El tiempo libre y ocio reivindicado por los trabajadores

Estas líneas están referidas a la realización de actividades del ocio en el tiempo libre que como derecho ha sido logrado por las luchas de aquellas sociedades cuyo desarrollo industrial y comercial es caracterizado por la designación de tiempos para la producción o distribución de las mercancías. Los trabajadores históricamente han luchado por el derecho a un tiempo libre necesario para el desarrollo de las aptitudes del hombre, asunto que tratamos de discurrir, o en el mejor de los casos, reflexionar.These lines are referred to the taking of steps of the leisure in the free time that since straight it has been obtained by the fights of those societies whose industrial and commercial development is characterized by the designation of times for the production or distribution of the merchandise. The workers historically have fought by the right at the same time frees necessary for the development of the aptitudes of the man, subject that we tried to run, or in the best one of the cases, to reflect. In this writing he tries himself to clarify the differences between which we understand like free time and leisure. Time that is free of remunerativas and forced workings

La participación del turismo en la modificación del paisaje cultural de Malinalco, Estado de México

El propósito de este artículo es presentar algunas formas de participación que tiene el turismo en la transformación de los paisajes. En estas líneas se pretende de manera más o menos general, mostrar algunas intervenciones que el turismo como actividad social y económica para el desarrollo del hombre tiene, para que se produzcan esos cambios en lo que consideramos paisaje cultural. De nuestras observaciones concluimos que el turismo conducido con políticas improvisadas hace que se altere el paisaje, por lo que se requiere de un ordenamiento de los bienes culturales presentados, no sólo al turismo, sino también a los científicos que requieren de construir la historia de esos valores que identifican a un pueblo. De esta manera, el turismo correctamente encausado será un medio para revalorar, rescatar y conservar ese paisaje cultural para ser dignamente presentado a esos visitantes.The intention of this article is to present some forms of participation that has the tourism in the transformation of the landscapes. In these lines it is tried of more or less general way, to show some interventions that the tourism as social and economic activity for the development of the man has, so that those changes take place in which we considered landscape cultural. Of our observations we conclude that the tourism lead with unexpected policies causes that the landscape is altered, reason why is required of an ordering of the presented/displayed cultural goods, not only to the tourism, but also to the scientists whom they require to construct the history of those values that identify a town. This way, the tourism correctly encausado will be an average one to revalue, to rescue and to conserve that cultural landscape with dignity to be presented displayed those visitors

The collection of edible insects in the tourist areas of Otumba and Teotihuacan, Estado de Mexico

La recolección de insectos es una práctica antigua que aún se observa en algunos lugares de México. El presente artículo tiene como objetivo describir la situación actual en torno a la recolección, comercialización y preparación de insectos comestibles en la zona turística de Teotihuacán y Otumba, México. Mediante la utilización de técnicas etnográfi cas (entrevistas a profundidad, semiestructuradas y observación participante) se documentaron las formas de recolección y preparación de seis especies de insectos comestibles. Se encontró que la recolección de éstos se lleva a cabo de manera tradicional utilizando estrategias complejas y rudimentarias. Su preparación es creativa, pudiendo consumirse en forma cruda o cocinada en diversos platillos tradicionales que son comercializados a los turistas que arriban a la zona.Recollection of insects is an ancient practice that can be observed in some places from Mexico. The objective of this work was to describe the actual situation around the recollection and preparation of edible insects in the touristic zone of Teotihuacán and Otumba, Mexico. By using ethnographic techniques (depth and semi-structured interviews and participant observation) were possible to document the forms of harvested and cooking of six species of edible insect. The recollection of edible insects is realized by families by using complicated and rudimentary techniques. The insects can be consumed raw or cooked form, and in form of various traditional dishes that are sold to tourists who arrive touristic area

Enhancing adult hippocampal neurogenesis with lysophosphatidic acid: a proposal for erasing cocaine contextual memory

Stimulating adult hippocampal neurogenesis (AHN) has been uncovered as a promising approach in the manipulation of retrograde memories. This work aims to study whether increasing AHN with lysophosphatidic acid (LPA, an endogenous lysophospholipid with proneurogenic actions) promotes the forgetting of previously established cocaine-contextual associations. C57BL/6J mice previously trained in a cocaine-induced conditioned place preference (CPP) paradigm were submitted to 23 days of withdrawal, during which they received repeated intracerebroventricular infusions of LPA, ki16425 (a selective LPA1/3 receptors antagonist), or vehicle solution. Then, CPP maintenance was assessed, and the causal role of AHN in this process was evaluated using a mediation analysis. In a complementary experiment, wild-type and LPA1-null mice were acutely infused with LPA or ki16425 to determine the involvement of the LPA1 receptor in the in vivo proneurogenic actions of LPA. The chronic LPA treatment significantly weakened the long-term retention of a previously acquired cocaine-CPP memory, an effect clearly mediated by a LPA-induced increase in the number of adult-born dentate granule cells. In contrast, the ki16425-treated mice displayed aberrant responses of initially decreased CPP retention that progressively increased CPP across the extinction sessions, in absence of effects on AHN. The histological studies suggested that the proneurogenic actions of LPA were related to the enhancement of cell proliferation and critically depended on the LPA1 receptor function. Our results suggest that the LPA/LPA1-pathway acts as a potent in vivo modulator of AHN, and highlight the usefulness of a post-learning increase of adult-born hippocampal neurons as a strategy to promote the forgetting of cocaine-context associations.Plan Propio de Investigación y Transferencia. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech. Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (Agencia Estatal de Investigación), co‐funded by the European Research Development Fund (AEI/FEDER, UE) (PSI2013‐44901‐P and PSI2017‐82604‐R to L.J.S. and PSI2015‐73156‐JIN to E.C.O.); by the National System of Health‐Instituto de Salud Carlos III, which is co‐funded by AEI/FEDER, UE (Red de Trastornos Adictivos; RD16/0017/0001 to F.R.d.F.); and by the Andalusian R&D&I Programme, Regional Ministry of Economy and Knowledge (PAIDI CTS643 to G.E.T.). D.L.G.M. hold a FPU grant from the Spanish Ministry of Education, Culture and Sports (FPU13/04819 ). F.R.d.F. and G.E.T. are supported by Nicolas Monardes Programme, from the Andalusian Regional Ministry of Health. E.C.O. holds a ‘Jóvenes Investigadores’ grant (code: PSI2015‐73156‐JIN) from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (Agencia Estatal de Investigación), which is co‐funded by the AEI/FEDER, UE

More adult-born dentate gyrus neurons to weaken cocaine-related retrograde memories: an in vivo strategy employing exogenous lysophosphatidic acid

The post-training enhancement of adult hippocampal neurogenesis (AHN) has been receiving growing interest as a potential method to manipulate retrograde memories. Recent hypothesis suggest that the addition of adult-born dentate granule cells might promotes remodeling of pre-existing hippocampal circuits, which might both clear cocaine-related memories and facilitate the learning of new adaptive information. Here, we study the effect of stimulating AHN in vivo with exogenous lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) on the maintenance of retrograde cocaine-contextual associative memories. Male C57BL/6J mice trained in a cocaine-induced Conditioned Place Preference (CPP) model were later submitted to repeated intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injections of LPA, Ki16425 or vehicle solution during withdrawal. Afterwards, the long-term persistence of the cocaine-CPP was assessed and the mediational role of AHN in this process was evaluated. In addition, wild-type and mice lacking the LPA1 receptor received a single i.c.v. injection of LPA, Ki16425 or vehicle to assess the role of the LPA1 receptor in the LPA-induced increase of AHN. Our results revealed that the chronic administration of LPA decreased the retention of a previously acquired cocaine-induced CPP. This effect was mediated by an LPA-induced increase of AHN. In contrast, mice treated with Ki16425 showed reduced cocaine-CPP retention, but they increased their preference for the cocaine-paired compartment throughout CPP extinction. Besides, no effects of Ki16425 on AHN were found. Immunohistochemical studies suggested that LPA stimulated cell proliferation and promoted neuronal maturation with a key role of the LPA1 receptor. These findings emphasize the relevance of LPA and its LPA1 receptor as an in vivo modulator of AHN and the utility of the post-training increase of adult-born hippocampal neurons to weaken cocaine-context associations.Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tec

Lysophosphatidic acid-induced increase in adult hippocampal neurogenesis facilitates the forgetting of cocaine-contextual memory

Author manuscriptErasing memories of cocaine-stimuli associations might have important clinical implications for addiction therapy. Stimulating hippocampal plasticity by enhancing adult hippocampal neurogenesis (AHN) is a promising strategy because the addition of new neurons may not only facilitate new learning but also modify previous connections and weaken retrograde memories. To investigate whether increasing AHN prompted the forgetting of previous contextual cocaine associations, mice trained in a cocaine-induced conditioned place preference (CPP) paradigm were administered chronic intracerebroventricular infusions of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA, an endogenous lysophospholipid with pro-neurogenic actions), ki16425 (a LPA1/3 receptor antagonist), or a vehicle solution, and they were tested 23 days later for CPP retention and extinction. The results of immunohistochemical experiments showed that the LPA-treated mice exhibited reduced long-term CPP retention and an ~two-fold increase in the number of adult-born hippocampal cells that differentiated into mature neurons. Importantly, mediation analyses confirmed a causal role of AHN in reducing CPP maintenance. In contrast, the ki16425-treated mice displayed aberrant responses, with initially decreased CPP retention that progressively increased across the extinction sessions, leading to no effect on AHN. The pharmacological treatments did not affect locomotion or general exploratory or anxiety-like responses. In a second experiment, normal and LPA1 receptor-deficient mice were acutely infused with LPA, which revealed that LPA1-mediated signaling was required for LPA-induced proliferative actions. These results suggest that the LPA/LPA1-pathway acts as a potent in vivo modulator of AHN and highlight the potential usefulness of pro-AHN strategies to treat aberrant cognition in those addicted to cocaine.This study was funded by grants from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (Agencia Estatal de Investigación), which is cofunded by the European Research Development Fund AEI/FEDER, UE- (PSI2013-44901-P and PSI2017-82604-R to LJS and PSI2015-73156-JIN to ECO); by the National System of Health-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, which is co-funded by AEI/FEDER, UE (Red de Trastornos Adictivos; RD16/0017/0001 to FRdF); and by the Andalusian R&D&I Programme, Regional Ministry of Economy and Knowledge (PAIDI CTS643 to GET). DLGM and RDMF hold FPU grants from the Spanish Ministry of Education, Culture and Sports (FPU13/04819 and FPU14-01610, respectively). CRV received a ‘Plan Propio’ grant from the University of Malaga. FJP and AS hold ‘Miguel Servet’ grants (CP14/00212 and CP14/00173, respectively) from the National System of Health-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, which is co-funded by AEI/FEDER, UE. FRdF and GET are supported by Nicolas Monardes Programme, from the Andalusian Regional Ministry of Health. ECO holds a ‘Jóvenes Investigadores’ grant (code: PSI2015- 73156-JIN) from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (Agencia Estatal de Investigación) which is co-funded by the European Research Development Fund (AEI/FEDER, UE)

Narrativas del donante de plasma convaleciente en EsSalud: motivaciones, miedos, expectativas y experiencias

Objectives: To know and explore from convalescent plasma donators' voices the experience in the blood donation process at a social security hospital. Material and Methods: Qualitative study with a phenomenological design. The investigation was carried out in 01 hospitals of the social security of Peru. Semi-structured interviews were carried out. Results: Eleven donors of convalescent plasma were interviewed. The main motivations for donating were being able to contribute to national research and supporting patients affected by COVID-19. Fears focus on the possible risk of contagion within the hospital. Donors emphasised the attention and support of health personnel alongside the donation procedure. The main expectations and suggestions point towards greater dissemination of donation campaigns with special emphasis on safety. Likewise, an improvement in the time of the donation procedure (from enrolment to the extraction of convalescent plasma), and the implementation of friendly spaces to encourage future blood donation campaigns were highlighted. Conclusions: The experience of the convalescent plasma donors was positive. However, improvements must be made in terms of processes and infrastructure to ensure future successful blood donation campaigns.Objetivos: Explorar, desde las narrativas de la población de donantes de plasma convaleciente en un ensayo clínico, las experiencias en el proceso de donación de sangre. Material y Métodos: Se realizó un estudio cualitativo con diseño fenomenológico. La investigación se llevó a cabo en un hospital de la seguridad social del Perú aplicándose entrevistas semiestructuradas a profundidad. Resultados: Se entrevistó a once donantes de plasma convaleciente. Se identificó que las principales motivaciones de los donantes fueron tanto el poder contribuir a la investigación nacional como, apoyar a pacientes afectados por la COVID-19. Los principales miedos se centran en el posible riesgo de contagio dentro del hospital. Por otro lado, los donantes resaltaron la atención y acompañamiento del personal de salud en el proceso. Las principales expectativas y sugerencias apuntan hacia una mayor difusión de las campañas de donación de sangre en general, con especial énfasis en el tema de seguridad, la mejora en el tiempo del procedimiento de donación (en el caso de la donación de plasma convaleciente, desde el enrolamiento hasta la extracción de plasma convaleciente) y, la implementación de espacios amigables para incentivar las futuras campañas de donación de sangre en  general. Conclusiones: Las experiencias de los donantes de plasma convaleciente fueron positivas. Sin embargo, aún hay mejoras que realizar a nivel de procesos e infraestructuras para asegurar campañas exitosas de donación de sangre futuras

Socio-Demographic Health Determinants Are Associated with Poor Prognosis in Spanish Patients Hospitalized with COVID-19

Introduction Social vulnerability is a known determinant of health in respiratory diseases. Our aim was to identify whether there are socio-demographic factors among COVID-19 patients hospitalized in Spain and their potential impact on health outcomes during the hospitalization. Methods A multicentric retrospective case series study based on administrative databases that included all COVID-19 cases admitted in 19 Spanish hospitals from 1 March to 15 April 2020. Socio-demographic data were collected. Outcomes were critical care admission and in-hospital mortality. Results We included 10,110 COVID-19 patients admitted to 18 Spanish hospitals (median age 68 (IQR 54–80) years old; 44.5% female; 14.8% were not born in Spain). Among these, 779 (7.7%) cases were admitted to critical care units and 1678 (16.6%) patients died during the hospitalization. Age, male gender, being immigrant, and low hospital saturation were independently associated with being admitted to an intensive care unit. Age, male gender, being immigrant, percentile of average per capita income, and hospital experience were independently associated with in-hospital mortality. Conclusions Social determinants such as residence in low-income areas and being born in Latin American countries were associated with increased odds of being admitted to an intensive care unit and of in-hospital mortality. There was considerable variation in outcomes between different Spanish centers.JPA is under contract within the Ramón y Cajal Program (RYC-2016-20155, Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad, Spain). Investigators of Spanish Social-Environmental COVID-19 Register: Steering Committee: F. Javier Martín-Sánchez, Adrián Valls Carbó, Carmen Martínez Valero, Juan de D. Miranda, Juan Pedro Arrebola, Marta Esteban López, Annika Parviainen, Òscar Miró, Pere Llorens, Sònia Jiménez, Pascual Piñera, Guillermo Burillo, Alfonso Martín, Jorge García Lamberechts, Javier Jacob, Aitor Alquézar, Juan González del Castillo, Amanda López Picado and Iván Núñez. Participating centers: Oscar Miró y Sonia Jimenez. Hospital Clinic de Barcelona. José María Ferreras Amez. Hospital Clínico Universitario Lozano Blesa. Rafael Rubio Díaz. Complejo Hospitalario de Toledo. Julio Javier Gamazo del Rio. Hospital Universitario de Galdakao. Héctor Alonso. Hospital Universitario Miguel de Valdecilla. Pablo Herrero. Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias. Noemí Ruiz de Lobera. Hospital San Pedro de Logroño. Carlos Ibero. Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra. Plácido Mayan. Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago. Rosario Peinado. Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Badajoz. Carmen Navarro Bustos. Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Macarena. Jesús Álvarez Manzanares. Hospital Universitario Rio Hortega. Francisco Román. Hospital Universitario General de Alicante. Pascual Piñera. Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia de Murcia. Guillermo Burillo. Hospital Universitario de Canarias de Tenerife. Javier Jacob. Hospital Universitario de Bellvitge. Carlos Bibiano. Hospital Universitario Infanta Leonor.Peer reviewe

The Seventeenth Data Release of the Sloan Digital Sky Surveys: Complete Release of MaNGA, MaStar and APOGEE-2 Data

This paper documents the seventeenth data release (DR17) from the Sloan Digital Sky Surveys; the fifth and final release from the fourth phase (SDSS-IV). DR17 contains the complete release of the Mapping Nearby Galaxies at Apache Point Observatory (MaNGA) survey, which reached its goal of surveying over 10,000 nearby galaxies. The complete release of the MaNGA Stellar Library (MaStar) accompanies this data, providing observations of almost 30,000 stars through the MaNGA instrument during bright time. DR17 also contains the complete release of the Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment 2 (APOGEE-2) survey which publicly releases infra-red spectra of over 650,000 stars. The main sample from the Extended Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (eBOSS), as well as the sub-survey Time Domain Spectroscopic Survey (TDSS) data were fully released in DR16. New single-fiber optical spectroscopy released in DR17 is from the SPectroscipic IDentification of ERosita Survey (SPIDERS) sub-survey and the eBOSS-RM program. Along with the primary data sets, DR17 includes 25 new or updated Value Added Catalogs (VACs). This paper concludes the release of SDSS-IV survey data. SDSS continues into its fifth phase with observations already underway for the Milky Way Mapper (MWM), Local Volume Mapper (LVM) and Black Hole Mapper (BHM) surveys

Role of age and comorbidities in mortality of patients with infective endocarditis

[Purpose]: The aim of this study was to analyse the characteristics of patients with IE in three groups of age and to assess the ability of age and the Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) to predict mortality. [Methods]: Prospective cohort study of all patients with IE included in the GAMES Spanish database between 2008 and 2015.Patients were stratified into three age groups:<65 years,65 to 80 years,and ≥ 80 years.The area under the receiver-operating characteristic (AUROC) curve was calculated to quantify the diagnostic accuracy of the CCI to predict mortality risk. [Results]: A total of 3120 patients with IE (1327 < 65 years;1291 65-80 years;502 ≥ 80 years) were enrolled.Fever and heart failure were the most common presentations of IE, with no differences among age groups.Patients ≥80 years who underwent surgery were significantly lower compared with other age groups (14.3%,65 years; 20.5%,65-79 years; 31.3%,≥80 years). In-hospital mortality was lower in the <65-year group (20.3%,<65 years;30.1%,65-79 years;34.7%,≥80 years;p < 0.001) as well as 1-year mortality (3.2%, <65 years; 5.5%, 65-80 years;7.6%,≥80 years; p = 0.003).Independent predictors of mortality were age ≥ 80 years (hazard ratio [HR]:2.78;95% confidence interval [CI]:2.32–3.34), CCI ≥ 3 (HR:1.62; 95% CI:1.39–1.88),and non-performed surgery (HR:1.64;95% CI:11.16–1.58).When the three age groups were compared,the AUROC curve for CCI was significantly larger for patients aged <65 years(p < 0.001) for both in-hospital and 1-year mortality. [Conclusion]: There were no differences in the clinical presentation of IE between the groups. Age ≥ 80 years, high comorbidity (measured by CCI),and non-performance of surgery were independent predictors of mortality in patients with IE.CCI could help to identify those patients with IE and surgical indication who present a lower risk of in-hospital and 1-year mortality after surgery, especially in the <65-year group