42 research outputs found
Comparing Agricultural Conservation Planning Framework (ACPF) practice placements for runoff mitigation and controlled drainage among 32 watersheds representing Iowa landscapes
Precision conservation planning tools can use high-resolution data to identify conservation practice-placement options for watershed improvement plans. Use of these tools across multiple watersheds could help to identify regional conservation strategies. This study evaluated practice-placement options determined using the Agricultural Conservation Planning Framework (ACPF) ArcGIS tools for controlled drainage (CD), contour buffer strips (CBS), water and sediment control basins (WASCOBs), and grassed waterways (GWWs) across 32 headwater hydrological unit code (HUC)12 watersheds in Iowa. The watersheds represented three Major Land Resource Areas (MLRAs) and four Agro-Hydrologic Landscape (AHL) classes, with four watersheds randomly chosen from each of eight combined MLRA-AHL landscape groupings. Placement options for the practices identified using the ACPF were quantified by watershed as densities (km kmâ2 of cropland) for GWWs, counts of proposed practice locations per square kilometer for CBS and WASCOBs, and as fractions of tile-drained land for CD. The influence of the landscape groupings on practice-placement densities among watersheds was tested using analysis of variance and contrast comparisons. Significant differences were found that led to nuanced interpretations. Differences attributed to slope steepness were captured by AHL classes, while differences attributed to slope shape and convergence were best captured by MLRA, which better segregated the watersheds based on landscape age and stream dissection. Grassed waterway placements showed minor differences among MLRAs but provided data to better inform the choices that ACPF users can make when running the GWW tool. The MLRA/AHL landscape classifications could be used together to develop effective regional conservation strategies using precision planning tools
ARA-talojen hoitokulut ja kulurakenne
TÀssÀ selvityksessÀ tarkastellaan ARA-vuokra-asuntokiinteistöjen hoitokuluja ja kulurakennetta, hoitokulujen osuutta vuokralaisilta perittÀvÀstÀ vuokrasta sekÀ eri osapuolten vaikutusmahdollisuuksia kulutasoihin. Hoitokulujen hallinta ja optimointi ovat ensiarvoisen tÀrkeitÀ kohtuuhintaisen asumisen varmistamisessa.
Selvitys on toteutettu pÀÀosin analysoimalla vuoden 2013 toteutuneita hoitokuluja, jotka on koottu 15 yhteisöltÀ yhteensÀ 440 ARA-talosta. SelvityksessÀ analysoitiin myös 52 erityisryhmille suunnatun ARA-talon hoitokuluja. LisÀksi toteutettiin tietoja toimittaneille yhteisöille suunnattu kysely, jolla tarkennettiin toimitettuja tietoja sekÀ kartoitettiin kiinteistönhoito- ja hallintopalvelun tuotantotapoja ja osapuolten vaikutusmahdollisuuksia kulujen muodostumiseen.
Normaalien ARA-vuokra-asuntokiinteistöjen hoitokulut olivat keskimÀÀrin 5,96 âŹ/asmÂČ/kk vuonna 2013. Suurimmat kuluerĂ€t olivat korjaukset (22 %), lĂ€mmitys (17 %) sekĂ€ hallinto (15 %). PÀÀkaupunkiseudulla kustannukset ovat 0,84 âŹ/asmÂČ/kk korkeammat kuin muissa kaupungeissa. Suurimmat alueelliset erot olivat tontinvuokrissa. Vanhempien rakennusten korjauskustannukset nostivat niiden hoitokulut uusia rakennuksia korkeammiksi. Valtakunnallisten yhteisöjen omistamien kohteiden kokonaishoitokulut olivat kunnallisten yhteisöjen kuluja korkeammat, ja kustannukset jakautuivat eri tavoin eri hoitokuluerien vĂ€lille. Omistajan rooli hoitokulujen optimoinnissa sekĂ€ kiinteistöjen arvon sĂ€ilymisessĂ€ nĂ€hdÀÀn huomattavasti asukkaiden merkitystĂ€ suuremmaksi. Suurin vaikutusmahdollisuus asukkaalla oli veden kulutukseen ja kustannuksiin. Muiden kulujen osalta asukkaan vaikutusmahdollisuus nĂ€htiin kohtalaiseksi tai jopa suhteellisen pieneksi.
Erityisryhmille suunnattujen kohteiden hoitokulut olivat huomattavasti normaaleja vuokra-asuntokohteita korkeammat, 7,09 âŹ/htmÂČ/kk. Normaaleissa ARA-taloissa vastaava huoneistoalaan suhteutettu kulu on 5,91 âŹ/htmÂČ/kk. Hoitokulut ovat erityisryhmille suunnatuissa ARA-taloissa korkeammat, koska kuluissa on mukana asukkaiden sĂ€hkö- ja siivouskulut. NĂ€mĂ€ laskutetaan tyypillisimmin asukkailta erillisinĂ€ palvelumaksuina. LisĂ€ksi kohteet ovat kooltaan merkittĂ€vĂ€sti pienempiĂ€ kuin muut ARA-talot.
Selvitys liittyy valtioneuvoston asuntopoliittiseen toimenpideohjelmaan vuosille 2012â2015
Vuokrataloyhteisöjen toimintatavat ARA-asuntojen omakustannusvuokrien mÀÀrityksessÀ
TĂ€ssĂ€ selvityksessĂ€ tarkastellaan valtion tukemien ARA-vuokra-asuntojen vuokrien omakustannusperiaatteen toteutumista sekĂ€ vuokrien tasausjĂ€rjestelmÀÀ ja omakustannusvuokrien mÀÀrĂ€ytymisperusteisiin kuuluvaa korjauksiin varautumista kĂ€ytĂ€nnössĂ€. LisĂ€ksi selvitetÀÀn kuntien suorittaman vuokrien omakustannusperiaatteen valvonnan toimivuutta. Selvityksen perustiedot kerĂ€ttiin 55 ARA-asuntoja omistavalta yhteisöltĂ€. Tietoja tarkennettiin vielĂ€ 15 yhteisöltĂ€ lisĂ€kyselyn ja haastattelujen avulla. Selvityksen mukaan kaikki selvityksessĂ€ mukana olleet ARA-asuntoja omistavat yhteisöt mÀÀrittĂ€vĂ€t vuokrat omakustannusperiaatteen mukaisesti. Vuokrien sisĂ€ltö ja rakenne kuitenkin vaihtelevat eri toimijoiden vĂ€lillĂ€. Suurimpia eroavaisuuksia eri toimijoiden vĂ€lillĂ€ aiheuttavat omille varoille perittĂ€vĂ€ korko, peruskorjauksiin varautuminen ja korjausten rahoituksen toimintatavat. VuokrantasausjĂ€rjestelmĂ€ on kĂ€ytössĂ€ kaikissa selvityksessĂ€ mukana olleissa yhteisöissĂ€. Yleisimmin tasataan pÀÀomamenoja sekĂ€ peruskorjauksiin varautumisen kustannuksia. Kuntien suorittaman omakustannusvuokrien valvonnan tavoitteet, merkitys ja tehtĂ€vĂ€t ovat epĂ€selviĂ€ niin valvojille kuin valvottaville yhteisöillekin. Kuntien asuntoviranomaiset arvioivat resurssinsa ja osaamisensa riittĂ€mĂ€ttömiksi etenkin valtakunnallisten yhteisöjen vuokrien valvontaan. Selvitys liittyy valtioneuvoston asuntopoliittiseen toimenpideohjelmaan vuosille 2012â2015
Age-dependent impact of the major common genetic risk factor for COVID-19 on severity and mortality
AG has received support by NordForsk Nordic Trial Alliance (NTA) grant, by Academy of
Finland Fellow grant N. 323116 and the Academy of Finland for PREDICT consortium N.
340541.
The Richards research group is supported by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research
(CIHR) (365825 and 409511), the Lady Davis Institute of the Jewish General Hospital, the
Canadian Foundation for Innovation (CFI), the NIH Foundation, Cancer Research UK,
Genome Québec, the Public Health Agency of Canada, the McGill Interdisciplinary Initiative in
Infection and Immunity and the Fonds de Recherche Québec Santé (FRQS). TN is supported
by a research fellowship of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science for Young
Scientists. GBL is supported by a CIHR scholarship and a joint FRQS and Québec Ministry of
Health and Social Services scholarship. JBR is supported by an FRQS Clinical Research
Scholarship. Support from Calcul Québec and Compute Canada is acknowledged. TwinsUK is
funded by the Welcome Trust, the Medical Research Council, the European Union, the
National Institute for Health Research-funded BioResource and the Clinical Research Facility
and Biomedical Research Centre based at Guyâs and St. Thomasâ NHS Foundation Trust in
partnership with Kingâs College London. The Biobanque QuĂ©bec COVID19 is funded by FRQS,
Genome Québec and the Public Health Agency of Canada, the McGill Interdisciplinary
Initiative in Infection and Immunity and the Fonds de Recherche Québec Santé. These funding
agencies had no role in the design, implementation or interpretation of this study.
The COVID19-Host(a)ge study received infrastructure support from the DFG Cluster of
Excellence 2167 âPrecision Medicine in Chronic Inflammation (PMI)â (DFG Grant: âEXC2167â).
The COVID19-Host(a)ge study was supported by the German Federal Ministry of Education
and Research (BMBF) within the framework of the Computational Life Sciences funding
concept (CompLS grant 031L0165). Genotyping in COVID19-Host(a)ge was supported by a
philantropic donation from Stein Erik Hagen.
The COVID GWAs, Premed COVID-19 study (COVID19-Host(a)ge_3) was supported by
"Grupo de Trabajo en Medicina Personalizada contra el COVID-19 de Andalucia"and also by
the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CIBERehd and CIBERER). Funding comes from
COVID-19-GWAS, COVID-PREMED initiatives. Both of them are supported by "Consejeria de
Salud y Familias" of the Andalusian Government. DMM is currently funded by the the
Andalussian government (Proyectos Estratégicos-Fondos Feder PE-0451-2018).
The Columbia University Biobank was supported by Columbia University and the National
Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, NIH, through Grant Number UL1TR001873. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official
views of the NIH or Columbia University.
The SPGRX study was supported by the ConsejerĂa de EconomĂa, Conocimiento, Empresas y
Universidad #CV20-10150.
The GEN-COVID study was funded by: the MIUR grant âDipartimenti di Eccellenza 2018-2020â
to the Department of Medical Biotechnologies University of Siena, Italy; the âIntesa San Paolo
2020 charity fundâ dedicated to the project NB/2020/0119; and philanthropic donations to the
Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena for the COVID-19 host genetics
research project (D.L n.18 of March 17, 2020). Part of this research project is also funded by
Tuscany Region âBando Ricerca COVID-19 Toscanaâ grant to the Azienda Ospedaliero
Universitaria Senese (CUP I49C20000280002). Authors are grateful to: the CINECA
consortium for providing computational resources; the Network for Italian Genomes (NIG)
(http://www.nig.cineca.it) for its support; the COVID-19 Host Genetics Initiative
(https://www.covid19hg.org/); the Genetic Biobank of Siena, member of BBMRI-IT, Telethon
Network of Genetic Biobanks (project no. GTB18001), EuroBioBank, and RD-Connect, for
managing specimens.
Genetics against coronavirus (GENIUS), Humanitas University (COVID19-Host(a)ge_4) was
supported by Ricerca Corrente (Italian Ministry of Health), intramural funding (Fondazione
Humanitas per la Ricerca). The generous contribution of Banca Intesa San Paolo and of the
Dolce&Gabbana Fashion Firm is gratefully acknowledged.
Data acquisition and sample processing was supported by COVID-19 Biobank, Fondazione
IRCCS CĂ Granda Milano; LV group was supported by MyFirst Grant AIRC n.16888, Ricerca
Finalizzata Ministero della Salute RF-2016-02364358, Ricerca corrente Fondazione IRCCS
Caâ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, the European Union (EU) Programme Horizon
2020 (under grant agreement No. 777377) for the project LITMUS- âLiver Investigation:
Testing Marker Utility in Steatohepatitisâ, Programme âPhotonicsâ under grant agreement
â101016726â for the project âREVEAL: Neuronal microscopy for cell behavioural examination
and manipulationâ, Fondazione Patrimonio Caâ Granda âLiver Bibleâ PR-0361. DP was
supported by Ricerca corrente Fondazione IRCCS Caâ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico,
CV PREVITAL âStrategie di prevenzione primaria nella popolazione Italianaâ Ministero della
Salute, and Associazione Italiana per la Prevenzione dellâEpatite Virale (COPEV).
Genetic modifiers for COVID-19 related illness (BeLCovid_1) was supported by the "Fonds
Erasme". The Host genetics and immune response in SARS-Cov-2 infection (BelCovid_2)
study was supported by grants from Fondation LĂ©on Fredericq and from Fonds de la
Recherche Scientifique (FNRS).
The INMUNGEN-CoV2 study was funded by the Consejo Superior de Investigaciones
CientĂficas.
KUL is supported by the German Research Foundation (LU 1944/3-1) SweCovid is funded by the SciLifeLab/KAW national COVID-19 research program project
grant to Michael Hultström (KAW 2020.0182) and the Swedish Research Council to Robert
Frithiof (2014-02569 and 2014-07606). HZ is supported by Jeansson Stiftelser, Magnus
Bergvalls Stiftelse.
The COMRI cohort is funded by Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
Genotyping for the COMRI cohort was performed and funded by the Genotyping Laboratory of
Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM Technology Centre, University of Helsinki,
Helsinki, Finland.
These funding agencies had no role in the design, implementation or interpretation of this
study.Background: There is considerable variability in COVID-19 outcomes amongst younger
adultsâand some of this variation may be due to genetic predisposition. We characterized the
clinical implications of the major genetic risk factor for COVID-19 severity, and its age-dependent
effect, using individual-level data in a large international multi-centre consortium.
Method: The major common COVID-19 genetic risk factor is a chromosome 3 locus, tagged by
the marker rs10490770. We combined individual level data for 13,424 COVID-19 positive
patients (N=6,689 hospitalized) from 17 cohorts in nine countries to assess the association of this
genetic marker with mortality, COVID-19-related complications and laboratory values. We next
examined if the magnitude of these associations varied by age and were independent from
known clinical COVID-19 risk factors.
Findings: We found that rs10490770 risk allele carriers experienced an increased risk of
all-cause mortality (hazard ratio [HR] 1·4, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1·2â1·6) and COVID-19
related mortality (HR 1·5, 95%CI 1·3â1·8). Risk allele carriers had increased odds of several
COVID-19 complications: severe respiratory failure (odds ratio [OR] 2·0, 95%CI 1·6-2·6),
venous thromboembolism (OR 1·7, 95%CI 1·2-2·4), and hepatic injury (OR 1·6, 95%CI
1·2-2·0). Risk allele carriers †60 years had higher odds of death or severe respiratory failure
(OR 2·6, 95%CI 1·8-3·9) compared to those > 60 years OR 1·5 (95%CI 1·3-1·9, interaction
p-value=0·04). Amongst individuals †60 years who died or experienced severe respiratory
COVID-19 outcome, we found that 31·8% (95%CI 27·6-36·2) were risk variant carriers,
compared to 13·9% (95%CI 12·6-15·2%) of those not experiencing these outcomes.
Prediction of death or severe respiratory failure among those †60 years improved when
including the risk allele (AUC 0·82 vs 0·84, p=0·016) and the prediction ability of rs10490770
risk allele was similar to, or better than, most established clinical risk factors.
Interpretation: The major common COVID-19 risk locus on chromosome 3 is associated with
increased risks of morbidity and mortalityâand these are more pronounced amongst individuals
†60 years. The effect on COVID-19 severity was similar to, or larger than most established risk
factors, suggesting potential implications for clinical risk management.Academy of
Finland Fellow grant N. 323116Academy of Finland for PREDICT consortium N.
340541.Canadian Institutes of Health Research
(CIHR) (365825 and 409511)Lady Davis Institute of the Jewish General HospitalCanadian Foundation for Innovation (CFI)NIH FoundationCancer Research UKGenome QuébecPublic Health Agency of CanadaMcGill Interdisciplinary Initiative in
Infection and Immunity and the Fonds de Recherche Québec Santé (FRQS)Japan Society for the Promotion of Science for Young
ScientistsCIHR scholarship and a joint FRQS and Québec Ministry of
Health and Social Services scholarshipFRQS Clinical Research
ScholarshipCalcul QuébecCompute CanadaWelcome TrustMedical Research CouncEuropean UnionNational Institute for Health Research-funded BioResourceClinical Research Facility
and Biomedical Research Centre based at Guyâs and St. Thomasâ NHS Foundation TrustKingâs College LondonGenome QuĂ©becPublic Health Agency of CanadaMcGill Interdisciplinary
Initiative in Infection and ImmunityFonds de Recherche QuĂ©bec SantĂ©(DFG Grant: âEXC2167â)(CompLS grant 031L0165)Stein Erik Hagen"Grupo de Trabajo en Medicina Personalizada contra el COVID-19 de Andalucia"Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CIBERehd and CIBERER)COVID-19-GWASCOVID-PREMED initiatives"Consejeria de
Salud y Familias" of the Andalusian GovernmentAndalusian government (Proyectos Estratégicos-Fondos Feder PE-0451-2018)Columbia UniversityNational
Center for Advancing Translational SciencesNIH Grant Number UL1TR001873ConsejerĂa de EconomĂa, Conocimiento, Empresas y
Universidad #CV20-10150MIUR grant âDipartimenti di Eccellenza 2018-2020ââIntesa San Paolo
2020 charity fundâ dedicated to the project NB/2020/0119Tuscany Region âBando Ricerca COVID-19 ToscanaâCINECA
consortiumNetwork for Italian Genomes (NIG)COVID-19 Host Genetics InitiativeGenetic Biobank of SienaEuroBioBankRD-ConnectRicerca Corrente (Italian Ministry of Health)Fondazione
Humanitas per la RicercaBanca Intesa San PaoloDolce&Gabbana Fashion FirmCOVID-19 BiobankFondazione
IRCCS CĂ Granda MilanoMyFirst Grant AIRC n.16888Ricerca
Finalizzata Ministero della Salute RF-2016-02364358Ricerca corrente Fondazione IRCCS
Caâ Granda Ospedale Maggiore PoliclinicoEuropean Union (EU) Programme Horizon
2020 (under grant agreement No. 777377)âPhotonicsâ â101016726âFondazione Patrimonio Caâ Granda âLiver Bibleâ PR-0361CV PREVITAL âStrategie di prevenzione primaria nella popolazione Italianaâ Ministero della
Salute, and Associazione Italiana per la Prevenzione dellâEpatite Virale (COPEV)"Fonds
Erasme"Fondation LĂ©on FredericqFonds de la
Recherche Scientifique (FNRS)Consejo Superior de Investigaciones
CientĂficasGerman Research Foundation (LU 1944/3-1)SciLifeLab/KAW national COVID-19 research program project (KAW 2020.0182)Swedish Research Council (2014-02569 and 2014-07606)Jeansson Stiftelser, Magnus
Bergvalls StiftelseTechnical University of Munich, Munich, GermanyGenotyping Laboratory of
Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM Technology Centre, University of Helsinki,
Helsinki, Finlan
CANDELS: The Cosmic Assembly Near-infrared Deep Extragalactic Legacy Survey - The Hubble Space Telescope Observations, Imaging Data Products and Mosaics
This paper describes the Hubble Space Telescope imaging data products and
data reduction procedures for the Cosmic Assembly Near-IR Deep Extragalactic
Legacy Survey (CANDELS). This survey is designed to document the evolution of
galaxies and black holes at , and to study Type Ia SNe beyond
. Five premier multi-wavelength sky regions are selected, each with
extensive multiwavelength observations. The primary CANDELS data consist of
imaging obtained in the Wide Field Camera 3 / infrared channel (WFC3/IR) and
UVIS channel, along with the Advanced Camera for Surveys (ACS). The
CANDELS/Deep survey covers \sim125 square arcminutes within GOODS-N and
GOODS-S, while the remainder consists of the CANDELS/Wide survey, achieving a
total of \sim800 square arcminutes across GOODS and three additional fields
(EGS, COSMOS, and UDS). We summarize the observational aspects of the survey as
motivated by the scientific goals and present a detailed description of the
data reduction procedures and products from the survey. Our data reduction
methods utilize the most up to date calibration files and image combination
procedures. We have paid special attention to correcting a range of
instrumental effects, including CTE degradation for ACS, removal of electronic
bias-striping present in ACS data after SM4, and persistence effects and other
artifacts in WFC3/IR. For each field, we release mosaics for individual epochs
and eventual mosaics containing data from all epochs combined, to facilitate
photometric variability studies and the deepest possible photometry. A more
detailed overview of the science goals and observational design of the survey
are presented in a companion paper.Comment: 39 pages, 25 figure
SARS-CoV-2 susceptibility and COVID-19 disease severity are associated with genetic variants affecting gene expression in a variety of tissues
Variability in SARS-CoV-2 susceptibility and COVID-19 disease severity between individuals is partly due to
genetic factors. Here, we identify 4 genomic loci with suggestive associations for SARS-CoV-2 susceptibility
and 19 for COVID-19 disease severity. Four of these 23 loci likely have an ethnicity-specific component.
Genome-wide association study (GWAS) signals in 11 loci colocalize with expression quantitative trait loci
(eQTLs) associated with the expression of 20 genes in 62 tissues/cell types (range: 1:43 tissues/gene),
including lung, brain, heart, muscle, and skin as well as the digestive system and immune system. We perform
genetic fine mapping to compute 99% credible SNP sets, which identify 10 GWAS loci that have eight or fewer
SNPs in the credible set, including three loci with one single likely causal SNP. Our study suggests that the
diverse symptoms and disease severity of COVID-19 observed between individuals is associated with variants across the genome, affecting gene expression levels in a wide variety of tissue types
Addressing climate change with behavioral science: a global intervention tournament in 63 countries
Effectively reducing climate change requires marked, global behavior change. However, it is unclear which strategies are most likely to motivate people to change their climate beliefs and behaviors. Here, we tested 11 expert-crowdsourced interventions on four climate mitigation outcomes: beliefs, policy support, information sharing intention, and an effortful tree-planting behavioral task. Across 59,440 participants from 63 countries, the interventionsâ effectiveness was small, largely limited to nonclimate skeptics, and differed across outcomes: Beliefs were strengthened mostly by decreasing psychological distance (by 2.3%), policy support by writing a letter to a future-generation member (2.6%), information sharing by negative emotion induction (12.1%), and no intervention increased the more effortful behaviorâseveral interventions even reduced tree planting. Last, the effects of each intervention differed depending on peopleâs initial climate beliefs. These findings suggest that the impact of behavioral climate interventions varies across audiences and target behaviors
Addressing climate change with behavioral science:A global intervention tournament in 63 countries
The United States COVID-19 Forecast Hub dataset
Academic researchers, government agencies, industry groups, and individuals have produced forecasts at an unprecedented scale during the COVID-19 pandemic. To leverage these forecasts, the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) partnered with an academic research lab at the University of Massachusetts Amherst to create the US COVID-19 Forecast Hub. Launched in April 2020, the Forecast Hub is a dataset with point and probabilistic forecasts of incident cases, incident hospitalizations, incident deaths, and cumulative deaths due to COVID-19 at county, state, and national, levels in the United States. Included forecasts represent a variety of modeling approaches, data sources, and assumptions regarding the spread of COVID-19. The goal of this dataset is to establish a standardized and comparable set of short-term forecasts from modeling teams. These data can be used to develop ensemble models, communicate forecasts to the public, create visualizations, compare models, and inform policies regarding COVID-19 mitigation. These open-source data are available via download from GitHub, through an online API, and through R packages
Evaluation of individual and ensemble probabilistic forecasts of COVID-19 mortality in the United States
Short-term probabilistic forecasts of the trajectory of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States have served as a visible and important communication channel between the scientific modeling community and both the general public and decision-makers. Forecasting models provide specific, quantitative, and evaluable predictions that inform short-term decisions such as healthcare staffing needs, school closures, and allocation of medical supplies. Starting in April 2020, the US COVID-19 Forecast Hub (https://covid19forecasthub.org/) collected, disseminated, and synthesized tens of millions of specific predictions from more than 90 different academic, industry, and independent research groups. A multimodel ensemble forecast that combined predictions from dozens of groups every week provided the most consistently accurate probabilistic forecasts of incident deaths due to COVID-19 at the state and national level from April 2020 through October 2021. The performance of 27 individual models that submitted complete forecasts of COVID-19 deaths consistently throughout this year showed high variability in forecast skill across time, geospatial units, and forecast horizons. Two-thirds of the models evaluated showed better accuracy than a naĂŻve baseline model. Forecast accuracy degraded as models made predictions further into the future, with probabilistic error at a 20-wk horizon three to five times larger than when predicting at a 1-wk horizon. This project underscores the role that collaboration and active coordination between governmental public-health agencies, academic modeling teams, and industry partners can play in developing modern modeling capabilities to support local, state, and federal response to outbreaks