Propuesta de una oficina de gestión de proyectos para generar valor organizacional en el gobierno regional de Arequipa

El presente trabajo titulado “Propuesta de una Oficina de Gestión de Proyectos para Generar Valor Organizacional en El Gobierno Regional de Arequipa” tiene como objetivo principal demostrar la eficacia de la propuesta de una Oficina de Gestión de Proyectos (PMO por sus siglas en inglés) para generar valor organizacional en el Gobierno Regional de Arequipa. Para determinar el objetivo general se planteó cinco (5) objetivos específicos, medición de la percepción del nivel de la gestión de proyectos y de los habilitadores organizacionales sin la propuesta de la PMO, diseño de la PMO en base a las expectativas de los interesados, medición de la percepción del nivel de la gestión de proyectos y los habilitadores organizacionales con la propuesta de la PMO. Para el estudio se utilizó metodología hipotética con enfoque cuantitativo con un nivel descriptivo longitudinal, el tipo de investigación que se utilizo es aplicado y el diseño es no experimental. La población de estudio lo conformo 30 colaboradores, la muestra es finita y está constituida por toda la población. Se utilizo como técnicas de recolección de datos la entrevista, el cuestionario y la observación, instrumentos propuestos por el estándar OPM3® del Instituto de Gestión de Proyectos (PMI® por sus siglas en ingles), la confiabilidad de los datos se validó a través del Alfa de Cronbach para todos los casos. Los resultados se procesaron a través de tablas de frecuencias, agrupaciones gráficas y análisis estadístico como es la prueba de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. El análisis de la percepción del valor organizacional está enmarcado en base a dos indicadores, la gestión de proyectos y los habilitadores organizacionales, el resultado en la evaluación “sin la propuesta de la PMO” fue que la mayoría de los entrevistados considera que el nivel de gestión de proyectos y el nivel de habilitadores organizacionales se encuentran en el rango de 30% y 40%. En cuanto al análisis “con la propuesta de la PMO” resulto que la mayoría de los entrevistados considera que el nivel de gestión de proyectos se encontrara en el rango de 50% y 60% y que el nivel de los habilitadores organizacionales se encontrara en el rango de 40% y 50%. Para la prueba de hipótesis utilizamos la prueba de rangos con signo de Wilcoxon y obtuvimos 0.000 de p-valor el cual es menor al 0.05, lo que indica que existe suficiente prueba estadística para aceptar que existe relación positiva entre la propuesta de la Oficina de Gestión de Proyectos y el Valor Organizacional en el Gobierno Regional de Arequipa

Desenvolvimento e validação de uma escala para medir a atitude em relação ao aleitamento materno

Better knowledge of breastfeeding women for the design of strategies that promote exclusive breastfeeding will improve current rates. The use of tools to measure things such as attitude towards breastfeeding contributes to this purpose. The objective of the study was to develop and validate a scale that measures attitude towards breastfeeding.Un mejor conocimiento de las mujeres lactantes, para el diseño de estrategias que fomenten la lactancia materna exclusiva, permitirá mejorar las tasas actuales. El uso de instrumentos de medición en conceptos como la actitud frente a la lactancia permiten este propósito. El objetivo del estudio fue desarrollar y validar una escala que mida la actitud frente a la lactancia.Um melhor conhecimento das mulheres lactantes para o desenho de estratégias que promovam o aleitamento materno exclusivo irá melhorar os índices atuais. A utilização de instrumentos de medição em conceitos como a atitude em relação à amamentação permite este propósito. O objetivo do estudo foi desenvolver e validar uma escala para medir a atitude em relação ao aleitamento materno

Total phenol and quercetin content and antioxidant activity in apples in response to thermal, light stress and to organic management

Flavonoids are the most abundant phenol compound group in apples, the concentration of which varies with the cultivars and climatic conditions. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of temperature, solar radiation, sunburn damage of the peel and the state of development of fruit on total phenol concentrations, quercetin glycosides and antioxidant activity. Three assays were conducted during the 2008/09 season to evaluate aforementioned variables on these parameters. The following season, the effect of the state of development on the fruit was evaluated. Sunburn increased phenol concentrations from 5.5 to 8.7 mg CAE* g FW-1. In relation to the state of development of the fruit, phenol concentrations decreased from 14 to 1.3 mg CAE* g FW-1 between 32 DAFB to harvest, respectively.  Fruit that was bagged until one month before harvest had significantly higher concentrations of quercetin rutinoside (28 mg*g-1FW), galactoside (484 mg*g-1FW) and glucoside (54 mg*g-1FW) than fruit that remained bagged until harvest (6, 161 and 21 mg*g-1FW, respectively). Temperature did influence phenol concentrations. This study determined that sunburn, the state of development and bagging the fruit are factors that determine phenol concentration in apples

Efecto de la técnica de sangrado sobre la composición fenólica de vinos cv. Malbec = Effect of saignée on phenolic composition of Malbec wines

El mercado actual exige, en gran parte, la disponibilidad de vinos estructurados con coloraciones intensas, razón por la cual los enólogos evalúan constantemente diversas variantes tecnológicas tendientes a satisfacer los requerimientos del consumidor. En respuesta a esta necesidad, se estudió la incidencia de la técnica de sangrado (T1, 10%; T2, 20%; T3, 30%) sobre la composición fenólica de vinos cv. Malbec de Mendoza en dos vendimias consecutivas. En 2010 se observó que solo T3 aumentó significativamente el contenido de antocianos en los vinos terminados respecto del control, sin apreciarse un efecto sobre el resto de los parámetros fenólicos evaluados. En cuanto a los compuestos individuales determinados por HPLC- DAD/ESI-MS, los tres tratamientos favorecieron la extracción de los distintos derivados antociánicos y flavonoles, siendo T3 el más significativo. En 2011 se observó una tendencia similar además de un efecto significativo en la intensidad colorante, fenoles totales, proantocianidinas, ácidos hidroxibenzoicos, flavanoles, flavonoles y dihidroflavonoles. Por el contrario, el test triangular mostró la imposibilidad de diferenciar los vinos estudiados a través de un panel entrenado de jueces. Al comparar ambas temporadas, se pudo evidenciar la influencia del factor "año" sobre la composición de los vinos elaborados con y sin aplicación del sangrado. En conclusión, esta práctica enológica puede ser una herramienta útil para aumentar la calidad polifenólica del Malbec y mejorar la capacidad de envejecimiento en la producción de vinos de guarda.The current market, in large part, demands the availability of structured wines with intense coloration, reason why winemakers constantly evaluated different technological variants designed to satisfy the requirements of the consumer. In response to this need, the incidence of saignée (T1, 10%; T2, 20%; T3, 30%) on phenolic composition of Malbec wines from Mendoza in two consecutive seasons was studied. In 2010, it was observed that only T3 significantly increased the content of anthocyanins in wines with respect to the control, without appreciating a significant effect on the rest of the phenolic parameters evaluated. As for those individual compounds determined by HPLC-DAD/ESI-MS, the three treatments favored the extraction of different anthocyanic derivatives and flavonols, being T3 the most significant. In 2011, there was a similar trend in addition to a significant effect on the colour intensity, total phenols, proanthocyanidins, hydroxybenzoic acids, flavanols, flavonols and dihidroflavonoles. In contrast, the triangular test showed the impossibility of differentiating wines studied by a trained panel of judges. Comparing both seasons was demonstrated the influence of the "year" factor on the composition of wines made with and without application of saignée. In conclusion, this oenological practice may be a useful tool to increase the phenolic quality of Malbec wines and improve their aging potential.EEA MendozaFil: Fanzone, Martín Leandro. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Mendoza. Laboratorio de Aromas y Sustancias Naturales; ArgentinaFil: Assof, Mariela Vanesa. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Mendoza. Laboratorio de Aromas y Sustancias Naturales; ArgentinaFil: Peña Neira, Alvaro. Universidad de Chile. Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas. Departamento de Agroindustria y Enología; ChileFil: Zamora, Fernando. Universidad Rovira i Virgili. Facultad de Enología de Tarragona. Departamento de Bioquímica y Biotecnología; EspañaFil: Jofre, Viviana Patricia. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Mendoza. Laboratorio de Aromas y Sustancias Naturales; Argentin

Micro-oxigenación de vino Carménère post fermentación maloláctica, y su influencia sobre los compuestos fenólicos, polisacáridos y pirazinas.

51 p.Micro-oxigenación (MOX) es una técnica de vinificación utilizada con el objetivo de mejorar ciertas características químicas y sensoriales del vino. Teóricamente, mediante la infusión de pequeños volúmenes de oxígeno de manera continua, la calidad del producto puede mejorar, y los peligros de la acumulación de oxígeno y la oxidación incontrolada se evitan. Sin embargo, no se han reportado los efectos producidos por la interrupción de la exposición al aire, a tasas comparables a la MOX. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de este ensayo fue evaluar los efectos químicos de un protocolo de oxigenación alternativo, basado en aires semanales de vino, en comparación con el MOX convencional (fermentación post-maloláctica). Para la mayoría de las variables analizadas, el tratamiento de aireación periódica produjo efectos equivalentes a los MOX convencionales (por ejemplo, una reducción en la concentración de antocianinas, la reducción de astringencia y la disminución del carácter herbáceo). Palabras clave: Vino, oxígeno, antocianina, pirazina, fenol, aire, polisacaridos/ABSTRACT: Micro-oxygenation (MOX) is a winemaking technique used with the aim of enhancing certain chemical and sensory wine features. Theoretically, by infusing small volumes of oxygen in a continuous way, the quality of the product may improve, and the hazards of oxygen build-up and uncontrolled oxidation are avoided. However, the effects produced by discontinued air exposure, at rates comparable to MOX, have not been reported. Therefore, the aim of this trial was to evaluate the chemical effects of an alternative oxygenation protocol, based on weekly wine aerations, compared to conventional MOX (post-malolactic fermentation). For most of the variables analyzed, the periodic aeration treatment produced equivalent effects as conventional MOX (e.g. a reduction in the concentration anthocyanins, the reduction of astringency, and the decrease of the herbaceous character). Key words: Wine, oxygen, anthocyanin, pyrazine, phenol, air, polysaccharide

Post-veraison sunlight exposure induces MYB-mediated transcriptional regulation of anthocyanin and flavonol synthesis in berry skins of Vitis vinifera

Anthocyanins, flavan-3-ols, and flavonols are the three major classes of flavonoid compounds found in grape berry tissues. Several viticultural practices increase flavonoid content in the fruit, but the underlying genetic mechanisms responsible for these changes have not been completely deciphered. The impact of post-veraison sunlight exposure on anthocyanin and flavonol accumulation in grape berry skin and its relation to the expression of different transcriptional regulators known to be involved in flavonoid synthesis was studied. Treatments consisting of removing or moving aside the basal leaves which shade berry clusters were applied. Shading did not affect sugar accumulation or gene expression of HEXOSE TRANSPORTER 1, although in the leaf removal treatment, these events were retarded during the first weeks of ripening. Flavonols were the most drastically reduced flavonoids following shading and leaf removal treatments, related to the reduced expression of FLAVONOL SYNTHASE 4 and its putative transcriptional regulator MYB12. Anthocyanin accumulation and the expression of CHS2, LDOX, OMT, UFGT, MYBA1, and MYB5a genes were also affected. Other regulatory genes were less affected or not affected at all by these treatments. Non-transcriptional control mechanisms for flavonoid synthesis are also suggested, especially during the initial stages of ripening. Although berries from the leaf removal treatment received more light than shaded fruits, malvidin-3-glucoside and total flavonol content was reduced compared with the treatment without leaf removal. This work reveals that flavonol-related gene expression responds rapidly to field changes in light levels, as shown by the treatment in which shaded fruits were exposed to light in the late stages of ripening. Taken together, this study establishes MYB-specific responsiveness for the effect of sun exposure and sugar transport on flavonoid synthesis

The photomorphogenic factors UV-B RECEPTOR 1, ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL 5, and HY5 HOMOLOGUE are part of the UV-B signalling pathway in grapevine and mediate flavonol accumulation in response to the environment

Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) is a species well known for its adaptation to radiation. However, photomorphogenic factors related to UV-B responses have not been molecularly characterized. We cloned and studied the role of UV-B RECEPTOR (UVR1), ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL 5 (HY5), and HY5 HOMOLOGUE (HYH) from V. vinifera. We performed gene functional characterizations, generated co-expression networks, and tested them in different environmental conditions. These genes complemented the Arabidopsis uvr8 and hy5 mutants in morphological and secondary metabolic responses to radiation. We combined microarray and RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) data with promoter inspections to identify HY5 and HYH putative target genes and their DNA binding preferences. Despite sharing a large set of common co-expressed genes, we found different hierarchies for HY5 and HYH depending on the organ and stress condition, reflecting both co-operative and partially redundant roles. New candidate UV-B gene markers were supported by the presence of HY5-binding sites. These included a set of flavonol-related genes that were up-regulated in a HY5 transient expression assay. We irradiated in vitro plantlets and fruits from old potted vines with high and low UV-B exposures and followed the accumulation of flavonols and changes in gene expression in comparison with non-irradiated conditions. UVR1, HY5, and HYH expression varied with organ, developmental stage, and type of radiation. Surprisingly, UVR1 expression was modulated by shading and temperature in berries, but not by UV-B radiation. We propose that the UV-B response machinery favours berry flavonol accumulation through the activation of HY5 and HYH at different developmental stages at both high and low UV-B exposures. © The Author 2016. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Experimental Biology

Genomic characterization of individuals presenting extreme phenotypes of high and low risk to develop tobacco-induced lung cancer

Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) may modulate individual susceptibility to carcinogens. We designed a genome-wide association study to characterize individuals presenting extreme phenotypes of high and low risk to develop tobacco-induced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), and we validated our results. We hypothesized that this strategy would enrich the frequencies of the alleles that contribute to the observed traits. We genotyped 2.37 million SNPs in 95 extreme phenotype individuals, that is: heavy smokers that either developed NSCLC at an early age (extreme cases); or did not present NSCLC at an advanced age (extreme controls), selected from a discovery set (n = 3631). We validated significant SNPs in 133 additional subjects with extreme phenotypes selected from databases including >39,000 individuals. Two SNPs were validated: rs12660420 (pcombined  = 5.66 × 10-5 ; ORcombined  = 2.80), mapping to a noncoding transcript exon of PDE10A; and rs6835978 (pcombined  = 1.02 × 10-4 ; ORcombined  = 2.57), an intronic variant in ATP10D. We assessed the relevance of both proteins in early-stage NSCLC. PDE10A and ATP10DmRNA expressions correlated with survival in 821 stage I-II NSCLC patients (p = 0.01 and p < 0.0001). PDE10A protein expression correlated with survival in 149 patients with stage I-II NSCLC (p = 0.002). In conclusion, we validated two variants associated with extreme phenotypes of high and low risk of developing tobacco-induced NSCLC. Our findings may allow to identify individuals presenting high and low risk to develop tobacco-induced NSCLC and to characterize molecular mechanisms of carcinogenesis and resistance to develop NSCLC.This work was supported by the Spanish Society of Medical Oncology; Fundación SEOM and Fundación Salud 2000; and Government of Navarra.S

Genomic characterization of individuals presenting extreme phenotypes of high and low risk to develop tobacco-induced lung cancer

Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) may modulate individual susceptibility to carcinogens. We designed a genome-wide association study to characterize individuals presenting extreme phenotypes of high and low risk to develop tobacco-induced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), and we validated our results. We hypothesized that this strategy would enrich the frequencies of the alleles that contribute to the observed traits. We genotyped 2.37 million SNPs in 95 extreme phenotype individuals, that is: heavy smokers that either developed NSCLC at an early age (extreme cases); or did not present NSCLC at an advanced age (extreme controls), selected from a discovery set (n=3631). We validated significant SNPs in 133 additional subjects with extreme phenotypes selected from databases including >39,000 individuals. Two SNPs were validated: rs12660420 (p(combined)=5.66x10(-5); ORcombined=2.80), mapping to a noncoding transcript exon of PDE10A; and rs6835978 (p(combined)=1.02x10(-4); ORcombined=2.57), an intronic variant in ATP10D. We assessed the relevance of both proteins in early-stage NSCLC. PDE10A and ATP10D mRNA expressions correlated with survival in 821 stage I-II NSCLC patients (p=0.01 and p<0.0001). PDE10A protein expression correlated with survival in 149 patients with stage I-II NSCLC (p=0.002). In conclusion, we validated two variants associated with extreme phenotypes of high and low risk of developing tobacco-induced NSCLC. Our findings may allow to identify individuals presenting high and low risk to develop tobacco-induced NSCLC and to characterize molecular mechanisms of carcinogenesis and resistance to develop NSCLC