Uma visão multiperspetivada d'A Segunda Guerra Mundial: vencedores e vencidos da história

Relatório de estágio de mestrado em Ensino de História no 3º ciclo do Ensino Básico e no Ensino SecundárioO presente Relatório de Estágio Profissional, resulta da Intervenção Pedagógica Supervisionada concretizada numa turma de 9º ano de escolaridade do Ensino Básico. Tem como propósito apresentar o trabalho realizado com 23 alunos, em aula, sobre Multiperspetiva Histórica, tendo este processo sido implementado em aulas à distância (online), mas cujo objetivo foi desenvolver a compreensão e o conhecimento histórico. O trabalho desenvolvido neste âmbito pretende seguir os propósitos da Educação Histórica, nomeadamente seguindo o paradigma da aula oficina (Barca, 2004). Os conteúdos programáticos estudados, seguem as linhas das Aprendizagens Essenciais, assim como do Programa Curricular da disciplina de História. Pretendemos, assim, criar tarefas que permitissem aos alunos desenvolverem o seu pensamento histórico através de atividades que desafiassem o seu intelecto. Abordando o tema da II Guerra Mundial, os alunos teriam de entender as diferenças de narrativas, ou seja, a multiperspetiva sobre esse tema. Esta abordagem segue os princípios de Wertsh (2000), aqui procura-se entender no que é que os alunos acreditam sobre as perspetivas relativas a este tema. Da mesma forma, o trabalho da narrativa histórica sobre este tema foi desenvolvido juntamente com os alunos. Estas duas componentes narrativas inerentes da epistemologia histórica foram escolhidas como estratégia para a Intervenção Pedagógica Supervisionada, pois permitem uma exploração, mais profunda, e mais interessante sobre o tema. O objetivo da Intervenção Pedagógica Supervisionada prende-se com compreendermos se existem diferenças entre o início (ideias prévias) e o após (ideias finais) da implementação da mesma Intervenção. A análise dos dados foi feita de forma qualitativa e indutiva, inspirada nos princípios da codificação de dados da Grouded Theory. Os resultados obtidos demonstram que existiu uma progressão no pensamento e conhecimento histórico por parte dos alunos, denotando-se uma maior profundidade de fazer sentido da realidade histórica à medida que a IPS e o estágio foram avançando.The following professional internship report is the result from 9th year of basic education scholarity’s Supervised Pedagogical Intervention. The main goal this paper has is to present the work results obtained from 23 students about Historical Multiperspective, and the historical comprehension and knowledge was the purpose, the process went through home school because of Covid. The workshop classes were the paradigm followed within the purposes of History Education (Barca, 2004). The syllabus studied followed the target from History’s Essential Learning and the History’s Curriculum Program. We aimed to create assignments that gives tasks to students to develop the historical thought capacity through activities that challenge their intellect. The II World War was the chose program for these activities, which allowed the possibilities of interpreting different perspectives, which leaded to multiperspective theme. This approach followed the principles from Wertsh (2000), that intends to comprehend the student’s beliefs about the chosen subject. This way, the theme about history’s narrative work was made alongside with students. These two inherent narrative components of historical epistemology were chosen as a strategy for Supervised Pedagogical Intervention, so they lead to a profound and interesting view about the theme. The Supervised Pedagogical Intervention’s main goal is to comprehend the existence of different types of view (prior ideas) and the post work (final ideas) of Intervention application. Data analysis was performed qualitatively and inductively, based on Grounded Theory principal code. The results show a progression on the student’s historical thought and knowledge, evidencing a better comprehension on the historical reality along the internship and the Supervised Pedagogical Intervention

A cryptic record of Burgess Shale-type diversity from the early Cambrian of Baltica

Exceptionally preserved ‘Burgess Shale-type’ fossil assemblages from the Cambrian of Laurentia, South China and Australia record a diverse array of non-biomineralizing organisms. During this time, the palaeocontinent Baltica was geographically isolated from these regions, and is conspicuously lacking in terms of comparable accessible early Cambrian Lagerstätten. Here we report a diverse assemblage of small carbonaceous fossils (SCFs) from the early Cambrian (Stage 4) File Haidar Formation of southeast Sweden and surrounding areas of the Baltoscandian Basin, including exceptionally preserved remains of Burgess Shale-type metazoans and other organisms. Recovered SCFs include taxonomically resolvable ecdysozoan elements (priapulid and palaeoscolecid worms), lophotrochozoan elements (annelid chaetae and wiwaxiid sclerites), as well as ‘protoconodonts’, denticulate feeding structures, and a background of filamentous and spheroidal microbes. The annelids, wiwaxiids and priapulids are the first recorded from the Cambrian of Baltica. The File Haidar SCF assemblage is broadly comparable to those recovered from Cambrian basins in Laurentia and South China, though differences at lower taxonomic levels point to possible environmental or palaeogeographical controls on taxon ranges. These data reveal a fundamentally expanded picture of early Cambrian diversity on Baltica, and provide key insights into high-latitude Cambrian faunas and patterns of SCF preservation. We establish three new taxa based on large populations of distinctive SCFs: Baltiscalida njorda gen. et sp. nov. (a priapulid), Baltichaeta jormunganda gen. et sp. nov. (an annelid) and Baltinema rana gen. et sp. nov. (a filamentous problematicum)

Palaeobiology of latest Ediacaran phosphorites from the upper Khesen Formation, Khuvsgul Group, northern Mongolia

Microfossil assemblages that include large acritarchs with complex processes, known as Doushantuo-Pertatataka-type acritarchs, are recovered from early Ediacaran successions globally. They are commonly found in shale and chert lithologies, but their diversity and palaeobiological significance is greatest when they are phosphatized. The best-known examples are from the Doushantuo Formation, South China, which preserves over 60 taxa including possible embryonic forms which may represent the oldest fossil animals. Fossils have only been recorded in four Ediacaran phosphorite deposits. Here we report the fifth such occurrence, from phosphorites of the upper Khesen Formation, Khuvsgul Group, northern Mongolia, where preservation rivals that in the Doushantuo Formation. The assemblage includes the likely cyanobacteria Obruchevella delicata, O. magna, O. parvissima and O. valdaica, as well as various Siphonophycus filaments, the possible alga Archaeophycus yunnanensis, and the Doushantuo-Pertatataka-type acritarchs Appendisphaera grandis, A. fragilis, A. tenuis, Cavaspina basiconica, Variomargosphaeridium gracile and V. aculeiparvum, sp. nov. The phosphorites also preserve the multicellular embryo-like taxon Megasphaera, which is represented by M. minuscula sp. nov. and potentially by M. puncticulosa. Geological and chemostratigraphical data suggest a latest Ediacaran age for the Khesen assemblage, immediately prior to the Proterozoic–Phanerozoic boundary. Thus, this is the youngest Doushantuo-Pertatataka-type microfossil assemblage yet described. It extends the range of Appendisphaera, Cavaspina, Megasphaera and Variomargosphaeridium upward by tens of millions of years. The assemblage adds to a growing database of Ediacaran fossils and emphasizes the importance of Mongolian strata to understanding the transition from a broadly microbial Proterozoic Eon to a Phanerozoic Eon where macroscopic animals acted as geobiological agents

There is no such thing as the ‘Ediacara Biota’

The term ‘Ediacara Biota’ (or many variants thereof) is commonly used to refer to certain megascopic fossils of Precambrian and early Palaeozoic age – but what does the term actually mean? What differentiates a non-Ediacaran ‘Ediacaran’ and an Ediacaran ‘Ediacaran’ from an Ediacaran non-‘Ediacaran’? Historically, the term has been used in either a geographic, stratigraphic, taphonomic, or biologic sense. More recent research and new discoveries, however, mean that the term cannot actually be defined on any of these bases, or any combination thereof. Indeed, the term is now used and understood in a manner which is internally inconsistent, and unintentionally implies that these fossils are somehow distinct from other fossil assemblages, which is simply not the case. Continued use of the term is a historical relic, which has led in part to incorrect assumptions that the ‘Ediacara Biota’ can be treated as a single coherent group, has obscured our understanding of the biological change over the Precambrian–Cambrian boundary, and has confused research on the early evolution of the Metazoa. In the future, the term ‘Ediacaran’ should be restricted to purely stratigraphic usage, regardless of affinity, geography, or taphonomy; sufficient terminology also exists where reference to specimens on a geographic, taphonomic, or biologic basis is required. It is therefore time to abandon the term ‘Ediacara Biota’ and to instead treat equally all of the fossils of the Ediacaran System

Microfossils from the late Mesoproterozoic – early Neoproterozoic Atar/El Mreïti Group, Taoudeni Basin, Mauritania, northwestern Africa

The well-preserved Meso-Neoproterozoic shallow marine succession of the Atar/El Mreïti Group, in the Taoudeni Basin, Mauritania, offers a unique opportunity to investigate the mid-Proterozoic eukaryotic record in Western Africa. Previous investigations focused on stromatolites, biomarkers, chemostratigraphy and palaeoredox conditions. However, only a very modest diversity of organic-walled microfossils (acritarchs) has been documented. Here, we present a new, exquisitely well-preserved and morphologically diverse assemblage of organic-walled microfossils from three cores drilled through the Atar/El Mreïti Group. A total of 48 distinct entities including 11 unambiguous eukaryotes (ornamented and process-bearing acritarchs), and 37 taxonomically unresolved taxa (including 9 possible eukaryotes, 6 probable prokaryotes, and 22 other prokaryotic or eukaryotic taxa) were observed. Black shales preserve locally abundant fragments of benthic microbial mats. We also document one of the oldest records of Leiosphaeridia kulgunica, a species showing a pylome interpreted as a sophisticated circular excystment structure, and one of the oldest records of Trachyhystrichosphaera aimika and T. botula, two distinctive process-bearing acritarchs present in well-dated 1.1 Ga formations at the base of the succession. The general assemblage composition and the presence of three possible index fossils (A. tetragonala, S. segmentata and T. aimika) support a late Mesoproterozoic to early Neoproterozoic (Tonian) age for the Atar/El Mreïti Group, consistent with published lithostratigraphy, chemostratigraphy and geochronology. This study provides the first evidence for a moderately diverse eukaryotic life, at least 1.1 billion years ago in Western Africa. Comparison with coeval worldwide assemblages indicate that a broadly similar microbial biosphere inhabited (generally redox-stratified) oceans, placing better time constraints on early eukaryote palaeogeography and biostratigraphy