Bestimmung der Prävalenz von Fascioloides magna (BASSI 1875) und anderen digenen Trematoden in Galba truncatula (O.F. Müller 1774) an drei ausgewählten Standorten im Bereich Orth/Donau (Niederösterreich)

Digene Trematoden sind ubiquitär vorkommende Endoparasiten und umfassen zahlreiche Arten großer human- und veterinärmedizinischer Bedeutung. Die Parasiten verfügen über einen komplizierten Lebenszyklus, der sowohl einen Generations-, als auch einen Wirtswechsel umfasst. In den letzten Jahren breitete sich der eingeschleppte Amerikanische Riesenleberegel Fascioloides magna in freilebendem Rot- und Rehwild in den Donau-Auen östlich von Wien aus. Die in Österreich betroffenen Cerviden können durch eine Infektion mit dem Parasiten stark in Mitleidenschaft gezogen werden. Durch wiederholte Triclabendazol-Medikationen wurde zwar eine deutliche Verminderung des Befalls erreicht, eine vollständige Eradikation des Parasiten gelang dadurch jedoch nicht. Ziel dieser Diplomarbeit war es, die aktuelle Infektionslast der Zwischenwirtschnecke Galba truncatula mit F. magna und anderen digenen Trematoden im Bereich Orth/Donau (Niederösterreich) zu ermitteln. Dies beinhaltete auch die Erfassung der Standortverteilung infizierter Schnecken und einer möglichen Saisonalität des Befalls, sowie Untersuchungen an populationsdynamischen Aspekten der Zwischenwirtschnecken. Dazu wurde im Zeitraum April bis Oktober 2008 ein Monitoring von G. truncatula an drei ausgewählten Standorten im Bereich Orth/Donau durchgeführt. Bei diesen Standorten handelte es sich um die Standorte Entenhaufen (Standort 1), Märchenteich (Standort 2) und Neubruchwiese (Standort 3). Zusätzlich wurde jeweils eine Sammlung in Haslau, Regelsbrunn und Fischamend durchgeführt (=sonstige Standorte). Es wurden insgesamt 3.871 G. truncatula aufgesammelt, vermessen und mikroskopisch auf das Vorhandensein digener Trematoden untersucht. Ungefähr jede zehnte mikroskopisch parasitenfreie Schnecke wurde als Stichprobe entnommen. Insgesamt 68 Stichproben und 30 mikroskopisch detektierte isolierte Trematodenstadien wurden molekularbiologisch mittels PCR und Sequenzierung untersucht. Zu diesem Zweck wurden zwei Primerpaare entwickelt, welche es ermöglichen sollten, Trematoden allgemein, sowie spezifisch F. magna in G. truncatula nachzuweisen. Zur Detektion des humanpathogenen Großen Leberegels Fasciola hepatica wurde zudem ein F. hepatica-spezifisches Primerpaar aus der Literatur entnommen. Insgesamt 96 Trematodeninfektionen wurden in den 3.871 untersuchten G. truncatula detektiert (Prävalenz 2,48%), wobei etwas mehr infizierte Schnecken mit einer Gehäusehöhe von >5 mm (52,1%) gefunden wurden. Vertreter der Überfamilie Paramphistomoidea wurden am häufigsten nachgewiesen (Prävalenz 1,91%), darauf folgten Trematoden der Überfamilie Echinostomatoidea (Prävalenz 0,46%), sowie der Ordnungen Strigeida (Prävalenz 0,10%) und Plagiorchiida (Prävalenz 0,05%). Mit 4,38% (n = 1.347) infizierten Schnecken wurden an Standort 2 die meisten Infektionen nachgewiesen. Darauf folgten die sonstigen Standorte mit 3,04% (n = 427) und Standort 1 mit 1,22% (n = 1.975) infizierten Tieren. Es konnte auch eine Saisonalität des Befalls mit Höhepunkt im Juli (Prävalenz 10,11%, n = 524) festgestellt werden. Der Amerikanische Riesenleberegel F. magna konnte mit einer Gesamtprävalenz von 0,26% (n = 3.871) in den untersuchten Schnecken nachgewiesen werden, wobei die höchste Prävalenz an den einmalig beprobten sonstigen Standorten gefunden wurde (Prävalenz 0,47%, n = 427). Auch an den beiden Hauptstandorten Entenhaufen (Prävalenz 0,20%, n = 1.975) und Märchenteich (Prävalenz 0,30%, n = 1.347) konnte der Parasit nachgewiesen werden. Die meisten Infektionen wurden im Juli (Prävalenz 1,15%, n = 524) gefunden. Der Große Leberegel F. hepatica konnte einmalig (Prävalenz 0,03%, n = 3.871) in einer im September gesammelten Schnecke von Standort 1 nachgewiesen werden. Der Vergleich mikroskopischer und molekularbiologischer Methoden bestätigte frühere Studien, in denen DNA-basierte Methoden eine höhere Sensitivität aufwiesen. Zudem konnten morphologisch schwer unterscheidbare Trematodenstadien molekularbiologisch differenziert werden. Anhand der vorgefundenen Schneckendichten und der saisonalen Größenverteilung konnte auf einen 2-gipfligen Reproduktionszyklus von G. truncatula geschlossen werden. Darüber hinaus konnte diese Diplomarbeit bestätigen, dass G. truncatula in den Donau-Auen östlich von Wien als Zwischenwirtschnecke für human- und tierpathogene digene Trematoden dienen kann. Im Fall von F. magna zeigte ein Vergleich mit einer früheren Studie nach der Triclabendazol-Medikation, dass die Prävalenz des Amerikanischen Riesenleberegels im Verlauf der letzten Jahre stark angestiegen ist. Dies könnte auf eine Erholung der Parasitenpopulation von der Triclabendazol-Behandlung hindeuten, weshalb ein weiterführendes Monitoring dieser Zwischenwirtschnecken empfehlenswert ist.Digenetic trematodes are ubiquitous endoparasites and comprise numerous species of great medical and veterinary importance. These parasites have complicated life cycles involving alternation of generations and multiple successive hosts. In the past years, the introduced large American liver fluke Fascioloides magna has spread within free-living red deer and roe deer in the wetlands of the Danube, east of Vienna. Austrian cervids can be severely affected by the parasite. Due to repeated triclabendazole medications, the number of infections markedly decreased, however, complete eradication of the parasite has not been achieved. The aim of this diploma thesis was to determine the current infection rate of Galba truncatula with F. magna and other digenetic trematodes in the area of Orth/Danube (Lower Austria). This included the evaluation of the distribution of infected snails and a possible seasonality of infections, as well as investigations on aspects of the population dynamics of the intermediate host snails. For these purposes, a monitoring of G. truncatula from three locations, including Entenhaufen (location 1), Märchenteich (location 2) and Neubruchwiese (location 3), in the region of Orth/Danube was conducted during April to October 2008. Furthermore, one collection each was performed in Haslau, Regelsbrunn and Fischamend (=other locations). A total of 3.871 G. truncatula were collected, measured and examined under the microscope for the presence of digenetic trematodes. Every tenth microscopically parasite-free snail was chosen as a random sample. Altogether 68 random samples and 30 microscopically detected isolated trematode stages were tested molecular biologically by PCR and sequencing. For this purpose, two primer pairs were developed to enable both the detection of trematodes in general and the specific detection of F. magna in G. truncatula. In addition, a Fasciola hepatica-specific primer pair was chosen from literature for the detection of the human pathogenic common liver fluke F. hepatica. Overall, 96 trematode infections (prevalence 2,48%) were detected in the 3.871 examined G. truncatula, whereby slightly more infected snails with a shell height >5 mm (52,1%) were found. The most frequently detected trematodes were members of the superfamily Paramphistomoidea (prevalence 1,91%), followed by trematodes of the superfamily Echinostomatoidea (prevalence 0,46%), as well as the orders Strigeida (prevalence 0,10%) and Plagiorchiida (prevalence 0,05%). With 4,38% (n = 1.347) infected snails, most infections were found at location 2, followed by the other locations with 3,04% (n = 427) and location 1 with 1,22% (n = 1.975) infected animals, respectively. Moreover, a seasonality of infections with a peak in July (prevalence 10,11%, n = 524) was observed. The large American liver fluke F. magna was found with an overall prevalence of 0,26% (n = 3.871) in the examined snails, whereby the highest prevalence was found at the one-time sampled other locations (prevalence 0,47%, n = 427). The parasite was detected at the main locations Entenhaufen (0,20%, n = 1.975) and Märchenteich (0,30%, n = 1.347), too. Most infections were found in July (prevalence 1,15%, n = 524). Moreover, the common liver fluke F. hepatica was found once (prevalence 0,03%, n = 3.871) in a snail collected in September at location 1. The comparison of microscopic and molecular biologic methods of investigation confirmed former studies, in which DNA-based methods have shown a higher sensitivity. Furthermore, it was possible to differentiate morphological similar trematode species by molecular biology. The obtained snail densities and seasonal distribution of the shell height indicated a two-annual generation pattern of G. truncatula. Furthermore, this diploma thesis confirmed that G. truncatula from the wetlands of the Danube, east of Vienna, can act as intermediate hosts for both human and animal pathogenic digenetic trematodes. In the case of F. magna, a comparison with a former study carried out after triclabendazole medication showed, that the prevalence of the large American liver fluke considerably increased over the last few years. This could indicate a recovery of the parasite population from triclabendazole treatment, wherefore further monitoring of intermediate host snails is recommended

Psychoanalytische Pädagogik an der Universität Wien

Die vorliegende Diplomarbeit zählt zu den ersten Arbeiten, die sich mit der Entwicklung der Psychoanalytischen Pädagogik an einzelnen Universitätsstandorten des deutschsprachigen Raumes auseinandersetzen. Es wurde der Frage nachgegangen, wie es zu einer Verknüpfung von Pädagogik und Psychoanalyse an der Universität Wien kam, und welche Ereignisse und Personen dazu beigetragen haben, dass Wien ein Zentrum akademischer Psychoanalytischer Pädagogik werden konnte. Zur Bearbeitung der Thematik wurden eine umfassende Literatur- und Archivrecherche sowie Experteninterviews durchgeführt. Auch aktuelle Informationen und Curricula des Instituts für Bildungswissenschaft wurden miteinbezogen. Obwohl erste Spuren eines tiefenpsychologischen Interesses innerhalb der akademischen Pädagogik bereits Ende der 1950er Jahre zu finden sind, sollte es mehr als 30 Jahre dauern, bis Psychoanalytische Pädagogik als Lehr- und Forschungsgegenstand strukturell am damaligen Institut für Erziehungswissenschaften verankert werden konnte. Die Geschichte der Psychoanalytischen Pädagogik wird in Form einer Chronologie nachgezeichnet, die sich in vier Entwicklungsphasen gliedert: Anfänge, Ausbau, Blütezeit und Gegenwart. Vor allem das Interesse und Engagement einzelner Personen, sowie das Zusammenwirken von Medizin und Pädagogik waren ausschlaggebend für die Verankerung von Psychoanalytischer Pädagogik am Institut für Bildungswissenschaften der Universität Wien. Nach der Darstellung der Geschichte Psychoanalytischer Pädagogik an der Universität Wien wird außerdem ein Blick auf die Entwicklungen in der Forschung der Psychoanalytischen Pädagogik am Standort Wien gerichtet. Es wurden dazu die wissenschaftlichen Veröffentlichungen der befragten Experten analysiert und daraus „Themen und Trends“ abgeleitet. Thematische Schwerpunkte wurden besonders in den folgenden Bereichen gesetzt: Sonder- und Heilpädagogik, Grundlagen der Psychoanalytischen Pädagogik, Scheidung/Trennung, Psychoanalyse, Individualpsychologie und Kleinkindpädagogik

Clonality, virulence and antimicrobial resistance of enteroaggregative Escherichia coli from Bangladesh

Enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC) is a global cause of gastrointestinal infection yet little is known about the virulence or antimicrobial resistance (AMR) of EAEC in regions of the world where diarrhoeal disease is most common. In Bangladesh diarrhoeal disease is one of the leading causes of mortality and extensive case control studies have linked specific EAEC clonal complexes with pathogenic potential

Effects of antiplatelet therapy on stroke risk by brain imaging features of intracerebral haemorrhage and cerebral small vessel diseases: subgroup analyses of the RESTART randomised, open-label trial

Background Findings from the RESTART trial suggest that starting antiplatelet therapy might reduce the risk of recurrent symptomatic intracerebral haemorrhage compared with avoiding antiplatelet therapy. Brain imaging features of intracerebral haemorrhage and cerebral small vessel diseases (such as cerebral microbleeds) are associated with greater risks of recurrent intracerebral haemorrhage. We did subgroup analyses of the RESTART trial to explore whether these brain imaging features modify the effects of antiplatelet therapy

The My Active and Healthy Aging (My-AHA) ICT platform to detect and prevent frailty in older adults: Randomized control trial design and protocol

[EN] Introduction Frailty increases the risk of poor health outcomes, disability, hospitalization, and death in older adults and affects 7%¿12% of the aging population. Secondary impacts of frailty on psychological health and socialization are significant negative contributors to poor outcomes for frail older adults. Method The My Active and Healthy Aging (My-AHA) consortium has developed an information and communications technology¿based platform to support active and healthy aging through early detection of prefrailty and provision of individually tailored interventions, targeting multidomain risks for frailty across physical activity, cognitive activity, diet and nutrition, sleep, and psychosocial activities. Six hundred adults aged 60 years and older will be recruited to participate in a multinational, multisite 18-month randomized controlled trial to test the efficacy of the My-AHA platform to detect prefrailty and the efficacy of individually tailored interventions to prevent development of clinical frailty in this cohort. A total of 10 centers from Italy, Germany, Austria, Spain, United Kingdom, Belgium, Sweden, Japan, South Korea, and Australia will participate in the randomized controlled trial. Results Pilot testing (Alpha Wave) of the My-AHA platform and all ancillary systems has been completed with a small group of older adults in Europe with the full randomized controlled trial scheduled to commence in 2018. Discussion The My-AHA study will expand the understanding of antecedent risk factors for clinical frailty so as to deliver targeted interventions to adults with prefrailty. Through the use of an information and communications technology platform that can connect with multiple devices within the older adult's own home, the My-AHA platform is designed to measure an individual's risk factors for frailty across multiple domains and then deliver personalized domain-specific interventions to the individual. The My-AHA platform is technology-agnostic, enabling the integration of new devices and sensor platforms as they emerge.This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement No 689582 and the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council (NHRMC) European Union grant scheme (1115818). M.J.S. reports personal fees from Eli Lilly (Australia) Pty Ltd and grants from Novotech Pty Ltd, outside the submitted work. All other authors report nothing to disclose.Summers, MJ.; Rainero, I.; Vercelli, AE.; Aumayr, GA.; De Rosario Martínez, H.; Mönter, M.; Kawashima, R. (2018). 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Think globally, measure locally: The MIREN standardized protocol for monitoring plant species distributions along elevation gradients

Climate change and other global change drivers threaten plant diversity in mountains worldwide. A widely documented response to such environmental modifications is for plant species to change their elevational ranges. Range shifts are often idiosyncratic and difficult to generalize, partly due to variation in sampling methods. There is thus a need for a standardized monitoring strategy that can be applied across mountain regions to assess distribution changes and community turnover of native and non-native plant species over space and time. Here, we present a conceptually intuitive and standardized protocol developed by the Mountain Invasion Research Network (MIREN) to systematically quantify global patterns of native and non-native species distributions along elevation gradients and shifts arising from interactive effects of climate change and human disturbance. Usually repeated every five years, surveys consist of 20 sample sites located at equal elevation increments along three replicate roads per sampling region. At each site, three plots extend from the side of a mountain road into surrounding natural vegetation. The protocol has been successfully used in 18 regions worldwide from 2007 to present. Analyses of one point in time already generated some salient results, and revealed region-specific elevational patterns of native plant species richness, but a globally consistent elevational decline in non-native species richness. Non-native plants were also more abundant directly adjacent to road edges, suggesting that disturbed roadsides serve as a vector for invasions into mountains. From the upcoming analyses of time series, even more exciting results can be expected, especially about range shifts. Implementing the protocol in more mountain regions globally would help to generate a more complete picture of how global change alters species distributions. This would inform conservation policy in mountain ecosystems, where some conservation policies remain poorly implemented

Mitochondrial physiology

As the knowledge base and importance of mitochondrial physiology to evolution, health and disease expands, the necessity for harmonizing the terminology concerning mitochondrial respiratory states and rates has become increasingly apparent. The chemiosmotic theory establishes the mechanism of energy transformation and coupling in oxidative phosphorylation. The unifying concept of the protonmotive force provides the framework for developing a consistent theoretical foundation of mitochondrial physiology and bioenergetics. We follow the latest SI guidelines and those of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) on terminology in physical chemistry, extended by considerations of open systems and thermodynamics of irreversible processes. The concept-driven constructive terminology incorporates the meaning of each quantity and aligns concepts and symbols with the nomenclature of classical bioenergetics. We endeavour to provide a balanced view of mitochondrial respiratory control and a critical discussion on reporting data of mitochondrial respiration in terms of metabolic flows and fluxes. Uniform standards for evaluation of respiratory states and rates will ultimately contribute to reproducibility between laboratories and thus support the development of data repositories of mitochondrial respiratory function in species, tissues, and cells. Clarity of concept and consistency of nomenclature facilitate effective transdisciplinary communication, education, and ultimately further discovery

Mitochondrial physiology

As the knowledge base and importance of mitochondrial physiology to evolution, health and disease expands, the necessity for harmonizing the terminology concerning mitochondrial respiratory states and rates has become increasingly apparent. The chemiosmotic theory establishes the mechanism of energy transformation and coupling in oxidative phosphorylation. The unifying concept of the protonmotive force provides the framework for developing a consistent theoretical foundation of mitochondrial physiology and bioenergetics. We follow the latest SI guidelines and those of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) on terminology in physical chemistry, extended by considerations of open systems and thermodynamics of irreversible processes. The concept-driven constructive terminology incorporates the meaning of each quantity and aligns concepts and symbols with the nomenclature of classical bioenergetics. We endeavour to provide a balanced view of mitochondrial respiratory control and a critical discussion on reporting data of mitochondrial respiration in terms of metabolic flows and fluxes. Uniform standards for evaluation of respiratory states and rates will ultimately contribute to reproducibility between laboratories and thus support the development of data repositories of mitochondrial respiratory function in species, tissues, and cells. Clarity of concept and consistency of nomenclature facilitate effective transdisciplinary communication, education, and ultimately further discovery