Prospectus, November 22, 1978

HAPPY THANKSGIVING!; IOC president is impeached; A note of thanks; Death and dying subject of talk; PC may go to 4-day week in summer to save $; Female sexuality to be discussed; When the snow comes…; Brownlee to head WPCD\u27s new team; Coming to Parkland College-- Voices From The Earth; The Turkey Page; Reflections of Fall; Parkland giving thanks; \u27Miracle Worker\u27 \u27miraculous\u27 play; Turkey tips for beginners and other frantic folks; Classifieds; WPCD\u27s Top 10 for the week of Nov. 20; Karate--more than defense a local instructor believes; Truants shocked by today\u27s new laws; Parkland Women\u27s Basketball Schedule; Women\u27s coach hopes to beat record; Bouncing Bob; Fast Freddy Contest; Fast Freddy ends today; IM Basketball Standings After Nov. 15https://spark.parkland.edu/prospectus_1978/1002/thumbnail.jp

Prospectus, October 11, 1978

FOREIGN STUDENTS-- ALONE IN A NEW LAND; letters to the editor: Student says best discos are gay, States jump on CBE bandwagon, Ticket, nit-picking; Correction; Legal clinic for PC women; Electronics club plans field trips; Art dept. plans Pompeii trip; Blood bank rep. to speak Oct. 17; \u27Plan your escape\u27 is the theme this year; Lung diseases to be discussed; EIU hosts visitation day; Bake sale in college center starts Parkland\u27s activities for the week; Seminar to be Oct. 14-15; Real estate review workshop held; Lottery winners drawn; Politics, school and job mix for Scott Trail; Oktoberfest is Oct. 25; Music dept. still seeking players; Disco mania hits Champaign-Urbana: Disco dance lessons--what to expect, Popular disco songs in C-U, Local discos bring C-U \u27Saturday Night Fever\u27, Disco dj\u27s help people get on the floor and boogie, Basic disco dance steps; PC has new business instructor; Foreign students face changes; Santana performs; Free Classifieds; Do health foods possess power to cure disease?; WPCD\u27s Top 15 For The Week Of Oct. 9; Coach Dutton aims to win; Competency testing concerns PTA; Woodroofe exhibit to run till Oct. 15 at Buell; EIU places 4 in PC invitational; Gerhardt assistant basketball coach; 5 winners in Fast Freddy contest; Fast Freddy contesthttps://spark.parkland.edu/prospectus_1978/1008/thumbnail.jp

Prospectus, November 1, 1978

CELEBRATION OF WOMEN\u27S CREATIVITY\u27; letters to the editor: One student feels Tobacco chewers rate low; What is a clamato?; Corrections; Fall play coming soon; DePree to visit PC; Concert pianist gives recital at PC; PC visitation week begins this week; Italian beef sale kicks off Parkland College activities for following week; Mini-course at PC; Long Living Program hosts exercise workshop; Seminary Day starts Thursday; PC students donate 77 pints of blood in drive; Using research animals is topic of essay contest; Hottest band in the galaxy left crowd cold; Pop Quiz!; Louise Parker is valuable asset to Parkland students and faculty; Task force to be made for competency testing; \u27Celebration of Women\u27s Creativity\u27; Ron Taylor is Parkland\u27s new advertising instructor; Conference for horse owners Nov. 18-19; Children have different ideas about religion; Learning Lab helps students nurses study; Evolution-- Are the apes laughing at us?; Only \u27the tip of the iceberg\u27 is encountered by W.A.R.; New cases opened by Women Against Rape; Weekly events for Krannert; Switchboard for women added; Classifieds; WPCD Top 20 for the Week of Oct. 30; Baseball season has ended, now looking to next year; Henry is new treasurer; Cobras defeat Lincoln Land; Parkland College to host the National cross country meet; Elam, Larson, lead X-country to 5th in state; Fast Freddy Contest; Freddy causes problems but wants to be tougherhttps://spark.parkland.edu/prospectus_1978/1005/thumbnail.jp

Identification of constrained sequence elements across 239 primate genomes

Noncoding DNA is central to our understanding of human gene regulation and complex diseases1,2, and measuring the evolutionary sequence constraint can establish the functional relevance of putative regulatory elements in the human genome3–9. Identifying the genomic elements that have become constrained specifically in primates has been hampered by the faster evolution of noncoding DNA compared to protein-coding DNA10, the relatively short timescales separating primate species11, and the previously limited availability of whole-genome sequences12. Here we construct a whole-genome alignment of 239 species, representing nearly half of all extant species in the primate order. Using this resource, we identified human regulatory elements that are under selective constraint across primates and other mammals at a 5% false discovery rate. We detected 111,318 DNase I hypersensitivity sites and 267,410 transcription factor binding sites that are constrained specifically in primates but not across other placental mammals and validate their cis-regulatory effects on gene expression. These regulatory elements are enriched for human genetic variants that affect gene expression and complex traits and diseases. Our results highlight the important role of recent evolution in regulatory sequence elements differentiating primates, including humans, from other placental mammals

Factors influencing terrestriality in primates of the Americas and Madagascar

Among mammals, the order Primates is exceptional in having a high taxonomic richness in which the taxa are arboreal, semiterrestrial, or terrestrial. Although habitual terrestriality is pervasive among the apes and African and Asian monkeys (catarrhines), it is largely absent among monkeys of the Americas (platyrrhines), as well as galagos, lemurs, and lorises (strepsirrhines), which are mostly arboreal. Numerous ecological drivers and species-specific factors are suggested to set the conditions for an evolutionary shift from arboreality to terrestriality, and current environmental conditions may provide analogous scenarios to those transitional periods. Therefore, we investigated predominantly arboreal, diurnal primate genera from the Americas and Madagascar that lack fully terrestrial taxa, to determine whether ecological drivers (habitat canopy cover, predation risk, maximum temperature, precipitation, primate species richness, human population density, and distance to roads) or species-specific traits (bodymass, group size, and degree of frugivory) associate with increased terrestriality. We collated 150,961 observation hours across 2,227 months from 47 species at 20 sites in Madagascar and 48 sites in the Americas. Multiple factors were associated with ground use in these otherwise arboreal species, including increased temperature, a decrease in canopy cover, a dietary shift away from frugivory, and larger group size. These factors mostly explain intraspecific differences in terrestriality. As humanity modifies habitats and causes climate change, our results suggest that species already inhabiting hot, sparsely canopied sites, and exhibiting more generalized diets, are more likely to shift toward greater ground use

An original phylogenetic approach identified mitochondrial haplogroup T1a1 as inversely associated with breast cancer risk in BRCA2 mutation carriers

Introduction: Individuals carrying pathogenic mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes have a high lifetime risk of breast cancer. BRCA1 and BRCA2 are involved in DNA double-strand break repair, DNA alterations that can be caused by exposure to reactive oxygen species, a main source of which are mitochondria. Mitochondrial genome variations affect electron transport chain efficiency and reactive oxygen species production. Individuals with different mitochondrial haplogroups differ in their metabolism and sensitivity to oxidative stress. Variability in mitochondrial genetic background can alter reactive oxygen species production, leading to cancer risk. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that mitochondrial haplogroups modify breast cancer risk in BRCA1/2 mutation carriers. Methods: We genotyped 22,214 (11,421 affected, 10,793 unaffected) mutation carriers belonging to the Consortium of Investigators of Modifiers of BRCA1/2 for 129 mitochondrial polymorphisms using the iCOGS array. Haplogroup inference and association detection were performed using a phylogenetic approach. ALTree was applied to explore the reference mitochondrial evolutionary tree and detect subclades enriched in affected or unaffected individuals. Results: We discovered that subclade T1a1 was depleted in affected BRCA2 mutation carriers compared with the rest of clade T (hazard ratio (HR) = 0.55; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.34 to 0.88; P = 0.01). Compared with the most frequent haplogroup in the general population (that is, H and T clades), the T1a1 haplogroup has a HR of 0.62 (95% CI, 0.40 to 0.95; P = 0.03). We also identified three potential susceptibility loci, including G13708A/rs28359178, which has demonstrated an inverse association with familial breast cancer risk. Conclusions: This study illustrates how original approaches such as the phylogeny-based method we used can empower classical molecular epidemiological studies aimed at identifying association or risk modification effects.Peer reviewe

Genome-Wide Association Study in BRCA1 Mutation Carriers Identifies Novel Loci Associated with Breast and Ovarian Cancer Risk

BRCA1-associated breast and ovarian cancer risks can be modified by common genetic variants. To identify further cancer risk-modifying loci, we performed a multi-stage GWAS of 11,705 BRCA1 carriers (of whom 5,920 were diagnosed with breast and 1,839 were diagnosed with ovarian cancer), with a further replication in an additional sample of 2,646 BRCA1 carriers. We identified a novel breast cancer risk modifier locus at 1q32 for BRCA1 carriers (rs2290854, P = 2.7×10-8, HR = 1.14, 95% CI: 1.09-1.20). In addition, we identified two novel ovarian cancer risk modifier loci: 17q21.31 (rs17631303, P = 1.4×10-8, HR = 1.27, 95% CI: 1.17-1.38) and 4q32.3 (rs4691139, P = 3.4×10-8, HR = 1.20, 95% CI: 1.17-1.38). The 4q32.3 locus was not associated with ovarian cancer risk in the general population or BRCA2 carriers, suggesting a BRCA1-specific associat

A global catalog of whole-genome diversity from 233 primate species.

The rich diversity of morphology and behavior displayed across primate species provides an informative context in which to study the impact of genomic diversity on fundamental biological processes. Analysis of that diversity provides insight into long-standing questions in evolutionary and conservation biology and is urgent given severe threats these species are facing. Here, we present high-coverage whole-genome data from 233 primate species representing 86% of genera and all 16 families. This dataset was used, together with fossil calibration, to create a nuclear DNA phylogeny and to reassess evolutionary divergence times among primate clades. We found within-species genetic diversity across families and geographic regions to be associated with climate and sociality, but not with extinction risk. Furthermore, mutation rates differ across species, potentially influenced by effective population sizes. Lastly, we identified extensive recurrence of missense mutations previously thought to be human specific. This study will open a wide range of research avenues for future primate genomic research