Los derechos de los niños: una práctica y una vivencia desde la escuela formal

En 1989 las Naciones Unidas aprobaron, luego de un proceso de muchos años, la Convención sobre los Derechos de los Niños, instrumento legal que obliga y vincula a todos los países firmantes, en el firme propósito de defender lo que en el documento se llamó el “interés superior del niño”, haciendo justicia a estos seres humanos a quienes durante siglos y siglos se les había negado su status de sujetos con entidad propia, libres, independientes y con derechos. El presente trabajo repasa en un primer momento, los diferentes hitos históricos por los que ha atravesado el mundo de los niños, desde aquellos en que el infanticidio era una práctica normal en ciertas sociedades, hasta el estado actual a nivel mundial y local respecto de la promoción y defensa de sus derechos. En un segundo momento se intenta demostrar que la violencia y maltrato contra los niños se siguen dando a pesar de contar, hoy más que nunca, con una legislación vigente que defiende sus derechos, sobre todo, el que se ejerce contra ellos en las escuelas y sus contextos, ya que según estudios de las Naciones Unidas, es el segundo lugar en donde mayormente se irrespetan sus derechos. Para ello, la investigación aterrizó su estudio en dos escuelas urbano-marginales de la ciudad de Guayaquil – Ecuador, una pública - gratuita y otra privada - de paga, utilizando para ello encuestas, entrevistas y observación directa, determinando factores asociados al maltrato infantil escolar y sus posibles consecuencias. Finalmente, se analizan diferentes caminos y propuestas pedagógicas para que, desde la organización escolar, se pueda llegar a tener escuelas sanas donde sea posible una verdadera convivencia humana, libres de violencia y constructoras de paz, justicia y equidad, sobre todo, lugares seguros para los niños en donde sus derechos sean respetados, haciendo realidad en la escuela el Sumak Kawsay o “buen vivir”, en un marco de cultura participativa en clave de justicia social y de paz

Influence of serological factors and BMI on the blood pressure/hematocrit association in healthy young men and women.

The association between mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) and hematocrit (Hct) as a surrogate for blood viscosity was investigated in a young (average 20.0±2.3 years), healthy population of 174 men and 442 women. Health status was assessed by clinical examination and serological evaluation. Individuals with severe anemia or hemoconcentration, prior traumas or major surgical intervention, smokers, and pregnant or lactating women were excluded from the study. The MAP/Hct association was positive and significant (P=0.04) for women and negative, albeit not significantly so, for men. The MAP/Hct association was also evaluated in subgroups of the same population with a progressive step-by-step exclusion of: individuals with cholesterol >200 mg/dL; triglycerides >200 mg/dL; body mass index >25 kg/m(2); and glucose >100 mg/dL. This consecutively reduced the strength of the positive MAP/Hct association in women, which became negative - although not significantly so - when all anomalously high factors were excluded. The same trend was found in men. Our study indicates that previously reported positive trends in the relationship between the MAP and Hct in the population are not present in a young, healthy population of men or women that excludes individuals with the confounding factors of above normal serological values and BMI

Concordância Entre a Presença de Glicosúria e os Níveis de Glicemia em Pacientes Atendidos em um Laboratório no Noroeste do Rio Grande do Sul

Introdução:A glicosúria é a excreção de glicose na urina em concentrações detectáveis e normalmente, praticamente toda a glicose é filtrada livremente no glomérulo. Na hiperglicemia ou disfunção tubular, a glicose pode ser detectada na urina. Objetivo: Avaliar a concordância entre a glicemia sanguínea de jejum e a glicosúriaem pacientes atendidos em um laboratório do noroeste do Rio Grande do Sul.Resultados: A amostra deste estudo foi composta por 438 pacientes, com média de idade de 43 anos (±19), sendo 307 (70%) do sexo feminino.  Dentre os casos, 295 (67%) não tiveram alteração, 12 (3%) apresentaram glicemia normal e glicosúria positiva e 46 (10%) apresentaram níveis de glicosúria e glicemia alterados. Considerando os pacientes com hiperglicemia, 78 (63%) não apresentaram glicosúria e obtiveram média de glicemia de 115mg/dL (±34) e 5 (4%) apresentaram uma cruz, obtendo glicemia média de 129mg/dL (±37). Dentre os 58 pacientes com alteração na glicosúria, 14 (24%) apresentaram glicemia sanguínea menor do que 160mg/dL, com média de glicemia de 120mg/dL (±15). Conclusão: Não há uma relação direta entre os níveis de glicemia sanguínea e glicosúria. A alteração na glicosúria foi mais presente em pacientes idosos e adultos e, em relação ao sexo, foi prevalente nas mulheres. O limiar renal se apresentou abaixo do descrito na literatura em alguns casos

Prolonged QT Interval in SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Prevalence and Prognosis

[EN] Background: The prognostic value of a prolonged QT interval in SARS-Cov2 infection is not well known. Objective: To determine whether the presence of a prolonged QT on admission is an independent factor for mortality in SARS-Cov2 hospitalized patients. Methods: Single-center cohort of 623 consecutive patients with positive polymerase-chain-reaction test (PCR) to SARS Cov2, recruited from 27 February to 7 April 2020. An electrocardiogram was taken on these patients within the first 48 h after diagnosis and before the administration of any medication with a known effect on QT interval. A prolonged QT interval was defined as a corrected QT (QTc) interval >480 milliseconds. Patients were followed up with until 10 May 2020. Results: Sixty-one patients (9.8%) had prolonged QTc and only 3.2% had a baseline QTc > 500 milliseconds. Patients with prolonged QTc were older, had more comorbidities, and higher levels of immune-inflammatory markers. There were no episodes of ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation during hospitalization. All-cause death was higher in patients with prolonged QTc (41.0% vs. 8.7%, p < 0.001, multivariable HR 2.68 (1.58–4.55), p < 0.001). Conclusions: Almost 10% of patients with COVID-19 infection have a prolonged QTc interval on admission. A prolonged QTc was independently associated with a higher mortality even after adjustment for age, comorbidities, and treatment with hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin. An electrocardiogram should be included on admission to identify high-risk SARS-CoV-2 patients.S

High rate of uncovered struts in latest generation drug-eluting stents with durable, biodegradable polymer or lack of it 1 month after implantation

Introduction and objectives: Delayed vascular healing may induce late stent thrombosis. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is useful to evaluate endothelial coverage. The objective of this study was to compare stent coverage and apposition in non-complex coronary artery lesions treated with durable polymer-coated everolimus-eluting stents (durable-polymer EES) vs biodegradable polymer-coated everolimus-eluting stents ( biodegradable-polymer EES) vs polymer-free biolimus-eluting stents (BES) 1 and 6 months after stent implantation. Methods: Prospective, multicenter, non-randomized study that compared the 3 types of DES. Follow-up angiography and OCT were performed 1 and 6 months later. The primary endpoint was the rate of uncovered struts as assessed by the OCT at 1 month. Results: A total of 104 patients with de novo non-complex coronary artery lesions were enrolled. A total of 44 patients were treated with polymer-free BES, 35 with biodegradable-polymer EES, and 25 with durable-polymer EES. A high rate of uncovered struts was found at 1 month with no significant differences reported among the stents (80.2%, polymer-free BES; 88.1%, biodegradable-polymer EES; 82.5%, durable-polymer EES; P =.209). Coverage improved after 6 months in the 3 groups without significant differences being reported (97%, 95%, and 93.7%, respectively; P =.172). Conclusions: In patients with de novo non-complex coronary artery lesions treated with durable vs biodegradable vs polymer-free DES, strut coverage and apposition were suboptimal at 1 month with significant improvement at 6 months

Descarte de medicamentos: avaliação do conhecimento dos produtores da atividade leiteira

This study aims to evaluate the practice of use and disposal of drugs among farmers of a dairy network in the northwest region of the State of Rio Grande do Sul. The study was conducted through the application of a questionnaire in a sample consisted of 46 participants. The results show that most of the participants have pharmaceutical drugs in their homes (98%), 66% say they use pharmaceutical drugs on their own, 22% reuse pharmaceutical drugs from previous treatments, 65% discard the drugs in common waste; and 9% discard them in toilet. Regarding to the “homemade pharmacy” the most commonly found drug was paracetamol (78%). Most of the participants (74%) reported not having received any information on the subject. In this sense, it is observed that the majority of the population disposes of pharmaceutical drugs inappropriately and that the lack of information is the main factor that leads to this practice.O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar a prática do uso e do descarte de medicamentos entre produtores da rede leiteira da região noroeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul.  O estudo foi conduzido mediante a aplicação de um questionário e a amostra foi constituída por 46 participantes. Os resultados demonstram que a maioria dos participantes apresenta medicamentos em suas residências (98%). Destes, 66% afirmam usar medicamentos por conta própria, 22% reutiliza medicamentos de tratamentos anteriores, 65% realiza o descarte em lixo comum e 9% descarta em vaso sanitário. Em relação à “farmácia caseira” o medicamento mais armazenado foi o paracetamol (78%). A maioria dos participantes (74%) relataram não ter recebido nenhuma informação a respeito do assunto. Neste sentido, observa-se que a maioria da população descarta os medicamentos de forma inadequada e a falta de orientações é o principal fator que leva a esta prática.

Chromatin Remodeling of Colorectal Cancer Liver Metastasis is Mediated by an HGF‐PU.1‐DPP4 Axis

Colorectal cancer (CRC) metastasizes mainly to the liver, which accounts for the majority of CRC-related deaths. Here it is shown that metastatic cells undergo specific chromatin remodeling in the liver. Hepatic growth factor (HGF) induces phosphorylation of PU.1, a pioneer factor, which in turn binds and opens chromatin regions of downstream effector genes. PU.1 increases histone acetylation at the DPP4 locus. Precise epigenetic silencing by CRISPR/dCas9KRAB or CRISPR/dCas9HDAC revealed that individual PU.1-remodeled regulatory elements collectively modulate DPP4 expression and liver metastasis growth. Genetic silencing or pharmacological inhibition of each factor along this chromatin remodeling axis strongly suppressed liver metastasis. Therefore, microenvironment-induced epimutation is an important mechanism for metastatic tumor cells to grow in their new niche. This study presents a potential strategy to target chromatin remodeling in metastatic cancer and the promise of repurposing drugs to treat metastasis

Cutoff Scanning Matrix (CSM): structural classification and function prediction by protein inter-residue distance patterns

BACKGROUND: The unforgiving pace of growth of available biological data has increased the demand for efficient and scalable paradigms, models and methodologies for automatic annotation. In this paper, we present a novel structure-based protein function prediction and structural classification method: Cutoff Scanning Matrix (CSM). CSM generates feature vectors that represent distance patterns between protein residues. These feature vectors are then used as evidence for classification. Singular value decomposition is used as a preprocessing step to reduce dimensionality and noise. The aspect of protein function considered in the present work is enzyme activity. A series of experiments was performed on datasets based on Enzyme Commission (EC) numbers and mechanistically different enzyme superfamilies as well as other datasets derived from SCOP release 1.75. RESULTS: CSM was able to achieve a precision of up to 99% after SVD preprocessing for a database derived from manually curated protein superfamilies and up to 95% for a dataset of the 950 most-populated EC numbers. Moreover, we conducted experiments to verify our ability to assign SCOP class, superfamily, family and fold to protein domains. An experiment using the whole set of domains found in last SCOP version yielded high levels of precision and recall (up to 95%). Finally, we compared our structural classification results with those in the literature to place this work into context. Our method was capable of significantly improving the recall of a previous study while preserving a compatible precision level. CONCLUSIONS: We showed that the patterns derived from CSMs could effectively be used to predict protein function and thus help with automatic function annotation. We also demonstrated that our method is effective in structural classification tasks. These facts reinforce the idea that the pattern of inter-residue distances is an important component of family structural signatures. Furthermore, singular value decomposition provided a consistent increase in precision and recall, which makes it an important preprocessing step when dealing with noisy data

Sloan Digital Sky Survey IV: mapping the Milky Way, nearby galaxies, and the distant universe

We describe the Sloan Digital Sky Survey IV (SDSS-IV), a project encompassing three major spectroscopic programs. The Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment 2 (APOGEE-2) is observing hundreds of thousands of Milky Way stars at high resolution and high signal-to-noise ratios in the near-infrared. The Mapping Nearby Galaxies at Apache Point Observatory (MaNGA) survey is obtaining spatially resolved spectroscopy for thousands of nearby galaxies (median ). The extended Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (eBOSS) is mapping the galaxy, quasar, and neutral gas distributions between and 3.5 to constrain cosmology using baryon acoustic oscillations, redshift space distortions, and the shape of the power spectrum. Within eBOSS, we are conducting two major subprograms: the SPectroscopic IDentification of eROSITA Sources (SPIDERS), investigating X-ray AGNs and galaxies in X-ray clusters, and the Time Domain Spectroscopic Survey (TDSS), obtaining spectra of variable sources. All programs use the 2.5 m Sloan Foundation Telescope at the Apache Point Observatory; observations there began in Summer 2014. APOGEE-2 also operates a second near-infrared spectrograph at the 2.5 m du Pont Telescope at Las Campanas Observatory, with observations beginning in early 2017. Observations at both facilities are scheduled to continue through 2020. In keeping with previous SDSS policy, SDSS-IV provides regularly scheduled public data releases; the first one, Data Release 13, was made available in 2016 July