52 research outputs found
Discovery of Molecular Loop 3 in the Galactic Center: Evidence for a Positive-Velocity Magnetically Floated Loop towards
We have discovered a molecular dome-like feature towards and . The large velocity
dispersions of 50--100 km s of this feature are much larger than those
in the Galactic disk and indicate that the feature is located in the Galactic
center, probably within kpc of Sgr A. The distribution has a
projected length of pc and height of pc from the Galactic
disk and shows a large-scale monotonic velocity gradient of km s
per pc. The feature is also associated with HI gas having a
more continuous spatial and velocity distribution than that of CO. We
interpret the feature as a magnetically floated loop similar to loops 1 and 2
and name it "loop 3". Loop 3 is similar to loops 1 and 2 in its height and
length but is different from loops 1 and 2 in that the inner part of loop 3 is
filled with molecular emission. We have identified two foot points at the both
ends of loop 3. HI, CO and CO datasets were used to estimate the
total mass and kinetic energy of loop 3 to be \sim3.0 \times 10^{6} \Mo and
ergs. The huge size, velocity dispersions and energy
are consistent with the magnetic origin the Parker instability as in case of
loops 1 and 2 but is difficult to be explained by multiple stellar explosions.
We argue that loop 3 is in an earlier evolutionary phase than loops 1 and 2
based on the inner-filled morphology and the relative weakness of the foot
points. This discovery indicates that the western part of the nuclear gas disk
of kpc radius is dominated by the three well-developed magnetically
floated loops and suggests that the dynamics of the nuclear gas disk is
strongly affected by the magnetic instabilities.Comment: 30 pages, 10 figures. High resolution figures are available at
http://www.a.phys.nagoya-u.ac.jp/~motosuji/fujishita09_figs
A Detailed Observational Study of Molecular Loops 1 and 2 in the Galactic Center
Fukui et al. (2006) discovered two huge molecular loops in the Galactic
center located in (l, b) ~ (355 deg-359 deg, 0 deg-2 deg) in a large velocity
range of -180-40 km s^-1. Following the discovery, we present detailed
observational properties of the two loops based on NANTEN 12CO(J=1-0) and
13CO(J=1-0) datasets at 10 pc resolution including a complete set of velocity
channel distributions and comparisons with HI and dust emissions as well as
with the other broad molecular features. We find new features on smaller scales
in the loops including helical distributions in the loop tops and vertical
spurs. The loops have counterparts of the HI gas indicating that the loops
include atomic gas. The IRAS far infrared emission is also associated with the
loops and was used to derive an X-factor of 0.7(+/-0.1){\times}10^20 cm^-2 (K
km s^-1)^-1 to convert the 12CO intensity into the total molecular hydrogen
column density. From the 12CO, 13CO, H I and dust datasets we estimated the
total mass of loops 1 and 2 to be ~1.4 {\times} 106 Msun and ~1.9 {\times} 10^6
Msun, respectively, where the H I mass corresponds to ~10-20% of the total mass
and the total kinetic energy of the two loops to be ~10^52 ergs. An analysis of
the kinematics of the loops yields that the loops are rotating at ~47 km s-1
and expanding at ~141 km s^-1 at a radius of 670 pc from the center. Fukui et
al. (2006) presented a model that the loops are created by the magnetic
flotation due to the Parker instability with an estimated magnetic field
strength of ~150 {\mu}G. We present comparisons with the recent numerical
simulations of the magnetized nuclear disk by Machida et al. (2009) and
Takahashi et al. (2009) and show that the theoretical results are in good
agreements with the observations. The helical distributions also suggest that
some magnetic instability plays a role similarly to the solar helical features.Comment: 40 pages, 22 figures, submitted to publication in PAS
The composition and wearing of the "straight-hem gown" unearthed from the Han Tomb No.1 at Mawangdui : by making a copy
In this study, I will focus on the "straight-hem gown" unearthed from the Han Tomb No.1 at Mawangdui, and make clear the special features of its composition and wearing. The following conclusions were made :1. According to contributing literary resources, the "straight-hem gown" was used for everyday clothing, but by investigating the garments found in the figures, the possibility that the "straight-hem gown" was extravagant and appropriate clothing for formal occasions can be considered.2. The length of the edging of the hem is as long as 40 cm. I established that the edging touches above the knee and that the reason for the long hem was to make walking and formal behavior easier.3. The possibility that there are several types of materials, patterns, sleeve shapes, lengths, collars, edgings and skirt designs in addition to those found in the unearthed gown can be considered.4. The waist measurement was established to be 70 cm (or less than 70 cm). It can be considered that the sense of beauty during that time valuing a narrow waist was emphasized by the widening-hem structure in the figures.5. The waist-cord can be thought to have been tied below the buttocks
High Excitation Molecular Gas in the Galactic Center Loops; 12CO(J =2-1 and J =3-2) Observations
We have carried out 12CO(J =2-1) and 12CO(J =3-2) observations at spatial
resolutions of 1.0-3.8 pc toward the entirety of loops 1 and 2 and part of loop
3 in the Galactic center with NANTEN2 and ASTE. These new results revealed
detailed distributions of the molecular gas and the line intensity ratio of the
two transitions, R3-2/2-1. In the three loops, R3-2/2-1 is in a range from 0.1
to 2.5 with a peak at ~ 0.7 while that in the disk molecular gas is in a range
from 0.1 to 1.2 with a peak at 0.4. This supports that the loops are more
highly excited than the disk molecular gas. An LVG analysis of three
transitions, 12CO J =3-2 and 2-1 and 13CO J =2-1, toward six positions in loops
1 and 2 shows density and temperature are in a range 102.2 - 104.7 cm-3 and
15-100 K or higher, respectively. Three regions extended by 50-100 pc in the
loops tend to have higher excitation conditions as characterized by R3-2/2-1
greater than 1.2. The highest ratio of 2.5 is found in the most developed foot
points between loops 1 and 2. This is interpreted that the foot points indicate
strongly shocked conditions as inferred from their large linewidths of 50-100
km s-1, confirming the suggestion by Torii et al. (2010b). The other two
regions outside the foot points suggest that the molecular gas is heated up by
some additional heating mechanisms possibly including magnetic reconnection. A
detailed analysis of four foot points have shown a U shape, an L shape or a
mirrored-L shape in the b-v distribution. It is shown that a simple kinematical
model which incorporates global rotation and expansion of the loops is able to
explain these characteristic shapes.Comment: 59 pages, accepted to PAS
Temperature and Density in the Foot Points of the Molecular Loops in the Galactic Center; Analysis of Multi-J Transitions of 12CO(J=1-0, 3-2, 4-3, 7-6), 13CO(J=1-0) and C18O(J=1-0)
Fukui et al. (2006) discovered two molecular loops in the Galactic center and
argued that the foot points of the molecular loops, two bright spots at both
loops ends, represent the gas accumulated by the falling motion along the
loops, subsequent to magnetic flotation by the Parker instability. We have
carried out sensitive CO observations of the foot points toward l=356 deg at a
few pc resolution in the six rotational transitions of CO; 12CO(J=1-0, 3-2,
4-3, 7-6), 13CO(J=1-0) and C18O(J=1-0). The high resolution image of 12CO
(J=3-2) has revealed the detailed distribution of the high excitation gas
including U shapes, the outer boundary of which shows sharp intensity jumps
accompanying strong velocity gradients. An analysis of the multi-J CO
transitions shows that the temperature is in a range from 30-100 K and density
is around 10^3-10^4 cm^-3, confirming that the foot points have high
temperature and density although there is no prominent radiative heating source
such as high mass stars in or around the loops. We argue that the high
temperature is likely due to the shock heating under C-shock condition caused
by the magnetic flotation. We made a comparison of the gas distribution with
theoretical numerical simulations and note that the U shape is consistent with
numerical simulations. We also find that the region of highest temperature of
~100 K or higher inside the U shape corresponds to the spur having an upward
flow, additionally heated up either by magnetic reconnection or bouncing in the
interaction with the narrow neck at the bottom of the U shape. We note these
new findings further reinforce the magnetic floatation interpretation.Comment: 40 pages, 23 figures, accepted by PASJ on Vol.62 No.
多様な施設で行う小児看護学実習の学びの特徴
少子化,看護師教育課程の増加,医療的ケア児の増加等により, 小児看護学実習の施設を病院以外の教育・福祉施設を含めた多様な施設で行っている。この実習の学びの特徴を明らかにし,効果的な実習方法を検討することを目的に,内容分析とテキストマイニングにより,小児看護学実習終了後の学びを記述したレポートを分析した。結果として,内容分析により【家族支援の重要性】【発達段階に応じた小児看護の理解】【多職種連携の理解】【コミュニケーションの理解】【観察の重要性】【重症心身障害児の理解】【小児看護師の役割】【子どもの権利を守る】の8つのカテゴリーが得られた。また,テキストマイニングでは実習病棟により学びに違いはあったが,病棟以外の施設実習により学びのばらつきは少なくなっていた。考察として,多様な施設での小児看護学実習でも小児看護の目標は学ぶことができており,特に,家族支援の重要性,多職種連携,小児看護師の役割を学んでいた
A global analysis of Y-chromosomal haplotype diversity for 23 STR loci
In a worldwide collaborative effort, 19,630 Y-chromosomes were sampled from 129 different populations in 51 countries. These chromosomes were typed for 23 short-tandem repeat (STR) loci (DYS19, DYS389I, DYS389II, DYS390, DYS391, DYS392, DYS393, DYS385ab, DYS437, DYS438, DYS439, DYS448, DYS456, DYS458, DYS635, GATAH4, DYS481, DYS533, DYS549, DYS570, DYS576, and DYS643) and using the PowerPlex Y23 System (PPY23, Promega Corporation, Madison, WI). Locus-specific allelic spectra of these markers were determined and a consistently high level of allelic diversity was observed. A considerable number of null, duplicate and off-ladder alleles were revealed. Standard single-locus and haplotype-based parameters were calculated and compared between subsets of Y-STR markers established for forensic casework. The PPY23 marker set provides substantially stronger discriminatory power than other available kits but at the same time reveals the same general patterns of population structure as other marker sets. A strong correlation was observed between the number of Y-STRs included in a marker set and some of the forensic parameters under study. Interestingly a weak but consistent trend toward smaller genetic distances resulting from larger numbers of markers became apparent.Peer reviewe
Retrospective evaluation of whole exome and genome mutation calls in 746 cancer samples
Funder: NCI U24CA211006Abstract: The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC) curated consensus somatic mutation calls using whole exome sequencing (WES) and whole genome sequencing (WGS), respectively. Here, as part of the ICGC/TCGA Pan-Cancer Analysis of Whole Genomes (PCAWG) Consortium, which aggregated whole genome sequencing data from 2,658 cancers across 38 tumour types, we compare WES and WGS side-by-side from 746 TCGA samples, finding that ~80% of mutations overlap in covered exonic regions. We estimate that low variant allele fraction (VAF < 15%) and clonal heterogeneity contribute up to 68% of private WGS mutations and 71% of private WES mutations. We observe that ~30% of private WGS mutations trace to mutations identified by a single variant caller in WES consensus efforts. WGS captures both ~50% more variation in exonic regions and un-observed mutations in loci with variable GC-content. Together, our analysis highlights technological divergences between two reproducible somatic variant detection efforts
Role of intracellular contents to facilitate supercooling capability in beech (Fagus crenata) xylem parenchyma cells
In order to find the possible role of intracellular contents in facilitating the supercooling capability of xylem parenchyma cells, changes in the temperature of supercooling levels were compared before and after the release of intracellular substances from beech xylem parenchyma cells by DTA. Various methods were employed to release intracellular substances from xylem parenchyma cells and all resulted in a reduction of supercooling ability. It was concluded that the reduction of supercooling ability primarily resulted from changes of intracellular conditions, including the release of intracellular contents or their mixing with extracellular solutions, rather than due to changes of cell wall structures. It is therefore suggested that any unidentified intracellular contents may function to facilitate supercooling capability in xylem parenchyma cells
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