Alimentos funcionales para cerdos al destete

A functional food is a compound that, being or not a nutrient, has a positive effect on one or several functions in the organism, producing well-being in the animal. The following compounds are considered functional foods: prebiotics, probiotics, symbiotics, antioxidants, secondary products of plant metabolism, structural lipids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, fat metabolism byproducts, bioactive peptides, fi ber, vitamins and minerals. Prebiotics, probiotics and symbiotics are modifi ers of the intestinal microfl ora increasing mainly lactobacilli and bifi dobacteria populations and reducing pathogenic bacteria. Lactobacilli and bifi - dobacteria use oligosaccharides and fructo-oligosaccharides arriving at the colon, producing fatty acids and freeing minerals to be absorbed and utilized by the host. Prebiotics are partially-digestible oligosaccharides; probiotics are microorganisms (mainly lactobacilli and bifi dobacteria); and symbiotics are a mixture of probiotics and prebiotics. During the weaning period, piglets face dramatic changes in feeding management and environment, affecting feed intake and, at the same time, affecting digestive functions resulting in lower growth and higher incidence of disease, mainly diarrhea. Functional food may be an alternative to reduce the effects of weaning on growth performance and health of piglets, to diminish or to avoid gastrointestinal problems during weaning, preventing the proliferation of pathogenic bacteria, and improving digestive functions. All these may help to withdraw antibiotics from piglet feed

O papel da nutrição na saúde mental e nos transtornos psiquiátricos: uma perspectiva translacional

Mental as well as neurological disorders are among the leading causes of disability worldwide. In recent years, multiple epidemiological studies have investigated the relationship between dietary patterns and mental status, emphasizing the influence of genetic and environmental factors on the development of such disorders.Las enfermedades mentales y los trastornos neurológicos se encuentran entre las principales causas de discapacidad a nivel mundial. En los últimos años, múltiples estudios epidemiológicos han investigado la relación existente entre los patrones dietéticos y el estado mental, con énfasis en la influencia de factores genéticos y ambientales en el desarrollo de dichos trastornos.Doenças mentais e distúrbios neurológicos estão entre as principais causas de incapacidade em todo o mundo. Nos últimos anos, vários estudos epidemiológicos têm investigado a relação entre padrões alimentares e estado mental, enfatizando a influência de fatores genéticos e ambientais no desenvolvimento desses transtornos.&nbsp

Thermoluminiscence vs. archaeomagnetism: Absolute dating of prehispanic pottery fragments from the northwestern andes (Piedras Blancas, Medellin, Colombia)

Las dataciones absolutas realizadas tanto mediante arqueomagnetismo como por termoluminiscencia ofrecen aportaciones cronológicas importantes debido a que la datación se hace directamente sobre el objeto quemado. Esto no sucede así con la datación por radiocarbono, que es el método más utilizado en arqueología. En este trabajo hemos determinado la arqueointensidad absoluta geomagnética registrada en fragmentos cerámicos provenientes de los Andes noroccidentales (Colombia), los cuales habían sido previamente datados mediante el método de termoluminiscencia. Las muestras estudiadas consisten en un fragmento cerámico de olla asociado a un contexto doméstico y otro fragmento de volante de uso troncocónico, con decoración incisa fina rellena de pasta blanca, hallados en el sitio arqueológico Piedras Blancas (Medellín, Colombia). Los intervalos de edades obtenidos mediante el método arqueomagnético son relativamente amplios debido a la escasa precisión de la curva de referencia de variación secular para el intervalo de edad considerado. En cambio, la termoluminiscencia aporta edades absolutas mejor definidas y de mayor precisión.Absolute dating by means of archaeomagnetism and thermoluminescence offer important chronological contributions because burned objects are dated directly. This is not true for the most common absolute dating method used in archaeology today, radiocarbon dating. In this survey we have determined the absolute geomagnetic archaeointensity recorded in ceramic fragments from the northwestern Andes (Colombia) which had previously been dated using thermoluminescence. The samples studied consist of a ceramic pot fragment associated with a domestic context and a truncated-cone shaped spindle whorl fragment with thin incised decoration and filled with white paste found at the Piedras Blancas archaeological site (Medellin, Colombia). The age ranges obtained by the archaeomagnetic method are relatively high due to the insufficient precision of the secular variation reference curve for the age interval considered, while thermoluminescence provides better defined and more accurate absolute ages.Fil: Obregón, Mauricio. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; MéxicoFil: Ramírez Luna, Ángel. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; MéxicoFil: Goguitchaichvili, Avto. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; MéxicoFil: Cejudo, Ruben. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; MéxicoFil: Morales, Juan. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; MéxicoFil: Cervantes Solano, Miguel. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; MéxicoFil: Greco Mainero, Mariano Catriel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - San Luis; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Facultad de Ciencias Físico Matemáticas y Naturales. Departamento de Geología; Argentin

Efeito da suplementação dietética de Saccharomyces cerevisiae sobre parâmetros produtivos e utilização de nutrientes de codornas japonesas (Coturnix coturnix japonica) em crescimento

The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of dietary supplementation of live yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (LSC) at levels of 0.15 to 0.45% (dry matter basis), on productive efficiency and nutrient utilization in growing Japanese quails. A total of 155 Japanese quails aged 15 days were assigned to 4 treatments: T1 or control diet with 0% LSC, and T2, T3 and T4, with 0.15, 0.30 and 0.45% LSC (dry matter base) (Saccharomyces cerevisiae with 1.4 x 109 CFU/mL). Each treatment had n=4 repetitions (cages), with 7 - 8 birds per cage. The productive variables body weight (g), daily weight gain (ADP, g/day), feed consumption (g/bird/day), feed efficiency, and viability (%) were determined. Results were analyzed with ANOVA. The inclusion of 0.45% LSC in the diet increased (P < 0.05) feed intake, improved bird survival, and the protein utilization rate, with no effect (P > 0.05) on weight, feed conversion, and ADP in growing quails.El presente trabajo de investigación tuvo como objetivo evaluar el efecto de la suplementación dietética de levadura viva Saccharomyces cerevisiae (LSC) a niveles de 0.15 a 0.45% (base seca), sobre la eficiencia productiva y la utilización de nutrientes en codornices japonesas en crecimiento. Un total de 155 codornices japonesas de 15 días de edad fueron asignadas a 4 tratamientos: T1 o dieta control con 0% de LSC, y T2, T3 y T4, con 0.15, 0.30 y 0.45 % de LSC (base materia seca) (Saccharomyces cerevisiae con 1.4 x 109 UFC/mL). Cada tratamiento tuvo n=4 repeticiones (jaulas), con 7 - 8 aves por jaula. Se determinaron las variables productivas peso de las aves (g), aumento de peso diario (ADP, g/día), consumo de alimento (g/ave/día), eficiencia alimenticia, y la viabilidad (%). Los resultados se analizaron con ANOVA. La inclusión de 0.45% LSC en la dieta incrementó (P < 0.05) el consumo de alimento, mejoró la supervivencia de las aves y la eficiencia de utilización de la proteína, sin tener efecto (P > 0.05) sobre el peso, conversión de alimento y ADP en las codornices en crecimiento.Resumo. O objetivo deste trabalho de pesquisa foi avaliar o efeito da suplementação dietética de levedura viva Saccharomyces cerevisiae (LSC) em níveis de 0,15 a 0,45% (base seca), na eficiência produtiva e utilização de nutrientes em codornas japonesas em crescimento. Um total de 155 codornas japonesas com 15 dias de idade foram distribuídas em 4 tratamentos: T1 (dieta controle) com 0% LSC, e T2, T3 e T4, com 0,15, 0,30 e 0,45 % LSC (base matéria seca) ( Saccharomyces cerevisiae com 1,4 x 109 UFC/mL). Cada tratamento teve n=4 réplicas (gaiolas), com 7 - 8 aves por gaiola. As variáveis ​​produtivas foram determinadas: peso da ave (g), ganho de peso diário (PIB, g/dia), consumo de ração (g/ave/dia), conversão alimentar e viabilidade (%). Os resultados foram analisados ​​com ANOVA. A inclusão de 0,45% LSC na dieta aumentou (P < 0,05) o consumo de ração, melhorou a sobrevivência das aves e a eficiência de utilização da proteína, sem efeito (P > 0,05) sobre o peso, conversão alimentar e PIB em codornas em crescimento

Identificación morfológica y molecular de garrapatas colectadas de perros (Canis lupus familiaris) con ehrlichiosis en Chiclayo, Perú

The present study aimed to identify morphologically and molecularly the ticks of dogs with ehrlichiosis in the Chiclayo district (Lambayeque, Peru). A total of 297 ticks from 74 dogs were collected and morphologically identified as Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. Nine specimens were used for molecular identification using the 16S rDNA ribosomal gene. The sequences obtained were aligned with sequences of R. sanguineus s.l. from Brazil and Colombia (Northern Lineage), Argentina, Chile and Uruguay (Southern Lineage), Spain, Italy and South Africa, showing a genetic divergence of 0-0.3% and 6.1-6.8% with the Northern Lineage and Southern Lineage, respectively. The phylogenetic analysis grouped the sequences of Peru with those of the Northern Lineage and South Africa, segregating them from the sequences of the Southern Lineage and Europe. The results show that R. sanguineus s.l. from Chiclayo, Peru, belongs to the Northern Lineage.  El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo identificar morfológica y molecularmente las garrapatas de perros con ehrlichiosis en el distrito de Chiclayo (Lambayeque, Perú). Se colectaron 297 garrapatas de 74 perros y fueron identificadas morfológicamente como Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. Nueve especímenes fueron utilizados para la identificación molecular usando el gen ribosomal 16S rADN. Las secuencias obtenidas fueron alineadas con secuencias de R. sanguineus s.l de Brasil y Colombia (Linaje del Norte), Argentina, Chile y Uruguay (Linaje del Sur), España, Italia y Sudáfrica, mostrando una divergencia genética de 0-0.3% y 6.1-6.8% con el Linaje del Norte y Linaje del Sur, respectivamente. El análisis filogenético agrupó las secuencias del Perú con las del Linaje del Norte y Sudáfrica, segregándolas de las secuencias del Linaje del Sur y Europa. Los resultados demuestran que R. sanguineus s.l de Chiclayo, Perú, pertenece al Linaje del Norte. &nbsp

Abandono precoz de la lactancia materna exclusiva en menores de 1 año

Introduction: the virtues of breast milk as the only food in children up to 6 months have been universally studied because the viral antibodies present in breast milk have action against: rotavirus, which is the most common causal agent of diarrhea, polyvirus, causal agents of polio, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) main causative agent of infant bronchiolitis.Objective: identify causes related to the abandonment of exclusive breastfeeding in children under one year of age in a polyclinic in Manzanillo.Methodology: An observational, descriptive and retrospective study was carried out, with 30 children under one year of age born in the first four months of 2019 at the Manzanillo Polyclinic No. 1. The main variables were: type of breastfeeding received up to 6 months, causes for abandoning exclusive breastfeeding, some maternal risk factors, and some illnesses they suffered. Descriptive statistics were used for data processing.Results: artificial lactation (33.3%) predominated as a form of feeding and exclusive breastfeeding (56.6%) in the first semester of life, the most frequent causes for early abandonment were hypogalactia (53.9) and distrust in its effectiveness (23.1%). Maternal age (38.5%) and occupation (84.6%) were the maternal factors that were most related to the early abandonment of exclusive breastfeeding and the presence of respiratory diseases (61.5%).Conclusions: Infants weaned early had a greater presence of diseases than those adequately breastfed, which ensures that breastfeeding, provides innumerable health benefits. The causes of abandonment were related to subjective aspects of the mother.Introducción: las virtudes de la leche materna como único alimento en el niño hasta los 6 meses han sido universalmente estudiadas porque los anticuerpos virales presentes en la leche materna tienen acción contra: rotavirus que es el agente causal más común de diarreas, polivirus agentes causales de la poliomielitis, virus sincitial respiratorio (VSR) principal agente causal del bronquiolitis del lactante.Objetivo: identificar causas relacionadas con el abandono de la lactancia materna exclusiva en niños menores de un año en un policlínico de Manzanillo.Método: se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo y retrospectivo, con 30 niños menores de un año nacidos en el primer cuatrimestre del año 2019 del Policlínico No.1 de Manzanillo. Las variables principales fueron: tipo de lactancia recibida hasta los 6 meses, causas para el abandono de la lactancia materna exclusiva, algunos factores de riesgo maternos, algunas enfermedades que padecieron. Se empleó la estadística descriptiva para el procesamiento de datos.Resultados: predominó la lactancia artificial (33,3%) como forma de alimentación y la lactancia exclusiva (56,6%) en el primer semestre de la vida, las causas más frecuentes para el abandono precoz fueron la hipogalactia (53,9) y la desconfianza en la efectividad de la misma (23,1%). La edad materna (38,5%) y la ocupación (84,6%) fueron los factores maternos que más se relacionaron con el abandono temprano de la lactancia materna exclusiva y la presencia de enfermedades respiratorias (61,5%).Conclusión: los lactantes destetados precozmente presentaron mayor presencia de enfermedades que los adecuadamente amamantados, lo que asegura que la lactancia materna proporciona innumerables ventajas para la salud. Las causas del abandono se relacionaban con aspectos subjetivos de la madre

Ayotzinapa y la crisis del estado neoliberal mexicano

¿Qué pasó en Ayotzinapa? Es la pregunta que surgió el 26 de septiembre de 2014, que no encuentra una respuesta satisfactoria pese a la intervención de actores de distintas instancias, niveles y nacionalidades, y al esbozo de múltiples hipótesis sobre los enfrentamientos registrados en Iguala, Guerrero, que derivaron en la muerte de varias personas y la desaparición de 43 estudiantes de la Normal Rural “Isidro Burgos”, en una tragedia que evidenció la crisis que atraviesa el estado mexicano y que afecta a todo el país. A partir de lo acontecido en Ayotzinapa y con base en la teoría general de los campos de Pierre Bourdieu y su propuesta de análisis teórico metodológico sobre el estado, en esta obra se realiza un análisis de la práctica sistemática y generalizada de las desapariciones forzadas en México, con el fin de ofrecer otra manera de comprender el entretejido político–económico–social que hace posible este grave fenómeno, que desgarra tanto a familias como a la comunidad. La herida abierta por Ayotzinapa sangra y el objetivo último de este libro es contribuir a evitar que se cierre en tanto no se responda la interrogante de qué pasó ahí y que crímenes de lesa humanidad como este sigan aconteciendo en México.ITESO, A.C

Treatment with tocilizumab or corticosteroids for COVID-19 patients with hyperinflammatory state: a multicentre cohort study (SAM-COVID-19)

Objectives: The objective of this study was to estimate the association between tocilizumab or corticosteroids and the risk of intubation or death in patients with coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) with a hyperinflammatory state according to clinical and laboratory parameters. Methods: A cohort study was performed in 60 Spanish hospitals including 778 patients with COVID-19 and clinical and laboratory data indicative of a hyperinflammatory state. Treatment was mainly with tocilizumab, an intermediate-high dose of corticosteroids (IHDC), a pulse dose of corticosteroids (PDC), combination therapy, or no treatment. Primary outcome was intubation or death; follow-up was 21 days. Propensity score-adjusted estimations using Cox regression (logistic regression if needed) were calculated. Propensity scores were used as confounders, matching variables and for the inverse probability of treatment weights (IPTWs). Results: In all, 88, 117, 78 and 151 patients treated with tocilizumab, IHDC, PDC, and combination therapy, respectively, were compared with 344 untreated patients. The primary endpoint occurred in 10 (11.4%), 27 (23.1%), 12 (15.4%), 40 (25.6%) and 69 (21.1%), respectively. The IPTW-based hazard ratios (odds ratio for combination therapy) for the primary endpoint were 0.32 (95%CI 0.22-0.47; p < 0.001) for tocilizumab, 0.82 (0.71-1.30; p 0.82) for IHDC, 0.61 (0.43-0.86; p 0.006) for PDC, and 1.17 (0.86-1.58; p 0.30) for combination therapy. Other applications of the propensity score provided similar results, but were not significant for PDC. Tocilizumab was also associated with lower hazard of death alone in IPTW analysis (0.07; 0.02-0.17; p < 0.001). Conclusions: Tocilizumab might be useful in COVID-19 patients with a hyperinflammatory state and should be prioritized for randomized trials in this situatio

All-cause mortality in the cohorts of the Spanish AIDS Research Network (RIS) compared with the general population: 1997Ł2010

Abstract Background: Combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) has produced significant changes in mortality of HIVinfected persons. Our objective was to estimate mortality rates, standardized mortality ratios and excess mortality rates of cohorts of the AIDS Research Network (RIS) (CoRIS-MD and CoRIS) compared to the general population. Methods: We analysed data of CoRIS-MD and CoRIS cohorts from 1997 to 2010. We calculated: (i) all-cause mortality rates, (ii) standardized mortality ratio (SMR) and (iii) excess mortality rates for both cohort for 100 personyears (py) of follow-up, comparing all-cause mortality with that of the general population of similar age and gender. Results: Between 1997 and 2010, 8,214 HIV positive subjects were included, 2,453 (29.9%) in CoRIS-MD and 5,761 (70.1%) in CoRIS and 294 deaths were registered. All-cause mortality rate was 1.02 (95% CI 0.91-1.15) per 100 py, SMR was 6.8 (95% CI 5.9-7.9) and excess mortality rate was 0.8 (95% CI 0.7-0.9) per 100 py. Mortality was higher in patients with AIDS, hepatitis C virus (HCV) co-infection, and those from CoRIS-MD cohort (1997. Conclusion: Mortality among HIV-positive persons remains higher than that of the general population of similar age and sex, with significant differences depending on the history of AIDS or HCV coinfection