The Paleozoic Origin of Enzymatic Lignin Decomposition Reconstructed from 31 Fungal Genomes

Wood is a major pool of organic carbon that is highly resistant to decay, owing largely to the presence of lignin. The only organisms capable of substantial lignin decay are white rot fungi in the Agaricomycetes, which also contains non–lignin-degrading brown rot and ectomycorrhizal species. Comparative analyses of 31 fungal genomes (12 generated for this study) suggest that lignin-degrading peroxidases expanded in the lineage leading to the ancestor of the Agaricomycetes, which is reconstructed as a white rot species, and then contracted in parallel lineages leading to brown rot and mycorrhizal species. Molecular clock analyses suggest that the origin of lignin degradation might have coincided with the sharp decrease in the rate of organic carbon burial around the end of the Carboniferous period

Typologie des dispositifs de formation hybrides : configurations et métaphores.

International audienceCette contribution s'inscrit dans la continuité des recherches sur les dispositifs de formation hybrides et, plus particulièrement, de celles qui s'attachent à définir ces dispositifs et à analyser leurs effets sur les différents acteurs impliqués dans leur expérimentation apprenants, enseignants et institutions). La typologie que nous présentons ici constitue une évolution de celle déjà présentée en 2011 dans la première phase du projet européen Hy-Sup, dédié à l'étude des dispositifs hybrides et de leurs effets. Chaque configuration de dispositif est ainsi définie et illustrée par des exemples concrets. Ces configurations ont été regroupées selon le degré d'exploitation du potentiel technopédagogique de ces dispositifs. Enfin, une métaphore est attribuée à chaque configuration, dans le but de faciliter la compréhension et l'appropriation de cette typologie, notamment à des fins de formation

Nursing professional education: implications of education for transpersonal care La enseñanza superior de enfermería: implicaciones de la formación profesional para el cuidado transpersonal O ensino superior de enfermagem: implicações da formação profissional para o cuidado transpessoal

This study identifies the perceptions of undergraduate nursing students concerning their education to provide transpersonal care. This qualitative study was conducted in four public universities in Bahia, Brazil with 16 seniors (non-probabilistic sampling) through semi-structured interviews, analyzed through the Collective Subject Discourse. The results expressed the students’ feelings in the face of the challenge to provide transpersonal care; the psycho-cognitive competencies required by inter-subjective praxis; their perceptions concerning the curriculum in relation to the psycho-emotional dimension of being, untying critical knots; strategies suggested. The final reflections indicate the need to implement changes in the professional education of nurses in order to recover the humanistic view while preserving the scientific view. Undergraduate courses should develop an interactive methodology capable of supporting a more humane, sensitive and inter-subjective care praxis.<br>El estudio buscó conocer las percepciones de estudiantes del Curso de Graduación en Enfermería acerca de su formación para el cuidado transpersonal. Se trata de una investigación cualitativa realizada en cuatro Universidades Públicas de Bahía, con 16 estudiantes del último curso (muestreo no probabilístico), a través de entrevista semiestructurada, analizada por medio del Discurso del Sujeto Colectivo. Los resultados expresaron los sentimientos de los discentes delante del desafío del cuidado transpersonal; las habilidades psicocognitivas necesarias para la praxis intersubjetiva; las percepciones acerca del plan de estudios en relación a la dimensión psicoemocional del ser y el desatar de los nudos críticos - estrategias sugeridas. Las reflexiones finales apuntan para la necesidad de implementar modificaciones en la formación profesional del enfermero, de modo a rescatar la mirada humanística junto al científico. Se sugiere que los cursos de graduación desarrollen una metodología interactiva capaz de subsidiar una praxis de cuidado más humana, sensible e intersubjetiva.<br>O estudo buscou conhecer as percepções de acadêmicos do curso de graduação em Enfermagem acerca de sua formação para o cuidado transpessoal. Trata-se de pesquisa qualitativa, realizada em quatro universidades públicas da Bahia, com 16 formandos (amostragem não probabilística), através de entrevista semiestruturada, analisada por meio do discurso do sujeito coletivo. Os resultados expressaram os sentimentos dos discentes diante do desafio do cuidado transpessoal, as habilidades psicocognitivas necessárias para a práxis intersubjetiva, as percepções acerca da grade curricular em relação à dimensão psicoemocional do ser e o desenovelando dos nós críticos - estratégias sugeridas. As reflexões finais apontam para a necessidade de implementar modificações na formação profissional do enfermeiro, de modo a resgatar o olhar humanístico junto ao científico. Sugere-se que os cursos de graduação desenvolvam metodologia interativa capaz de subsidiar práxis de cuidado mais humana, sensível e intersubjetiva

The elephant in the room: What matters cognitively in cumulative technological culture

International audienc

The Paleozoic origin of enzymatic mechanisms for lignin degradation reconstructed using 31 fungal genomes

Wood is a major pool of organic carbon that is highly resistant to decay, owing largely to the presence of lignin. The only organisms capable of substantial lignin decay are white rot fungi in the Agaricomycetes, which also contains non?lignin-degrading brown rot and ectomycorrhizal species. Comparative analyses of 31 fungal genomes (12 generated for this study) suggest that lignin-degrading peroxidases expanded in the lineage leading to the ancestor of the Agaricomycetes, which is reconstructed as a white rot species, and then contracted in parallel lineages leading to brown rot and mycorrhizal species. Molecular clock analyses suggest that the origin of lignin degradation might have coincided with the sharp decrease in the rate of organic carbon burial around the end of the Carboniferous period

SpataforaJosephBotanyPlantPathologyPaleozoicOriginEnzymaticSupplementaryMaterials.pdf

Wood is a major pool of organic carbon that is highly resistant to decay, owing largely to the presence of lignin. The only organisms capable of substantial lignin decay are white rot fungi in the Agaricomycetes, which also contains non–lignin-degrading brown rot and ectomycorrhizal species. Comparative analyses of 31 fungal genomes (12 generated for this study) suggest that lignin-degrading peroxidases expanded in the lineage leading to the ancestor of the Agaricomycetes, which is reconstructed as a white rot species, and then contracted in parallel lineages leading to brown rot and mycorrhizal species. Molecular clock analyses suggest that the origin of lignin degradation might have coincided with the sharp decrease in the rate of organic carbon burial around the end of the Carboniferous period

SpataforaJosephBotanyPlantPathologyPaleozoicOriginEnzymatic.pdf

Wood is a major pool of organic carbon that is highly resistant to decay, owing largely to the presence of lignin. The only organisms capable of substantial lignin decay are white rot fungi in the Agaricomycetes, which also contains non–lignin-degrading brown rot and ectomycorrhizal species. Comparative analyses of 31 fungal genomes (12 generated for this study) suggest that lignin-degrading peroxidases expanded in the lineage leading to the ancestor of the Agaricomycetes, which is reconstructed as a white rot species, and then contracted in parallel lineages leading to brown rot and mycorrhizal species. Molecular clock analyses suggest that the origin of lignin degradation might have coincided with the sharp decrease in the rate of organic carbon burial around the end of the Carboniferous period

Oral contraceptive use and ovarian cancer risk for BRCA1/2 mutation carriers: an international cohort study

International audienceBackground: Ovarian cancer risk in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers has been shown to decrease with longer duration of oral contraceptive use. Although the effects of using oral contraceptives in the general population are well established (approximately 50% risk reduction in ovarian cancer), the estimated risk reduction in mutation carriers is much less precise because of potential bias and small sample sizes. In addition, only a few studies on oral contraceptive use have examined the associations of duration of use, time since last use, starting age, and calendar year of start with risk of ovarian cancer.Objective: This study aimed to investigate in more detail the associations of various characteristics of oral contraceptive use and risk of ovarian cancer, to provide healthcare providers and carriers with better risk estimates.Study design: In this international retrospective study, ovarian cancer risk associations were assessed using oral contraceptives data on 3989 BRCA1 and 2445 BRCA2 mutation carriers. Age-dependent-weighted Cox regression analyses were stratified by study and birth cohort and included breast cancer diagnosis as a covariate. To minimize survival bias, analyses were left truncated at 5 years before baseline questionnaire. Separate analyses were conducted for each aspect of oral contraceptive use and in a multivariate analysis, including all these aspects. In addition, the analysis of duration of oral contraceptive use was stratified by recency of use.Results: Oral contraceptives were less often used by mutation carriers who were diagnosed with ovarian cancer (ever use: 58.6% for BRCA1 and 53.5% BRCA2) than by unaffected carriers (ever use: 88.9% for BRCA1 and 80.7% for BRCA2). The median duration of use was 7 years for both BRCA1 and BRCA2 carriers who developed ovarian cancer and 9 and 8 years for unaffected BRCA1 and BRCA2 carriers with ovarian cancer, respectively. For BRCA1 mutation carriers, univariate analyses have shown that both a longer duration of oral contraceptive use and more recent oral contraceptive use were associated with a reduction in the risk of ovarian cancer. However, in multivariate analyses, including duration of use, age at first use, and time since last use, duration of oral contraceptive use proved to be the prominent protective factor (compared with 10 years [hazard ratio, 0.37; 95% confidence interval, 0.19-0.73]; Ptrend=.008). The inverse association between duration of use and ovarian cancer risk persisted for more than 15 years (duration of ≥10 years; BRCA1 15 years since last use [hazard ratio, 0.56; 95% confidence interval, 0.18-0.59]). Univariate results for BRCA2 mutation carriers were similar but were inconclusive because of limited sample size.Conclusion: For BRCA1 mutation carriers, longer duration of oral contraceptive use is associated with a greater reduction in ovarian cancer risk, and the protection is long term