180 research outputs found
Autonomous Light Management in Flexible Photoelectrochromic Films Integrating High Performance Silicon Solar Microcells
Commercial smart window technologies for dynamic light and heat management in building and automotive environments traditionally rely on electrochromic (EC) materials powered by an external source. This design complicates building-scale installation requirements and substantially increases costs for applications in retrofit construction. Self-powered photoelectrochromic (PEC) windows are an intuitive alternative wherein a photovoltaic (PV) material is used to power the electrochromic device, which modulates the transmission of the incident solar flux. The PV component in this application must be sufficiently transparent and produce enough power to efficiently modulate the EC device transmission. Here, we propose Si solar microcells (μ-cells) that are i) small enough to be visually transparent to the eye, and ii) thin enough to enable flexible PEC devices. Visual transparency is achieved when Si μ-cells are arranged in high pitch (i.e. low-integration density) form factors while maintaining the advantages of a single-crystalline PV material (i.e., long lifetime and high performance). Additionally, the thin dimensions of these Si μ-cells enable fabrication on flexible substrates to realize these flexible PEC devices. The current work demonstrates this concept using WO₃ as the EC material and V₂O₅ as the ion storage layer, where each component is fabricated via sol-gel methods that afford improved prospects for scalability and tunability in comparison to thermal evaporation methods. The EC devices display fast switching times, as low as 8 seconds, with a modulation in transmission as high as 33%. Integration with two Si μ-cells in series (affording a 1.12 V output) demonstrates an integrated PEC module design with switching times of less than 3 minutes, and a modulation in transmission of 32% with an unprecedented EC:PV areal ratio
Probing Interfacial Processes of Lithium Ion Batteries
In the last decade, lithium ion batteries held a major role in the path towards personal electronics due to being lightweight and providing a high energy density. However, several problems have been identified with lithium ion batteries. Due to inherent instability, lithium ion batteries are known to have issues with safety and capacity loss. Our goal is to advance the understanding of the electrochemical processes, specifically the interfacial processes at the anode, to continue their advancement in our electronic age. At the interface of the electrolyte and anode, during the first several charging and discharging cycles, appears a protective layer by interaction of decomposed electrolyte at the electrode surface. This protective layer, termed the solid electrolyte interphase, is of particular importance as it increases the stability, impeding dendrite growth, and ultimately leading to improved capacity and safety. Our electrolyte is a lithium salt (LiClO4) with ethylene carbonate (EC) in a tetrahydrofuran (THF) solvent, leading, primarily, to one of the main SEI contributors, lithium ethylene dicarbonate (LiEDC). By spectroscopically probing the interface with sumfrequency generation and simultaneously scanning with cyclic voltammetry, we are able to see the SEI contribution formation in real time.Ope
Autonomous Light Management in Flexible Photoelectrochromic Films Integrating High Performance Silicon Solar Microcells
Commercial smart window technologies for dynamic light and heat management in building and automotive environments traditionally rely on electrochromic (EC) materials powered by an external source. This design complicates building-scale installation requirements and substantially increases costs for applications in retrofit construction. Self-powered photoelectrochromic (PEC) windows are an intuitive alternative wherein a photovoltaic (PV) material is used to power the electrochromic device, which modulates the transmission of the incident solar flux. The PV component in this application must be sufficiently transparent and produce enough power to efficiently modulate the EC device transmission. Here, we propose Si solar microcells (μ-cells) that are i) small enough to be visually transparent to the eye, and ii) thin enough to enable flexible PEC devices. Visual transparency is achieved when Si μ-cells are arranged in high pitch (i.e. low-integration density) form factors while maintaining the advantages of a single-crystalline PV material (i.e., long lifetime and high performance). Additionally, the thin dimensions of these Si μ-cells enable fabrication on flexible substrates to realize these flexible PEC devices. The current work demonstrates this concept using WO₃ as the EC material and V₂O₅ as the ion storage layer, where each component is fabricated via sol-gel methods that afford improved prospects for scalability and tunability in comparison to thermal evaporation methods. The EC devices display fast switching times, as low as 8 seconds, with a modulation in transmission as high as 33%. Integration with two Si μ-cells in series (affording a 1.12 V output) demonstrates an integrated PEC module design with switching times of less than 3 minutes, and a modulation in transmission of 32% with an unprecedented EC:PV areal ratio
Análise epidemiológica e emprego do teste rápido da urease em pacientes com úlcera péptica perfurada
Implementation and first results of the KM3NeT real-time core-collapse supernova neutrino search
The authors acknowledge the financial support of the funding agencies: Agence Nationale de la Recherche (contract ANR-15-CE31-0020), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Commission Europeenne (FEDER fund and Marie Curie Program), Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), LabEx UnivEarthS (ANR-10-LABX-0023 and ANR-18-IDEX-0001), Paris ile-de-France Region, France; Shota Rustaveli National Science Foundation of Georgia (SRNSFG, FR-18-1268), Georgia; Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), Germany; The General Secretariat of Research and Technology (GSRT), Greece; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Ministero dell'Universita e della Ricerca (MIUR), PRIN 2017 program (Grant NAT-NET 2017W4HA7S) Italy; Ministry of Higher Education Scientific Research and Professional Training, ICTP through Grant AF-13, Morocco; Nederlandse organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (NWO), the Netherlands; The National Science Centre, Poland (2015/18/E/ST2/00758); National Authority for Scientific Research (ANCS), Romania; Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovacion, Investigacion y Universidades (MCIU): Programa Estatal de Generacion de Conocimiento (refs. PGC2018-096663-B-C41, -A-C42, -B-C43, -B-C44) (MCIU/FEDER), Generalitat Valenciana: Prometeo (PROMETEO/2020/019), Grisolia (ref. GRISOLIA/2018/119) and GenT (refs. CIDEGENT/2018/034, /2019/043, /2020/049) programs, Junta de Andalucia (ref. A-FQM-053-UGR18), La Caixa Foundation (ref. LCF/BQ/IN17/11620019), EU: MSC program (ref. 101025085), Spain.The KM3NeT research infrastructure is unconstruction
in the Mediterranean Sea. KM3NeT will study
atmospheric and astrophysical neutrinos with two multipurpose
neutrino detectors, ARCA and ORCA, primarily
aimed at GeV–PeV neutrinos. Thanks to the multiphotomultiplier
tube design of the digital optical modules,
KM3NeT is capable of detecting the neutrino burst from
a Galactic or near-Galactic core-collapse supernova. This potential is already exploitable with the first detection units
deployed in the sea. This paper describes the real-time implementation
of the supernova neutrino search, operating on the
two KM3NeT detectors since the first months of 2019. A
quasi-online astronomy analysis is introduced to study the
time profile of the detected neutrinos for especially significant
events. Themechanism of generation and distribution of
alerts, aswell as the integration into theSNEWSandSNEWS
2.0 global alert systems, are described. The approach for the
follow-up of external alerts with a search for a neutrino excess
in the archival data is defined. Finally, an overviewof the current
detector capabilities and a report after the first two years
of operation are given.French National Research Agency (ANR)European Commission ANR-15-CE31-0020Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)Commission EuropeenneInstitut Universitaire de France (IUF)LabEx UnivEarthS ANR-10-LABX-0023
ANR-18-IDEX-0001Shota Rustaveli National Science Foundation of Georgia (SRNSFG), Georgia FR-18-1268German Research Foundation (DFG)Greek Ministry of Development-GSRTIstituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN)Ministry of Education, Universities and Research (MIUR)PRIN 2017 program, Italy NAT-NET 2017W4HA7SMinistry of Higher Education Scientific Research and Professional Training, ICTP, Morocco AF-13Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO)
Netherlands GovernmentNational Science Centre, Poland 2015/18/E/ST2/00758National Authority for Scientific Research (ANCS), RomaniaMinisterio de Ciencia, Innovacion, Investigacion y Universidades (MCIU): Programa Estatal de Generacion de Conocimiento PGC2018-096663-B-C41
PGC2018-096663-A-C42
PGC2018-096663-B-C43
PGC2018-096663-B-C44Generalitat Valenciana PROMETEO/2020/019Grisolia program GRISOLIA/2018/119
CIDEGENT/2018/034Junta de Andalucia A-FQM-053-UGR18La Caixa Foundation LCF/BQ/IN17/11620019EU: MSC program 101025085Paris Ile-de-France Region, FranceGenT program CIDEGENT/2018/034
CIDEGENT/2019/043
CIDEGENT/2020/04
KM3NeT broadcast optical data transport system
The optical data transport system of the KM3NeT neutrino telescope at the bottom of the Mediterranean Sea will provide more than 6000 optical modules in the detector arrays with a point-to-point optical connection to the control stations onshore. The ARCA and ORCA detectors of KM3NeT are being installed at a depth of about 3500 m and 2500 m, respectively and their distance to the control stations is about 100 kilometers and 40 kilometers. In particular, the two detectors are optimised for the detection of cosmic neutrinos with energies above about 1 TeV (ARCA) and for the detection of atmospheric neutrinos with energies in the range 1 GeV-1 TeV (ORCA). The expected maximum data rate is 200 Mbps per optical module. The implemented optical data transport system matches the layouts of the networks of electro-optical cables and junction boxes in the deep sea. For efficient use of the fibres in the system the technology of Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing is applied. The performance of the optical system in terms of measured bit error rates, optical budget are presented. The next steps in the implementation of the system are also discussed
Probing invisible neutrino decay with KM3NeT-ORCA
In the era of precision measurements of the neutrino oscillation parameters,
upcoming neutrino experiments will also be sensitive to physics beyond the
Standard Model. KM3NeT/ORCA is a neutrino detector optimised for measuring
atmospheric neutrinos from a few GeV to around 100 GeV. In this paper, the
sensitivity of the KM3NeT/ORCA detector to neutrino decay has been explored. A
three-flavour neutrino oscillation scenario, where the third neutrino mass
state decays into an invisible state, e.g. a sterile neutrino, is
considered. We find that KM3NeT/ORCA would be sensitive to invisible neutrino
decays with ~ at confidence
level, assuming true normal ordering. Finally, the impact of neutrino decay on
the precision of KM3NeT/ORCA measurements for ,
and mass ordering have been studied. No significant effect of neutrino decay on
the sensitivity to these measurements has been found.Comment: 27 pages, 14 figures, bibliography updated, typos correcte
The Power Board of the KM3NeT Digital Optical Module: design, upgrade, and production
The KM3NeT Collaboration is building an underwater neutrino observatory at
the bottom of the Mediterranean Sea consisting of two neutrino telescopes, both
composed of a three-dimensional array of light detectors, known as digital
optical modules. Each digital optical module contains a set of 31 three inch
photomultiplier tubes distributed over the surface of a 0.44 m diameter
pressure-resistant glass sphere. The module includes also calibration
instruments and electronics for power, readout and data acquisition. The power
board was developed to supply power to all the elements of the digital optical
module. The design of the power board began in 2013, and several prototypes
were produced and tested. After an exhaustive validation process in various
laboratories within the KM3NeT Collaboration, a mass production batch began,
resulting in the construction of over 1200 power boards so far. These boards
were integrated in the digital optical modules that have already been produced
and deployed, 828 until October 2023. In 2017, an upgrade of the power board,
to increase reliability and efficiency, was initiated. After the validation of
a pre-production series, a production batch of 800 upgraded boards is currently
underway. This paper describes the design, architecture, upgrade, validation,
and production of the power board, including the reliability studies and tests
conducted to ensure the safe operation at the bottom of the Mediterranean Sea
throughout the observatory's lifespa
Prospects for combined analyses of hadronic emission from -ray sources in the Milky Way with CTA and KM3NeT
The Cherenkov Telescope Array and the KM3NeT neutrino telescopes are major
upcoming facilities in the fields of -ray and neutrino astronomy,
respectively. Possible simultaneous production of rays and neutrinos
in astrophysical accelerators of cosmic-ray nuclei motivates a combination of
their data. We assess the potential of a combined analysis of CTA and KM3NeT
data to determine the contribution of hadronic emission processes in known
Galactic -ray emitters, comparing this result to the cases of two
separate analyses. In doing so, we demonstrate the capability of Gammapy, an
open-source software package for the analysis of -ray data, to also
process data from neutrino telescopes. For a selection of prototypical
-ray sources within our Galaxy, we obtain models for primary proton and
electron spectra in the hadronic and leptonic emission scenario, respectively,
by fitting published -ray spectra. Using these models and instrument
response functions for both detectors, we employ the Gammapy package to
generate pseudo data sets, where we assume 200 hours of CTA observations and 10
years of KM3NeT detector operation. We then apply a three-dimensional binned
likelihood analysis to these data sets, separately for each instrument and
jointly for both. We find that the largest benefit of the combined analysis
lies in the possibility of a consistent modelling of the -ray and
neutrino emission. Assuming a purely leptonic scenario as input, we obtain, for
the most favourable source, an average expected 68% credible interval that
constrains the contribution of hadronic processes to the observed -ray
emission to below 15%.Comment: 18 pages, 15 figures. Submitted to journa
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