laterally thinner in dorsal and ventral views.</p> <p> <b>Redescription.</b> <i>Head.</i> Light to medium brown, with bands dark brown and sparse bristles. Occiput medium brown, with central maculae medium brown; vertex medium brown, with three central stripes light brown, longitudinal (Fig. 21C). Fastigium anteriorly blackish, posteriorly light brown, with two row of bristles, longer than wide, slightly narrowed toward apex, narrow than scape; separated from vertex by transverse line forming “v” (Fig. 21C). Frons light brown, with central stripe dark brown, two below eyes. Three n present, well developed, lateral ones elliptical, central flattened at bottom (Figs. 21A, B, C). Eye with unpigmented area on supero-internal angle (Figs. 21A–C). Maxillary palpi medium brown, long, thin, joints 4 and 5 almost same-sized; apex of joint 5 slightly upcurved, distal portion whitish (Fig. 21G). In frontal view, gena light brown; in lateral view, posterior margin medium brown (Figs. 21A, B). Frontoclypeal suture yellowish, centrally dark. Clypeus light brown, central part of upper margin medium to dark brown, lateral border medium brown; lower portion whitish. Labrum whitish, apex light brown (Fig. 21A). Mandible dark brown, with central maculae light brown. Antennal scape medium brown on inner surface, light brown on outer surface (Fig. 21A). Antenomeres medium brown with whitish bands of two or three antenomeres</p> <p> <i>Thorax.</i> Pronotum DD medium to dark brown, as long as wide, inflated, slightly pubescent, divided by thin light brown sagittal line; DD cephalic margin almost straight, caudal margin slightly concave (Fig. 21C). Ventrocephalic angle broadly rounded, ventral margin gradually ascendant (Fig. 21B).</p> <p> <i>Legs.</i> FI and II yellowish brown, annulated with dark brown. TI and II medium brown annulated with yellowish brown; TI with two same-sized apical spurs; TII with two inner, same-sized apical spurs, and one outer, smaller. FIII light brown, two bands of several thin stripes dark brown on outer surface, apical third dark brown (Fig. 21F); TIII yellowish brown; subapical spurs 4/4, serrulation between and above subapical spurs; apical spurs 3/3, inner surface more developed; inner apical spurs: median one longer (iam), dorsal smaller (iad), ventral smaller (iav) (iam>iad>iam); outer apical spurs: median one longer (oam), dorsal smaller (oad), ventral smaller (oav) (oam>oad>oam). Basitarsi I, II and III yellowish.</p> <p> <i>Abdomen.</i> Pubescent, yellowish, marbled with dark brown, with dark spots and maculae, divided by thick, light brown sagittal line (Fig. 21D).</p> <p> <b>Male.</b> Small-sized body (13–14 mm), general coloration of different shades of brown, marbled, with dark spots and maculae. FWs medium brown, very short, not reaching posterior border of metanotum, posterior margin light brown; single vertical vein almost no discernible that divides external part as lateral field; FWs inner margins touching each other (Fig. 21C). Metanotal gland absent. Supra-anal plate light to medium brown, lateral-posterior projections short; anterior margin concave, posterior margin almost straight (Fig. 21J). Subgenital plate light brown, posterior border medium brown, as long as wide, slightly pubescent; anterior margin almost straight, posterior margin with small, central invagination (Fig. 21K).</p> <p> <i>Phallic complex</i> (Figs. 22A–C; 23A–C). Pseudepiphallus: base of pseudepiphallic sclerite centrally narrow, in dorsal view; pseudepiphallic arms sclerotized, straight, hard; apex of pseudepiphallic arms smooth, trifid, forming three projections pointed: superior, inferior and supero-internal; anterior projection of pseudepiphallic sclerite somewhat elongate, surpassing the base of pseudepiphallic sclerite, apex point in lateral view; PsP2 sclerotized, elongate, thin, no visible articulation with sclerite A, apex point downwards, membranous sphere on inner surface; PsP1 sclerotized, short, robust, longer than wide, apex almost reaching apex of pseudepiphallic arms in ventral view. Ectophallic invagination: Ectophallic apodeme long, dorso-ventrally flattened; ectophallic arc short, located posteriorly to base of pseudepiphallic sclerite; dorsal projection long, curved; ventro-posterior projection elongate. Endophallus: median-posterior projection elongated, posterior third not sclerotized; lateral-posterior lobes of endophallic sclerite elongate; endophallic apodeme elongate, curved upwards, apex not surpassing ectophallic apodeme apex.</p> <p> <b>Female.</b> Larger than male, general coloration light to medium brown, marbled with dark brown (Fig. 21E). Head light brown, bands and stripes dark brown; maxillary palpi medium brown. Thorax dark brown, marbled; abdomen light brown, marbled with dark brown, with thin sagittal, light brown line well discernible. Supra-anal plate light brown, posterior third dark brown, anterior margin sub-straight, posterior margin rounded with not so long bristles (Fig. 21L). Subgenital plate light to medium brown, anterior margin lighter, posterior margin with central concavity (Fig. 21M). Ovipositor as in figs. 21N and 21O.</p> <p> <i>Copulatory papilla</i> (Figs. 23D–F). Cylindrical, longer than wide, sclerotized in the middle; anterior portion membranous, larger; posterior portion whitish, laterally thinner in dorsal and ventral views.</p> <p> <b>Measurements (mm).</b> Male (n=10): <b>Hw</b>, 2.7 ± 0.1 (2.54–2.79); <b>iod</b>, 1.44 ± 0.10 (1.24–1.55); <b>Lpron</b>, 3.03 ± 0.17 (2.72–3.38); <b>awpron</b>, 1.98 ± 0.07 (1.86–2.1); <b>pwpron</b>, 3.13 ± 0.13 (2.85–3.34); <b>wpron</b>, 3.79 ± 0.17 (3.79– 4.03); <b>LFW</b>, 0.76 ± 0.11 (0.62–0.99); <b>wFW</b>, 1.33 ± 0.13 (0.99–1.48); <b>LFIII</b>, 15.15 ± 0.74 (13.95–16.2); <b>wFIII</b>, 2.8 ± 0.14 (2.55–3); <b>LTIII</b>, 17.26 ± 1.13 (15.45–19.35); <b>Ltars 1-III</b>, 4.86 ± 0.34 (4.35–5.4).</p> <p> Female (n=10): <b>Hw</b>, 3.26 ± 0.29 (2.85–3.72); <b>iod</b>, 1.61 ± 0.12 (1.42–1.79); <b>Lpron</b>, 3.63 ± 0.22 (3.28–3.96); <b>awpron</b>, 2.44 ± 0.25 (2.1–2.85); <b>pwpron</b>, 3.81 ± 0.23 (3.53–4.21); <b>wpron</b>, 4.57 ± 0.32 (4.21–5.08); <b>LFIII</b>, 18.19 ± 1.19 (16.65–19.65); <b>wFIII</b>, 3.37 ± 0.22 (3–3.75); <b>LTIII</b>, 20.62 ± 1.67 (18.3–23.4); <b>Ltars 1-III</b>, 5.14 ± 0.45 (4.5– 5.7); <b>OL</b>, 15.45 ± 1.10 (13.8–16.95).</p>Published as part of <i>Nihei, Silvio S., 2017, Taxonomic review of Eidmanacris Chopard, 1956 (Orthoptera: Grylloidea: Phalangopsidae), pp. 1-93 in Zootaxa 4321 (1)</i> on pages 32-36, DOI: <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/897058">10.5281/zenodo.897058</a&gt

FAMILY RHINOPHORIDAE

Nihei, Silvio S. (2016): FAMILY RHINOPHORIDAE. Zootaxa 4122 (1): 881-883, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4122.1.7

Eidmanacris dissimilis Desutter-Grandcolas 1995

<i>Eidmanacris dissimilis</i> Desutter-Grandcolas, 1995 <p>(Figs. 12–14)</p> <p>http://lsid.speciesfile.org/urn:lsid: Orthoptera.speciesfile.org:TaxonName:28463</p> <p> <i>Eidmanacris dissimilis</i> Desutter-Grandcolas, 1995: 463 (male and female descriptions). Type locality: Brazil, state of Minas Gerais State, municipality of Poços de Caldas.</p> <p> <i>Eidmanacris dissimilis</i>, Prado & Fontanetti, 2005: 83 –87 (morphology of metanotal gland); Souza-Dias, Campos & Nihei, 2015: 555 (note).</p> <p> <i>Eidmanacris lencionii</i> Bolfarini, 2016: 526 –532. Type locality: Brazil, state Minas Gerais, municipality of Brumadinho. <b>Syn. nov.</b></p> <p> <b>Type material examined.</b> Holotype male, allotype, 1 male paratype and 1 female paratype. Holotype labeled: “ Brasil, Minas Gerais, Poços de Caldas, Morro do Ferro, 7.IX.1967, J. Becker, O. Roppo, O. Leoncini col.”; “ <i>Eidmanacris dissimilis</i> L. DESUTTER DET.”; “HOLOTYPE”. Allotype labeled: “ Brasil, Minas Gerais, Poços de Caldas, Morro do Ferro, 7.IX.1967, J. Becker, O. Roppo, O. Leoncini col.”; “ <i>Eidmanacris dissimilis</i> L. DESUTTER DET.”; “ALLOTYPE”; Paratype male and female labeled: “ Brasil, Minas Gerais, Poços de Caldas, Morro do Ferro, 7.IX.1967, J. Becker, O. Roppo, O. Leoncini col.”; “L. DESUTTER DET., PARATYPE ”. Dry specimens (MNHN).</p> <p> <b>Other material examined.</b> Total: 16 males and 10 females. 2 males and 2 females labeled: “ Brasil—Minas Gerais Poços de Caldas, Morro do Ferro, 7.IX.1967, O. Roppa, Q. Leoncini col”; “#37907 MZUEFS”; “#37899 MZUEFS”; “#37905 MZUEFS”; “#37897 MZUEFS” (MZUEFS). 2 males and 2 females labeled: “ Brasil (MG) Sul da Matiqueira, Fazenda Saiqui, 20 Km /s NO de Barreira do Piquete, 01-X-83, A. Mesa, O. Cello ” (MZSP). 10 males and 4 females labeled: “ Gruta, PBR01— Brumadinho, 607744mE/7770546mN SAD’ 69, 28.ix – 03.x.2009, Bessi <i>et</i> al., col”; “ Gruta, PBR03— Brumadinho, 607229mE/7770560mN SAD’ 69, 28.ix – 03.x.2009, Bessi <i>et</i> al., col.”; “ Gruta, PBR04— Brumadinho, 607709mE/7770560mN SAD’ 69, 28.ix – 03.x.2009, Bessi <i>et</i> al., col.”; “ Gruta, PBR06— Brumadinho, 607708mE/7770581mN SAD’ 69, 28.ix – 03.x.2009, Bessi <i>et</i> al., col.”; “ Gruta, PBR07— Brumadinho, 607042mE/7770056mN SAD’ 69, 28.ix – 03.x.2009, Bessi <i>et</i> al., col.”; “ Gruta, PBR16— Brumadinho, 607269mE/7770965mN SAD’ 69, 28.ix –03.x.2009, Bessi <i>et</i> al., col.” (UBTU). Specimens preserved in ethanol 80%.</p> <p> <b>Distribution.</b> Brazil, state of Minas Gerais.</p> <p> <b>Diagnosis.</b> This species can be distinguished from other <i>Eidmanacris</i> by the following characters: antenomeres medium to dark brown with whitish bands composed of about 20 antenomeres; apex of FWs rounded, slightly curved inwards with ventral bristles; apex of pseudepiphallic arm with superior projection somewhat rounded posteriorly, with bristles, internal projection reduced to a protuberance, inferior projection short, tip rounded.</p> <p> <b>Redescription.</b> <i>Head.</i> Dark to reddish brown. Occiput with central maculae medium brown, band medium brown going from occiput to margin of each eye; vertex medium to dark brown, with three lines light brown, vertical, in dorsal view (Fig. 12C). Fastigium dark brown, with two rows of bristles, slightly longer than wide, narrowed toward apex, separated from vertex by line forming “v” (Fig. 12C). Frons light brown, with three medium to dark brown vertical bands, two below eyes, one above clypeus (Figs. 12A, B). Three ocelli present, well developed, forming isosceles triangle, central one flattened at bottom, lateral rounded (Figs. 12A, B, C). Eyes with unpigmented small area on supero-internal angle (Fig. 12C). Maxillary palpi long and thin, slightly pilose, medium brown, distal portion of joints white; joints 3 and 4 almost same-sized, joint 5 longest (Fig. 12H); apex of joint 5 upcurved. Gena light brown, posterior margin medium to dark brown in lateral view (Fig. 12B). Frontoclypeal suture light yellow, clypeus light brown with two bands medium brown, vertical, on upper margin, in frontal view; labrum whitish, lower portion yellowish brown. Mandible medium brown, maculae light brown on inferior margin. Antennal scape medium brown, inner margin dark brown (Fig. 12A); antenomeres medium to dark brown with whitish bands composed of <i>c.a.</i> 20 antenomeres.</p> <p> <i>Thorax.</i> Pronotum DD wider than long, medium to dark brown, slightly pubescent, inflated, divided by very tiny light brown sagittal line (Fig. 12C); DD cephalic margin slightly concave, caudal margin sub straight (Fig. 12C); ventro-cephalic angle rounded, ventro-caudal margin gradually ascendant (Fig. 12B).</p> <p> <i>Legs.</i> FI and II light to yellowish brown, annulated with dark brown. TI and II yellowish brown, annulated with dark brown, TI with two same-sized apical spurs; TII with two inner apical spurs and one outer, smaller. FIII light to yellowish brown, with thin stripes medium to dark brown on outer surface, dorsal margin and apical third dark brown (Fig. 12D). TIII medium brown; subapical spurs 4/4, with serrulation above and between subapical spurs; apical spurs 3/3, more developed on inner surface: median (iam) sub-equal in length than dorsal (iad), ventral smallest (iav) (iam>iad>iav); outer apical spurs: median one longer (oam), dorsal sub-equal in length (oad), ventral smaller (oav) (oam>oad>oav). Basitarsi I, II and III yellow.</p> <p> <i>Abdomen.</i> Cylindrical in dorsal view, medium to dark brown, with spots and maculae, divided by light brown, thin sagittal line.</p> <p> <b>Male.</b> Medium sized body, general coloration medium to reddish brown, with dark spots and maculae. FWs medium to dark brown, elongated, apex rounded, curved inwards; posterior part of inner margin and apex whitish connected to single vein that divides external part of FW as lateral field, glandular thickening present distally, with bristles (Fig. 12C); inner margins overlapped; covering metanotal gland, surpassing metanotum posterior border (Fig. 12B, C). Metanotal gland present, anteromedian crest forming inverted triangle with cluster of bristles; lateral projections short, cylindrical, parallel (Figs. 12F, G), posterior portion of metanotum very pubescent. Supra-anal plate medium to dark brown, superior margin lighter, anterior margin concave; lateral-posterior projections short, dark brown, with long bristles; posterior margin sub-straight (Fig. 12I). Subgenital plate longer than wide, pubescent, medium to dark brown laterally and greyish centrally; anterior margin straight, posterior margin rounded with small invagination centrally, forming two lobes (Fig. 12K).</p> <p> <i>Phallic complex</i> (Figs. 13A–C; 14A–C). Pseudepiphallus: base of pseudepiphallic sclerite without depressions in dorsal view; pseudepiphallic arms sclerotized, hard, slightly upcurved in lateral view; apex of pseudepiphallic arm with bristles on outer surface, superior projection somewhat rounded posteriorly, with bristles; supero-internal projection reduced to protuberance, inferior projection short, with tip rounded; anterior projection of pseudepiphallic sclerite present, elongate, surpassing base of pseudepiphallic sclerite; PsP2 short, hardly sclerotized, not reaching posterior extremity of pseudepiphallic arms, in dorsal view; apex pointed in lateral view, curved inwards in dorsal view, with membranous sphere on inner surface; sclerite A connected with base of pseudepiphallic sclerite, straight, articulation with PsP2 visible; PsP1 elongated, inner surface well sclerotized in ventral view. Ectophallic invagination: ectophallic apodeme elongate; ectophallic arc located below base of pseudepiphallic sclerite, “v”-shaped in dorsal view; ventro-posterior projection short; dorsal projection sclerotized, straight laterally, posterior margin with central invagination resembling “v”. Endophallus: median-posterior projection elongated, surpassing PsP2 apex, anterior portion wider in ventral view; lateral-posterior lobes of endophallic sclerite elongate; endophallic apodeme elongate, anterior to ectophallic apodeme.</p> <p> <b>Female.</b> Larger than male, general coloration similar (Fig. 12E). Supra-anal plate medium to dark brown, posterior margin light brown, anterior margin slightly concave, posterior margin rounded with long bristles (Fig. 12J). Subgenital plate light brown with whitish anteromedian maculae, wider than long, anterior margin substraight, posterior margin rounded (Fig. 12L). Ovipositor as in figs. 12M, N.</p> <p> <i>Copulatory papilla</i> (Figs. 14D–F). Sclerotized, longer than wide, cylindrical, anterior margin membranous, posterior margin unpigmented.</p> <p> <b>Remarks.</b> <i>Eidmanacris lencionii</i> is proposed as junior synonym of <i>E. dissimilis</i> since there are no significant morphological differences between them, only some color variation. Some specimens from Brumadinho-MG are darker than specimens from Poços de Caldas-MG. This could be due the different ways these specimens are preserved.</p> <p> <b>Measurements (mm).</b> Male (n=8): <b>Hw</b>, 2.97 ± 0.19 (2.54–3.16); <b>iod</b>, 1.48 ± 0.15 (1.24–1.61); <b>Lpron</b>, 3.23 ± 0.23 (2.79–3.53); <b>awpron</b>, 2.96 ± 0.21 (2.72–3.34); <b>pwpron</b>, 3.41 ± 0.13 (3.28–3.72); <b>wpron</b>, 4.31 ± 0.2 (4.03– 4.65); <b>LFW</b>, 3.28 ± 0.19 (3.03–3.53); <b>wFW</b>, 1.57 ± 0.07 (1.42–1.67); <b>LFIII</b>, 14.76 ± 1.38 (12.15–15.9); <b>wFIII</b>, 3 ± 0.12 (2.85–3.15); <b>LTIII</b>, 16.45 ± 1.27 (13.8–17.55); <b>Ltars 1-III</b>, 5.03 ± 0.34 (4.5–5.4).</p> <p> Female (n=3): <b>Hw</b>, 3.36 ± 0.09 (3.28–3.47); <b>iod</b>, 1.55 ± 0.06 (1.48–1.61); <b>Lpron</b>, 3.57 ± 0.14 (3.41–3.65); <b>awpron</b>, 3.2 ± 0.17 (3.1–3.41); <b>pwpron</b>, 4.05 ± 0.25 (3.84–4.34); <b>wpron</b>, 4.79 ± 0.23 (4.52–4.96); <b>LFIII</b>, 16.15 ± 0.6 (15.45–16.5); <b>wFIII</b>, 3.4 ± 0.22 (3.15–3.6); <b>LTIII</b>, 17.7 ± 0.79 (16.8–18.3); <b>Ltars 1-III</b>, 4.7 ± 0.22 (4.5–4.95); <b>OL</b>, 17.05 ± 0.99 (16.2–18.15).</p>Published as part of <i>Nihei, Silvio S., 2017, Taxonomic review of Eidmanacris Chopard, 1956 (Orthoptera: Grylloidea: Phalangopsidae), pp. 1-93 in Zootaxa 4321 (1)</i> on pages 20-23, DOI: <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/897058">10.5281/zenodo.897058</a&gt

Eidmanacris multispinosa Desutter-Grandcolas 1995

<i>Eidmanacris multispinosa</i> Desutter-Grandcolas, 1995 <p>(Figs. 18–20)</p> <p>http://lsid.speciesfile.org/urn:lsid: Orthoptera.speciesfile.org:TaxonName:28460</p> <p> <i>Eidmanacris multispinosa</i> Desutter-Grandcolas, 1995: 463 (male description). Type locality: Brazil, state of Espírito Santo, municipality of Santa Teresa.</p> <p> <i>Eidmanacris multispinosa</i>, Souza-Dias, Campos & Nihei, 2015: 554 (note).</p> <p> <b>Other material examined.</b> Total: 1 male and 3 females, labeled: “ Santa Teresa, ES, Brasil, Estação Biológica Santa Lúcia, 19°57’56.0’’S 40°32’26.4’’W, 16–28.xi.2015, Redü, D.R. <i>leg</i>.” (IBUSP). 8 females labeled: “ Brasil, ES, Sta. Teresa, Reserva Sta. Lúcia, i-96, F. A.G. Mello—S. S. Nihei, <i>leg</i> ” (UBTU). Specimens preserved in ethanol 80%.</p> <p> <b>Distribution.</b> Brazil, state of Espírito Santo.</p> <p> <b>Diagnosis.</b> This species can be distinguished from other <i>Eidmanacris</i> by the following characters: antenomeres dark brown on anterior half, whitish on posterior half; caudal margin of pronotum light brown, contrasting with DD; lateral-distal projections of Supra-anal plate parallel; apex of pseudepiphallic arm with superior projection pointed, posterior surface rounded in lateral view, small bristles anteriorly, internal projection with <i>c.a.</i> 5–7 small spines, inferior projection with <i>c.a.</i> 2–3small spines.</p> <p> <b>Redescription.</b> <i>Head</i>. Reddish brown. Occiput reddish brown with central band light brown going from occiput to vertex, other two laterally, shorter; vertex reddish brown (Fig. 18C). Fastigium blackish, with two lines of bristles, longer than wide, separated from vertex by a line forming “v” (Fig. 18C). Frons light brown, central band dark brown, vertical, two below eyes (Fig. 18A). Three ocelli present, well developed, rounded (Figs. 18A, B, C). Eyes with unpigmented small area on supero-internal angle (Fig. 18C). Maxillary palpi medium brown, long, thin; joints 3 and 4 almost same-sized; joint 5 the longest (Fig. 18G), apex upcurved. Gena light brown, posterior margin with dark brown stripe in lateral view (Figs. 18A, B). Frontoclypeal suture dark yellow. Clypeus whitish, with two dark brown vertical bands; labrum whitish, lower portion light brown. Mandible light brown, inner margin dark brown. Antennal scape light brown, inner surface dark brown with row of bristles (Figs. 18A, B, C); antenomeres anterior half dark brown, posterior half whitish.</p> <p> <i>Thorax</i>. Pronotum DD redidish brown, marbled, posterior margin light brown, wider than long, inflated, divided by thin vertical line; DD cephalic margin slightly concave, caudal margin almost straight. (Fig. 18C); ventro-cephalic angle light brown, rounded, ventro-caudal margin gradually ascendant (Fig. 18B).</p> <p> <i>Legs</i>. FI and II yellowish brown, annulated with dark brown. TI and II yellowish brown, annulated with medium to dark brown; TI with two same-sized apical spurs, TII with two inner apical spurs and one outer, smaller. FIII yellowish brown, several thin stripes medium brown on outer surface, apical third reddish brown (Fig. 18F). TIII yellowish brown, annulated medium brown; sub apical spurs 4/4, with serrulation above and between subapical spurs; apical spurs 3/3, more developed on inner surface; inner apical spurs: median longer (iam), dorsal somewhat shorter (iad), ventral smallest (iav) (iam>iad>iav); outer apical spurs: median one longer (oam), dorsal (oad) little longer than ventral (oav) (oam>oad>oa v). Basitarsi I, II and III yellowish.</p> <p> <i>Abdomen</i>. Medium brown, sub-cylindrical, divided by sagittal, light brown line, posterior margin of tergite I with spots light brown (Fig. 18D).</p> <p> <b>Male.</b> Large-sized body, general coloration in different shades of brown, with spots and macules. FWs medium brown, sub triangular, glandular thickening on inner and posterior borders, with bristles, inner and posterior margin yellowish brown; apex connected to single vertical vein that divides external part of FW as lateral field (Figs. 18B, C); inner margins not touching each other; FWs covering metanotal gland area, posterior margin surpassing metanotum (Fig. 18C). Metanotal gland present, anteromedian crest triangular with line of bristles; lateral projections short, top rounded; long bristles posteriorly on metanotum (Figs. 18H, I). Supra-anal plate light to medium brown, anterior margin sub-straight, posterior margin somewhat concave with long setae; lateral-distal projections short and parallel (Fig. 18J). Subgenital plate longer than wide, medium brown, median maculae greyish, anterior margin sub straight, posterior margin concave with invagination almost forming “v” (Fig. 18K). <i>Phallic complex</i> (Figs. 19A–C; 20A–C). Pseudepiphallus: base of pseudepiphallic sclerite not depressed; pseudepiphallic arms sclerotized, upcurved; apex of pseudepiphallic arm with bristles on outer surface, superior projection pointed, posterior surface rounded in lateral view, small bristles anteriorly, supero-internal projection with <i>c.a.</i> 5–7 small spines, inferior projection with <i>c.a.</i> 2–3 small spines; anterior projection of pseudepiphallic sclerite long, rounded, not surpassing apex of ectophallic apodeme, in dorsal view; PsP2 elongate, sub-straight, inclined outwards, well sclerotized, apex pointed in lateral view, with membranous sphere on inner surface, not surpassing posterior extremity of pseudepiphallic arms; sclerite A slightly sinuous, articulation visible with PsP 2 in dorsal view; PsP1 short, wider than long, posteriorly pointed in ventral view, posterior surface sclerotized; upcurved in lateral view. Ectophallic invagination: Ectophallic apodeme long, weakly sclerotized, laterally flattened in dorsal view, slightly upcurved in lateral view ectophallic arc short, located anteriorly to base of pseudepiphallic sclerite in dorsal and ventral views; dorsal projection short, slightly sclerotized; ventro-posterior projection elongate, apical third curved outwards. Endophallus: median-posterior projection elongated, surpassing PsP2 apex; lateral-posterior lobes of endophallic sclerite elongate; endophallic apodeme well developed, long, upcurved in lateral view.</p> <p> <b>Female.</b> Larger than male, general coloration similar (Fig. 18E). Supra-anal plate yellowish brown, centrally dark, anterior margin sub-straight, posterior margin somewhat rounded with long bristles (Fig. 18L). Subgenital plate reddish brown medially, lateral and posterior borders medium brown, posterior margin rounded (Fig. 18M). Ovipositor as in figs. 18N and 18O.</p> <p> <i>Copulatory papilla</i> (Figs 20D, E, F). Longer than wide, dorso-ventrally flattened in lateral view, posterior margin whitish and rounded in dorsal and ventral views.</p> <p> <b>Measurements (mm).</b> Male (n=1): <b>Hw</b>, 3.47; <b>iod</b>, 1.43; <b>Lpron</b>, 3.9; <b>awpron</b>, 3.6; <b>pwpron</b>, 4.34; <b>wpron</b>, 5.08; <b>LFW</b>, 3.16; <b>wFW</b>, 1.98; <b>LFIII</b>, 18.3; <b>wFIII</b>, 3.45; <b>LTIII</b>, 20.1; <b>Ltars 1-III</b>, 5.4.</p> <p> Female (n=2): <b>Hw</b>, 3.78 ± 0.35 (3.53–4.03); <b>iod</b>, 1.64 ± 0.13 (1.55–1.73); <b>Lpron</b>, 3.87 ± 0.39 (3.59–4.15); <b>awpron</b> 3.59 ± 0.08 (3.53–3.65); <b>pwpron</b>, 4.58 ± 0.26 (4.02–4.77); <b>wpron</b>, 5.2 ± 0.43 (4.89–5.51); <b>LFIII</b>, 18.22 ± 0.31 (18–18.45); <b>wFIII</b>, 3.9 ± 0.42 (3.6–4.2); <b>LTIII</b>, 21.15 ± 0.84 (20.55–21.75); <b>Ltars 1-III</b>, 5.47 ± 0.1 (5.4–5.55); <b>OL</b>, 17.7 ± 0.84 (17.1–18.3).</p>Published as part of <i>Nihei, Silvio S., 2017, Taxonomic review of Eidmanacris Chopard, 1956 (Orthoptera: Grylloidea: Phalangopsidae), pp. 1-93 in Zootaxa 4321 (1)</i> on pages 28-32, DOI: <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/897058">10.5281/zenodo.897058</a&gt

The misplaced genus Trischidocera Villeneuve (Diptera, Tachinidae)

Nihei, Silvio S. (2015): The misplaced genus Trischidocera Villeneuve (Diptera, Tachinidae). Zootaxa 3926 (2): 279-286, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3926.2.