Devenir de l'arsenic dans une papeterie : étude de cas

This study was about the sources and the fate of arsenic in a pulp and paper mill located in the Vosges, and particularly in the wastewater treatment plant, in order to understand the variations of the arsenic concentration in the treated effluent discharged in the Moselle River.The recovered papers used for the production of deinked pulp are the main source of arsenic for the pulp and paper mill, followed by the solid fuels incinerated in the boiler of the energy area of the mill. The main outputs are the ashes produced by the boiler, then the produced paper. The fate of the arsenic in the deinking process is complex and involves transfer phenomena between the pulp and the white water of the process. Arsenic present in white water could come from the suspended solids. Malfunctions in the energy area have caused the departure of ashes to the wastewater treatment plant via the washing water of the flue gas washer. Those ashes may contain a high arsenic concentration and could be one of the sources of the large variations of the arsenic concentration in the effluent of the wastewater treatment plant. This wastewater treatment plant is able to eliminate up to 50% of arsenic of the effluent thanks to neutralization/decantation and biotreatment by activated sludge. A tertiary treatment by coagulation (with aluminum salts) / flocculation / flotation permits to decrease the arsenic concentration in the effluent according to the operating conditionsLes objectifs de ce travail étaient de déterminer les sources et le devenir de l'arsenic dans une papeterie vosgienne, et en particulier dans sa station d'épuration, afin de comprendre les variations de la concentration en arsenic dans l'effluent traité par la station et rejeté dans la Moselle. Les papiers récupérés utilisés pour la production de pâte désencrée représentent la source majoritaire d'arsenic pour la papeterie, puis les combustibles incinérés dans le secteur énergie. Les sorties majoritaires sont les cendres produites par le secteur énergie, puis le papier produit. Le devenir de l'arsenic dans le procédé de désencrage est complexe et implique des phénomènes de transfert entre le circuit de la pâte à papier et le circuit des eaux. L'arsenic présent dans les eaux blanches semble provenir des matières en suspension. Des dysfonctionnements dans le secteur énergie ont causé le départ de cendres produites dans la chaudière à la station d'épuration via les eaux de lavage du laveur de fumées. Ces cendres peuvent avoir une concentration en arsenic très importante et pourraient être l'une des causes des dépassements de la limite de rejet en arsenic. La station d'épuration peut éliminer de la phase aqueuse jusqu'à 50 % de l'arsenic entrant à la station après neutralisation/décantation et traitement par boues activées. Un traitement tertiaire par coagulation (par des sels d'aluminium) / floculation / flottation permet de diminuer encore la concentration en arsenic dans le rejet en fonction des conditions de fonctionnemen

Arsenic fate in a pulp and paper mill : a case study

Les objectifs de ce travail étaient de déterminer les sources et le devenir de l’arsenic dans une papeterie vosgienne, et en particulier dans sa station d’épuration, afin de comprendre les variations de la concentration en arsenic dans l’effluent traité par la station et rejeté dans la Moselle.Les papiers récupérés utilisés pour la production de pâte désencrée représentent la source majoritaire d’arsenic pour la papeterie, puis les combustibles incinérés dans le secteur énergie. Les sorties majoritaires sont les cendres produites par le secteur énergie, puis le papier produit. Le devenir de l’arsenic dans le procédé de désencrage est complexe et implique des phénomènes de transfert entre le circuit de la pâte à papier et le circuit des eaux. L’arsenic présent dans les eaux blanches semble provenir des matières en suspension. Des dysfonctionnements dans le secteur énergie ont causé le départ de cendres produites dans la chaudière à la station d’épuration via les eaux de lavage du laveur de fumées. Ces cendres peuvent avoir une concentration en arsenic très importante et pourraient être l’une des causes des dépassements de la limite de rejet en arsenic. La station d’épuration peut éliminer de la phase aqueuse jusqu’à 50 % de l’arsenic entrant à la station après neutralisation/décantation et traitement par boues activées. Un traitement tertiaire par coagulation (par des sels d’aluminium) / floculation / flottation permet de diminuer encore la concentration en arsenic dans le rejet en fonction des conditions de fonctionnementThis study was about the sources and the fate of arsenic in a pulp and paper mill located in the Vosges, and particularly in the wastewater treatment plant, in order to understand the variations of the arsenic concentration in the treated effluent discharged in the Moselle River.The recovered papers used for the production of deinked pulp are the main source of arsenic for the pulp and paper mill, followed by the solid fuels incinerated in the boiler of the energy area of the mill. The main outputs are the ashes produced by the boiler, then the produced paper. The fate of the arsenic in the deinking process is complex and involves transfer phenomena between the pulp and the white water of the process. Arsenic present in white water could come from the suspended solids. Malfunctions in the energy area have caused the departure of ashes to the wastewater treatment plant via the washing water of the flue gas washer. Those ashes may contain a high arsenic concentration and could be one of the sources of the large variations of the arsenic concentration in the effluent of the wastewater treatment plant. This wastewater treatment plant is able to eliminate up to 50% of arsenic of the effluent thanks to neutralization/decantation and biotreatment by activated sludge. A tertiary treatment by coagulation (with aluminum salts) / flocculation / flotation permits to decrease the arsenic concentration in the effluent according to the operating condition

Electrocoagulation as a tertiary treatment for paper mill wastewater: Removal of non-biodegradable organic pollution and arsenic

The tertiary treatment of paper mill wastewaters was investigated by testing the effect of batch electrocoagulation for 90 min with two parallel iron or aluminum plates at two values of the current density (100 and 150 A/m2). Dissolved organic carbon removal ranged between 24% and 46%, and chemical oxygen demand removal ranged between 32% and 68%. UV–visible spectroscopy showed a reduction of the aromaticity of the treated effluent. The process was also very efficient for the removal of lignin-based pollution, characterized by the fluorescence of humic substances. Arsenic was selected as an example of a non-organic micropollutant and was also satisfactorily removed (from 4 to 0.5 lg/L). The settling characteristics of the sludge obtained after the electrocoagulation treatment were also evaluated. The sludge aptitude to settling is better with Fe electrodes than with Al electrodes. The experimental results obtained in the present study indicate that electrocoagulation treatment can be very effective and was capable of improving the paper mill wastewaters’ quality downstream of the biological treatment

Trends in temocillin susceptibility among enterobacterial clinical isolates in France

info:eu-repo/semantics/publishe

Église et État, Église ou État ?

L’État et l’Église, l’État ou l’Église, ce titre en forme de diptyque, qui peut aussi se lire comme une interrogation, ou comme l’expression d’un choix dont on ne sait qui l’a tranché ou si même il a un jour été tranché, évoque un ensemble de problèmes qui occupent toujours une place considérable dans l’historiographie et qui avaient d’ailleurs été abordés dans le cadre des programmes sur la genèse de l’État moderne. Si le Kulturkampf bismarckien et l’anticléricalisme militant de la IIIe République ont certainement favorisé les recherches sur ces sujets dans la seconde moitié du xixe siècle, les interrogations actuelles sur la place de la religion dans la vie politique du début du xxie siècle ont et auront sans doute le même effet. Et les deux grandes crises de la période médiévale, la lutte de la Papauté et de l’Empire d’une part, et l’affrontement entre Philippe le Bel et Boniface VIII de l’autre ont retrouvé dans l’historiographie la plus récente la place qui leur est due. Mais depuis longtemps, et notamment depuis qu’Ernst Kantorowicz a montré tout ce que l’idéologie politique et les conceptions de l’État devaient à la théologie, depuis aussi que les historiens ont réalisé l’ampleur de l’impact de la redécouverte du droit romain, les recherches historiques ne sont plus placées sous le signe de l’opposition mais plutôt sous celui de l’association, voire de l’imbrication, de deux systèmes institutionnels entre lesquels les transferts sont incessants. Au reste, il était impossible, dans le cadre d’une seule conférence, d’aborder tous les aspects d’un tel sujet et il nous fallait recentrer le questionnaire sur ce qui avait le plus d’importance pour le nouveau programme SAS (présenté dans l’avant-propos). Dans la mesure où il s’agit désormais d’axer la recherche sur la sémiologie de l’État, c’est-à-dire sur la production et le sens des signes et des systèmes de signes dans les processus de communication au sein des sociétés politiques de l’Occident latin et, grâce à cette approche, de mieux comprendre ce qu’est le fonctionnement du pouvoir symbolique et les rôles respectifs qu’y jouent l’Église et l’État, le rôle des clercs apparaît en effet comme un enjeu crucial, puisqu’au début de la période qui nous intéresse, ils sont sinon les seuls du moins les principaux détenteurs de la culture savante, notamment par leur connaissance du latin, langue de la Bible, et leur pratique de l’écrit sous toutes ses formes

Severity of COVID-19 and survival in patients with rheumatic and inflammatory diseases: data from the French RMD COVID-19 cohort of 694 patients

International audienceObjectives: There is little known about the impact of SARS-CoV-2 on patients with inflammatory rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases (iRMD). We examined epidemiological characteristics associated with severe disease, then with death. We also compared mortality between patients hospitalised for COVID-19 with and without iRMD.Methods: Individuals with suspected iRMD-COVID-19 were included in this French cohort. Logistic regression models adjusted for age and sex were used to estimate adjusted ORs and 95% CIs of severe COVID-19. The most significant clinically relevant factors were analysed by multivariable penalised logistic regression models, using a forward selection method. The death rate of hospitalised patients with iRMD-COVID-19 (moderate-severe) was compared with a subset of patients with non-iRMD-COVID-19 from a French hospital matched for age, sex, and comorbidities.Results: Of 694 adults, 438 (63%) developed mild (not hospitalised), 169 (24%) moderate (hospitalised out of the intensive care unit (ICU) and 87 (13%) severe (patients in ICU/deceased) disease. In multivariable imputed analyses, the variables associated with severe infection were age (OR=1.08, 95% CI: 1.05-1.10), female gender (OR=0.45, 95% CI: 0.25-0.80), body mass index (OR=1.07, 95% CI: 1.02-1.12), hypertension (OR=1.86, 95% CI: 1.01-3.42), and use of corticosteroids (OR=1.97, 95% CI: 1.09-3.54), mycophenolate mofetil (OR=6.6, 95% CI: 1.47-29.62) and rituximab (OR=4.21, 95% CI: 1.61-10.98). Fifty-eight patients died (8% (total) and 23% (hospitalised)). Compared with 175 matched hospitalised patients with non-iRMD-COVID-19, the OR of mortality associated with hospitalised patients with iRMD-COVID-19 was 1.45 (95% CI: 0.87-2.42) (n=175 each group).Conclusions: In the French RMD COVID-19 cohort, as already identified in the general population, older age, male gender, obesity, and hypertension were found to be associated with severe COVID-19. Patients with iRMD on corticosteroids, but not methotrexate, or tumour necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-6 inhibitors, should be considered as more likely to develop severe COVID-19. Unlike common comorbidities such as obesity, and cardiovascular or lung diseases, the risk of death is not significantly increased in patients with iRMD

Severity of COVID-19 and survival in patients with rheumatic and inflammatory diseases: data from the French RMD COVID-19 cohort of 694 patients

International audienceObjectives: There is little known about the impact of SARS-CoV-2 on patients with inflammatory rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases (iRMD). We examined epidemiological characteristics associated with severe disease, then with death. We also compared mortality between patients hospitalised for COVID-19 with and without iRMD.Methods: Individuals with suspected iRMD-COVID-19 were included in this French cohort. Logistic regression models adjusted for age and sex were used to estimate adjusted ORs and 95% CIs of severe COVID-19. The most significant clinically relevant factors were analysed by multivariable penalised logistic regression models, using a forward selection method. The death rate of hospitalised patients with iRMD-COVID-19 (moderate-severe) was compared with a subset of patients with non-iRMD-COVID-19 from a French hospital matched for age, sex, and comorbidities.Results: Of 694 adults, 438 (63%) developed mild (not hospitalised), 169 (24%) moderate (hospitalised out of the intensive care unit (ICU) and 87 (13%) severe (patients in ICU/deceased) disease. In multivariable imputed analyses, the variables associated with severe infection were age (OR=1.08, 95% CI: 1.05-1.10), female gender (OR=0.45, 95% CI: 0.25-0.80), body mass index (OR=1.07, 95% CI: 1.02-1.12), hypertension (OR=1.86, 95% CI: 1.01-3.42), and use of corticosteroids (OR=1.97, 95% CI: 1.09-3.54), mycophenolate mofetil (OR=6.6, 95% CI: 1.47-29.62) and rituximab (OR=4.21, 95% CI: 1.61-10.98). Fifty-eight patients died (8% (total) and 23% (hospitalised)). Compared with 175 matched hospitalised patients with non-iRMD-COVID-19, the OR of mortality associated with hospitalised patients with iRMD-COVID-19 was 1.45 (95% CI: 0.87-2.42) (n=175 each group).Conclusions: In the French RMD COVID-19 cohort, as already identified in the general population, older age, male gender, obesity, and hypertension were found to be associated with severe COVID-19. Patients with iRMD on corticosteroids, but not methotrexate, or tumour necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-6 inhibitors, should be considered as more likely to develop severe COVID-19. Unlike common comorbidities such as obesity, and cardiovascular or lung diseases, the risk of death is not significantly increased in patients with iRMD

COVID-19 outcomes in patients with inflammatory rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases treated with rituximab: a cohort study

International audienceBackground: Various observations have suggested that the course of COVID-19 might be less favourable in patients with inflammatory rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases receiving rituximab compared with those not receiving rituximab. We aimed to investigate whether treatment with rituximab is associated with severe COVID-19 outcomes in patients with inflammatory rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases.Methods: In this cohort study, we analysed data from the French RMD COVID-19 cohort, which included patients aged 18 years or older with inflammatory rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases and highly suspected or confirmed COVID-19. The primary endpoint was the severity of COVID-19 in patients treated with rituximab (rituximab group) compared with patients who did not receive rituximab (no rituximab group). Severe disease was defined as that requiring admission to an intensive care unit or leading to death. Secondary objectives were to analyse deaths and duration of hospital stay. The inverse probability of treatment weighting propensity score method was used to adjust for potential confounding factors (age, sex, arterial hypertension, diabetes, smoking status, body-mass index, interstitial lung disease, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, corticosteroid use, chronic renal failure, and the underlying disease [rheumatoid arthritis vs others]). Odds ratios and hazard ratios and their 95% CIs were calculated as effect size, by dividing the two population mean differences by their SD. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04353609.Findings: Between April 15, 2020, and Nov 20, 2020, data were collected for 1090 patients (mean age 55·2 years [SD 16·4]); 734 (67%) were female and 356 (33%) were male. Of the 1090 patients, 137 (13%) developed severe COVID-19 and 89 (8%) died. After adjusting for potential confounding factors, severe disease was observed more frequently (effect size 3·26, 95% CI 1·66-6·40, p=0·0006) and the duration of hospital stay was markedly longer (0·62, 0·46-0·85, p=0·0024) in the 63 patients in the rituximab group than in the 1027 patients in the no rituximab group. 13 (21%) of 63 patients in the rituximab group died compared with 76 (7%) of 1027 patients in the no rituximab group, but the adjusted risk of death was not significantly increased in the rituximab group (effect size 1·32, 95% CI 0·55-3·19, p=0·53).Interpretation: Rituximab therapy is associated with more severe COVID-19. Rituximab will have to be prescribed with particular caution in patients with inflammatory rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases