A Tonal Analysis of Gurung, with Separate Systems for Register and Contour Pitch Features

An earlier analysis of Gurung, by Burton-Page in BSOAS, 17/1, 1955, put forward a single system, of two terms, for the word unit in the dialect spoken in Ghandrung: tones 1 and 2; the present analysis of the Gurung of a speaker from the centre of the Gurung area differs from Burton-Page's in that it distinguishes two tone systems: a two-term system (tones 1 and 2) for a difference in pitch register and a further two-term system (tones A and B) for a difference in pitch contour. Support for separating register-pitch and contour-pitch differences comes from three associated features, aspiration, phonation and voice: they apply to the register distinction but not to the contour distinction. Further support comes from comparing this tonal analysis with an identical analysis of a closely related language, Tamang, and also with the two-term system put forward for the word in Tibetan

Science and the Knowledge of God: From Machine to Metaphor

After a review of how the machine model of nature has been used to argue both for and against the existence of God, the author makes the case that metaphors borrowed from the sciences can suggest new information about God