Variability of snow cover and frost depth at the Potsdam station, Germany

The presented paper examines variability of characteristics of snow cover (snow cover depth, number of days with snow cover and dates of beginning and end of snow cover) and frost depth in Potsdam. The study makes use of a unique long time series of data from the secular meteorological station in Potsdam (Germany), covering the time interval from 1893 to date. The observed behaviour of time series of snow is complex, and not easy to interpret. Even if shrinking snow cover is typically expected in the warming climate of the moderate zone, the change in Potsdam is largely dominated by inter-winter and intra-winter variability, rendering trend detection difficult. Nevertheless, an increasing, statistically significant trend for winter precipitation was detected with almost no changes in the snow fall. A statistical link between the NAO index and the snow cover depth as well as the number of snow cover days was found

Subsampling impact on the climate change signal over poland based on simulations from statistical and dynamical downscaling

Most impact studies using downscaled climate data as input assume that the selection of few global climate models (GCMs) representing the largest spread covers the likely range of future changes. This study shows that including more GCMs can result in a very different behavior. We tested the influence of selecting various subsets of GCMs on the climate change signal over Poland from simulations based on dynamical and empirical-statistical downscaling methods. When the climate variable is well simulated by the GCM, such as temperature, results showed that both downscaling methods agree on a warming over Poland by up to 2° or 5°C assuming intermediate or high emission scenarios, respectively, by 2071-2100. As a less robust simulated signal through GCMs, precipitation is expected to increase by up to 10% by 2071-2100 assuming the intermediate emission scenario. However, these changes are uncertain when the high emission scenario and the end of the twenty-first century are of interest. Further, an additional bootstrap test revealed an underestimation in the warming rate varying from 0.5° to more than 4°C over Poland that was found to be largely influenced by the selection of few driving GCMs instead of considering the full range of possible climate model outlooks. Furthermore, we found that differences between various combinations of small subsets from the GCM ensemble of opportunities can be as large as the climate change signal. © 2019 American Meteorological Society

DESIGN OF SMART VERTICAL HYDROPONIC SYSTEM

ABSTRACT All horticultural regions of the world have fundamentally developed in the programmatic era through farmer impact and imaginative development practices. The methods described are used to monitor satisfaction and crop yields. Because of the quality of the soil and the nourishment of the land, their cultivation has improved and created more money. The disadvantage is that it took them a long speculation to acquire the crops, and the level of nutrition was not usually put at its obvious level. In addition, many areas were devoted to production, which required a lot of work to treat the whole area. In order to control the time and methods well, the majority of the regions switched to careful development principles with IoT structures. Growing on water is the most progressive strategy to grow natural plants, vegetables and fruits without using land. The use of Rockwool in agricultural strategies where water contamination is possible for a certain period will result in huge yields and the requirement of longer growing times will be waived. Most of the countries that have practiced smart and economic development with little external intervention. IoT sensors are used in the water cultivation development system to test the situation and quality of yields continuously. They will effectively provide information to the whole system when the water or nutrient level has dropped. In the beginning, the development of hydroponics was done horizontally in small spaces in order to maintain the water flow. Today, it is applied on a vertical structure to save space and water flows when needed. With this method, yields are likely to be achieved even more space-efficiently and with little external intervention. Vertical hydroponics performs better than previous conventional approaches; perhaps the farmers in the extension unit have considered the cost of the total layout. This evaluation paper describes the use of procedures and development of automated methods using IoT platforms. Many reference materials can be used big data

CHASE-PL Climate Projection dataset over Poland - Bias adjustment of EURO-CORDEX simulations

The CHASE-PL (Climate change impact assessment for selected sectors in Poland) Climate Projections – Gridded Daily Precipitation and Temperature dataset 5 km (CPLCP-GDPT5) consists of projected daily minimum and maximum air temperatures and precipitation totals of nine EURO-CORDEX regional climate model outputs bias corrected and downscaled to a 5 km  ×  5 km grid. Simulations of one historical period (1971–2000) and two future horizons (2021–2050 and 2071–2100) assuming two representative concentration pathways (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5) were produced. We used the quantile mapping method and corrected any systematic seasonal bias in these simulations before assessing the changes in annual and seasonal means of precipitation and temperature over Poland. Projected changes estimated from the multi-model ensemble mean showed that annual means of temperature are expected to increase steadily by 1 °C until 2021–2050 and by 2 °C until 2071–2100 assuming the RCP4.5 emission scenario. Assuming the RCP8.5 emission scenario, this can reach up to almost 4 °C by 2071–2100. Similarly to temperature, projected changes in regional annual means of precipitation are expected to increase by 6 to 10 % and by 8 to 16 % for the two future horizons and RCPs, respectively. Similarly, individual model simulations also exhibited warmer and wetter conditions on an annual scale, showing an intensification of the magnitude of the change at the end of the 21st century. The same applied for projected changes in seasonal means of temperature showing a higher winter warming rate by up to 0.5 °C compared to the other seasons. However, projected changes in seasonal means of precipitation by the individual models largely differ and are sometimes inconsistent, exhibiting spatial variations which depend on the selected season, location, future horizon, and RCP. The overall range of the 90 % confidence interval predicted by the ensemble of multi-model simulations was found to likely vary between −7 % (projected for summer assuming the RCP4.5 emission scenario) and +40 % (projected for winter assuming the RCP8.5 emission scenario) by the end of the 21st century. Finally, this high-resolution bias-corrected product can serve as a basis for climate change impact and adaptation studies for many sectors over Poland. The CPLCP-GDPT5 dataset is publicly available at https://doi.org/10.4121/uuid:e940ec1a-71a0-449e-bbe3-29217f2ba31d

Assessment of climate change and associated impact on selected sectors in Poland

The present paper offers a brief assessment of climate change and associated impact in Poland, based on selected results of the Polish–Norwegian CHASE-PL project. Impacts are examined in selected sectors, such as water resources, natural hazard risk reduction, environment, agriculture and health. Results of change detection in long time series of observed climate and climate impact variables in Poland are presented. Also, projections of climate variability and change are provided for time horizons of 2021–2050 and 2071–2100 for two emission scenarios, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 in comparison with control period, 1971–2000. Based on climate projections, examination of future impacts on sectors is also carried out. Selected uncertainty issues relevant to observations, understanding and projections are tackled as well

An overview of burst, buckling, durability and corrosion analysis of lightweight FRP composite pipes and their applicability

© 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.The main aim of this review article was to address the performance of filament wound fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) composite pipes and their critical properties, such as burst, buckling, durability and corrosion. The importance of process parameters concerning merits and demerits of the manufacturing methods was discussed for the better-quality performance. Burst analysis revealed that the winding angle of ±55° was observed to be optimum with minimum failure mechanisms, such as matrix cracking, whitening, leakage and fracture. The reduction of buckling effect was reported in case of lower hoop stress value in the hoop to axial stress ratio against axial, compression and torsion. A significant improvement in energy absorption was observed in the hybrid composite pipes with the effect of thermal treatment. However, the varying winding angle in FRP pipe fabrication was reported as an influencing factor affecting all the aforementioned properties. Almost 90% of the reviewed studies was done using E-glass/epoxy materials for the composite pipe production. By overcoming associated limitations, such as replacing synthetic materials, designing new material combinations and cost-benefit analysis, the production cost of the lightweight FRP composite pipes can be decreased for the real-time applications.Peer reviewe

Utilisation des ré-analyses NCEP pour la génération de scénarios météorologiques. Application pour la génération de scénarios de crues pour le Rhône à l'amont du Léman

Generation of meteorological scenarios from NCEP reanalyses. Application for the generation of flood scenarios for the Rhone upstream to Lake Leman. Optimal water resources management requires hydrological scenarios for the climate situation under consideration. These scenarios may be produced from meteorological scenarios thanks to an appropriate hydrological model. The Laboratory «Hydrology and Land Improvement » (HYDRAM) developed a combined downscaling model for the multisite stochastic generation of the meteorological variables required for the generation of such scenarios. The model combines a statistical downscaling model and a k-nearest neighbour resampling approach to generate hourly precipitation and temperature series from NCEP reanalyses. It was applied for the upper Rhone catchment. Observed statistics are well reproduced for both meteorological variables. Then it was used for the generation of a suite of flood scenarios at different hydrological stations of the studied catchment. It can also be applied to downscale climate experiments from global and / or regional climate models for future climate conditions.La gestion optimale de la ressource en eau et des risques hydrologiques associés nécessite souvent l’estimation des différents scénarios hydrologiques possibles pour le contexte climatique considéré. La modélisation hydrologique permet de produire par simulation de tels scénarios sur la base de scénarios météorologiques obtenus à l’aide d’un générateur stochastique approprié. Cette approche a été adoptée par le laboratoire Hydrologie et Aménagements de l’EPFL (HYDRAM) pour produire, pour la situation climatique actuelle, un catalogue de scénarios de crue en différentes stations hydrométriques du bassin versant du Rhône à l’amont du Leman. Le générateur stochastique des variables météorologiques utilise comme données d’entrée les séries temporelles de différents indices de circulation générale extraits des réanalyses NCEP pour la période 1960-2001. Il s’inspire des méthodes statistique (Antolik, 2000) et analogique (Obled et al., 2002) souvent utilisées en prévision météorologique opérationnelle pour l’adaptation des sorties des modèles météorologiques. Il a été utilisé pour la génération multisite de 50 scénarios de 41 ans de températures et de précipitations horaires sur le Rhône. Il permet de reproduire les statistiques moyennes et maximales de ces variables météorologiques à différentes échelles de temps et d’espace. Le générateur peut aussi être utilisé pour adapter les sorties des «expériences climatiques » fournies par les modèles climatiques globaux ou régionaux.Hingray Benoît, Mezghani Abdelkader. Utilisation des ré-analyses NCEP pour la génération de scénarios météorologiques. Application pour la génération de scénarios de crues pour le Rhône à l'amont du Léman. In: Variations climatiques et hydrologie. Le climat, ses variations séculaires et ses changements pronostiqués : quel impact sur l'hydrologie (ressources en eau et évènements rares, étiages - crues). 29èmes Journées de l'Hydraulique. Congrès de la Société Hydrotechnique de France. Lyon, 27-28 mars 2007. 2007

Generation of meteorological scenarios from NCEP reanalyses. Application for the generation of flood scenarios for the Rhone upstream to Lake Leman

Optimal water resources management requires hydrological scenarios for the climate situation under consideration. These scenarios may be produced from meteorological scenarios thanks to an appropriate hydrological model. The Laboratory "Hydrology and Land Improvement" (HYDRAM) developed a combined downscaling model for the multisite stochastic generation of the meteorological variables required for the generation of such scenarios. The model combines a statistical downscaling model and a k-nearest neighbour resampling approach to generate hourly precipitation and temperature series from NCEP reanalyses. It was applied for the upper Rhone catchment. Observed statistics are well reproduced for both meteorological variables. Then it was used for the generation of a suite of flood scenarios at different hydrological stations of the studied catchment. The stochastic generator can also be applied to downscale climate experiments from global and/or regional climate models for future climate conditions