139 research outputs found
La transition vers les soins palliatifs: un défi pour les infirmiÚres des unités de soins intensifs : travail de Bachelor
Dans le cadre de notre Bachelor en Sciences Infirmiers, nous avons dĂ©cidĂ© de faire une revue de la littĂ©rature. Lâobjectif de notre travail est dâexplorer les soins palliatifs en unitĂ© de soins intensifs. En effet, chaque annĂ©e environ 180 Ă 300 personnes dĂ©cĂšdent dans les unitĂ©s de soins intensifs des HĂŽpitaux universitaires de GenĂšve, cela reprĂ©sente trois Ă six dĂ©cĂšs par semaine. Il nous a semblĂ© pertinent dâexplorer les stratĂ©gies mises en Ćuvre par les infirmiĂšres et les infirmiers lorsque les approches curatives arrivent Ă Ă©chĂ©ance et quâil est recommandĂ© de passer aux soins palliatifs. Nous avons appliquĂ© les mĂ©thodes dâanalyse de la littĂ©rature enseignĂ©e Ă la Haute Ecole de SantĂ© de GenĂšve, soit lâanalyse selon les grilles dâĂ©valuation de Fortin. Nous avons ainsi analysĂ© et retenu 22 articles correspondant Ă notre sujet. Lâencrage thĂ©orique de notre thĂšse est celui de la thĂ©orie de la transition dâAfaf Ibrahim Meleis. Les rĂ©sultats ont montrĂ© quâil y a plusieurs facteurs qui influencent la prise de dĂ©cision et cela engendre, des infirmiĂšres et des infirmiers, des compĂ©tences dâadaptation et de gestion des Ă©motions. En effet, aprĂšs discussion en Ă©quipe pluridisciplinaire, le mĂ©decin est celui qui dĂ©finit les directives Ă appliquer et lâĂ©quipe soignante peut parfois ĂȘtre victime de choix qui vont Ă lâencontre de leurs valeurs personnelles et/ou professionnelles. DĂšs lors, nous avons dĂ©couvert quâil est frĂ©quent de rencontrer des conflits interprofessionnels allant parfois jusquâau burnout. Cependant, il nâen est pas le cas pour tous, il arrive aussi que la transition des soins curatifs aux soins palliatifs dans les unitĂ©s de soins intensifs se dĂ©roule dans une atmosphĂšre correcte
Einfluss des Kriegs in der Ukraine auf gemeldete HIV-Neudiagnosen in Deutschland
Die HIV-PrĂ€valenz in der Ukraine wurde im Jahr 2019 bezogen auf die Gesamtbevölkerung auf 0,9 â 1,0 % geschĂ€tzt, wobei die PrĂ€valenz in bestimmten vulnerablen Gruppen deutlich höher liegen dĂŒrfte. Durch den Angriffskrieg Russlands auf die Ukraine mussten viele Menschen ihre Heimat verlassen. Im Rahmen der gesetzlichen HIV-Meldepflicht gemÀà § 7 Abs. 3 IfSG sind alle HIV-Diagnosen in Deutschland meldepflichtig, einschlieĂlich der Diagnosen von Personen, die von ihrer HIV-Infektion bereits wissen und erstmals nach Deutschland kommen. Im vorliegenden Bericht wird der Einfluss des Ukrainekriegs auf die deutschen HIV-Meldungen charakterisiert und diskutiert
Increasing hepatitis B vaccination coverage and decreasing hepatitis B co-infection prevalence among people with HIV-1 in Germany, 1996â2019. Results from a cohort study primarily in men who have sex with men
Objectives
Viral hepatitis co-infection among people living with HIV is known to accelerate the progression of liver disease and AIDS. An increased prevalence and incidence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection among people living with HIV demands continuous monitoring to adapt targeted prevention strategies to reach the global goals of eliminating viral hepatitis as a public health threat.
Methods
We determined the prevalence and incidence of HBV for the years 1996â2019 from yearly blood sample testing and questionnaire reports among people living with HIV belonging to a nationwide, multicentre observational, prospective cohort study.
Results
Among this study population of 3479 participants, the majority (87%) indicated that being men who have sex with men (MSM) was their likely HIV transmission route; 51% were recruited from Berlin. HBV prevalence for acute/chronic and resolved infections decreased from 4.1% and 45% in 1996â1999 to 1.3% and 16% in 2019, respectively. Simultaneously, participants with a serological status indicating HBV vaccination increased from 25% in 1996â1999 to 69% in 2019. Among vaccinated participants with relevant information (nâ=â1135), 38% received their first HBV vaccination after HIV infection. The HBV incidence rate in 565 eligible participants decreased from 6.9/100 person-years in 2004â2007 to 0.45/100 person-years in 2015.
Conclusion
Increasing vaccination coverage because of a general HBV vaccination recommendation and catch-up vaccination efforts among risk groups decreased HBV infection prevalence over time among this study population of people living with HIV, primarily MSM and from Berlin. Despite this success, the prevalence and incidence of HBV remains higher than in the general population in Germany. This emphasizes the need for continued HBV prevention by promoting HBV vaccination and HBV screening at regular intervals based on the individual risk behaviour.Peer Reviewe
Comparison of 454 Ultra-Deep Sequencing and Allele-Specific Real-Time PCR with Regard to the Detection of Emerging Drug-Resistant Minor HIV-1 Variants after Antiretroviral Prophylaxis for Vertical Transmission
Background: Pregnant HIV-infected women were screened for the development of HIV-1 drug resistance after implementation of a triple-antiretroviral transmission prophylaxis as recommended by the WHO in 2006. The study offered the opportunity to compare amplicon-based 454 ultra-deep sequencing (UDS) and allele-specific real-time PCR (ASPCR) for the detection of drug-resistant minor variants in the HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT). Methods: Plasma samples from 34 Tanzanian women were previously analysed by ASPCR for key resistance mutations in the viral RT selected by AZT, 3TC, and NVP (K70R, K103N, Y181C, M184V, T215Y/F). In this study, the RT region of the same samples was investigated by amplicon-based UDS for resistance mutations using the 454 GS FLX System. Results: Drug-resistant HIV-variants were identified in 69% (20/29) of women by UDS and in 45% (13/29) by ASPCR. The absolute number of resistance mutations identified by UDS was twice that identified by ASPCR (45 vs 24). By UDS 14 of 24 ASPCR-detected resistance mutations were identified at the same position. The overall concordance between UDS and ASPCR was 61.0% (25/41). The proportions of variants quantified by UDS were approximately 2â3 times lower than by ASPCR. Amplicon generation from samples with viral loads below 20,000 copies/ml failed more frequently by UDS compared to ASPCR (limit of detection = 650 copies/ml), resulting in missing or insufficient sequence coverage. Conclusions: Both methods can provide useful information about drug-resistant minor HIV-1 variants. ASPCR has a higher sensitivity than UDS, but is restricted to single resistance mutations. In contrast, UDS is limited by its requirement for high viral loads to achieve sufficient sequence coverage, but the sequence information reveals the complete resistance patterns within the genomic region analysed. Improvements to the UDS limit of detection are in progress, and UDS could then facilitate monitoring of drug-resistant minor variants in the HIV-1 quasispecies
Estimating Trends in the Proportion of Transmitted and Acquired HIV Drug Resistance in a Long Term Observational Cohort in Germany
Objective: We assessed trends in the proportion of transmitted (TDR) and acquired (ADR) HIV drug resistance and associated mutations between 2001 and 2011 in the German ClinSurv-HIV Drug Resistance Study. Method: The German ClinSurv-HIV Drug Resistance Study is a subset of the German ClinSurv-HIV Cohort. For the ClinSurv-HIV Drug Resistance Study all available sequences isolated from patients in five study centres of the long term observational ClinSurv-HIV Cohort were included. TDR was estimated using the first viral sequence of antiretroviral treatment (ART) naive patients. One HIV sequence/patient/year of ART experienced patients was considered to estimate the proportion of ADR. Trends in the proportion of HIV drug resistance were calculated by logistic regression. Results: 9,528 patients were included into the analysis. HIV-sequences of antiretroviral naive and treatment experienced patients were available from 34% (3,267/9,528) of patients. The proportion of TDR over time was stable at 10.4% (95% CI 9.1-11.8; p (for trend)=0.6; 2001-2011). The proportion of ADR among all treated patients was 16%, whereas it was high among those with available HIV genotypic resistance test (64%; 1,310/2,049 sequences; 95% CI 62-66) but declined significantly over time (OR 0.8; 95% CI 0.77-0.83; p (for trend)<0.001; 2001-2011). Viral load monitoring subsequent to resistance testing was performed in the majority of treated patients (96%) and most of them (67%) were treated successfully. Conclusions: The proportion of TDR was stable in this study population. ADR declined significantly over time. This decline might have been influenced by broader resistance testing, resistance test guided therapy and the availability of more therapeutic options and not by a decline in the proportion of TDR within the study population
A Follow-Up of the Multicenter Collaborative Study on {HIV}-1 Drug Resistance and Tropism Testing Using 454 Ultra Deep Pyrosequencing
A Follow-Up of the Multicenter Collaborative Study on HIV-1 Drug Resistance and Tropism Testing Using 454 Ultra Deep Pyrosequencing
Background: Ultra deep sequencing is of increasing use not only in research but also in diagnostics. For implementation of ultra deep sequencing assays in clinical laboratories for routine diagnostics, intra- and inter-laboratory testing are of the utmost importance. Methods: A multicenter study was conducted to validate an updated assay design for 454 Life Sciencesâ GS FLX Titanium system targeting protease/reverse transcriptase (RTP) and env (V3) regions to identify HIV-1 drug-resistance mutations and determine co-receptor use with high sensitivity. The study included 30 HIV-1 subtype B and 6 subtype non-B samples with viral titers (VT) of 3,940â447,400 copies/mL, two dilution series (52,129â1,340 and 25,130â734 copies/mL), and triplicate samples. Amplicons spanning PR codons 10â99, RT codons 1â251 and the entire V3 region were generated using barcoded primers. Analysis was performed using the GS Amplicon Variant Analyzer and geno2pheno for tropism. For comparison, population sequencing was performed using the ViroSeq HIV-1 genotyping system. Results: The median sequencing depth across the 11 sites was 1,829 reads per position for RTP (IQR 592â3,488) and 2,410 for V3 (IQR 786â3,695). 10 preselected drug resistant variants were measured across sites and showed high inter-laboratory correlation across all sites with data (P20% were missed, variants 2â10% were detected at most sites (even at low VT), and variants 1â2% were detected by some sites. All mutations detected by population sequencing were also detected by UDS. Conclusions: This assay design results in an accurate and reproducible approach to analyze HIV-1 mutant spectra, even at variant frequencies well below those routinely detectable by population sequencing
HIV-Studien und HIV-Projekte am Robert Koch-Institut
Neben der gesetzlich geregelten Surveillance von HIV-Neudiagnosen in Deutschland erfolgt am RKI auch die DurchfĂŒhrung verschiedener Studienprojekte, die im Epidemiologischen Bulletin 49/2019 vorgestellt werden. Das RĂŒckgrat der erweiterten HIV-Surveillance in Deutschland bilden vier Studien: das Monitoring rezenter HIV-Infektionen in Deutschland (InzSurv-HIV), die Molekulare Surveillance von HIV-Neudiagnosen (MolSurv-HIV), die HIV-1 Serokonverterstudie und die Klinische Surveillance der HIV-Erkrankung (ClinSurv-HIV). Bei InzSurv-HIV und MolSurv-HIV werden Proben von Patienten untersucht, die gerade neu diagnostiziert wurden. Bei der HIV-1 Serokonverterstudie und bei ClinSurv-HIV handelt es sich um Kohortenstudien. ErgĂ€nzend dazu wird am RKI auch das AIDS-Fallregister betrieben, in dem seit 1982 auf freiwilliger Basis anonym durch die behandelnden Ărzte berichtete AIDS-ErkrankungsfĂ€lle und -TodesfĂ€lle in Deutschland zusammengetragen und ausgewertet werden
NLRP6 negatively regulates innate immunity and host defence against bacterial pathogens
Members of the intracellular nucleotide-binding and oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptor (NLR) family contribute to immune responses through activation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappa B), type I interferon and inflammasome signalling(1). Mice lacking the NLR family member NLRP6 were recently shown to be susceptible to colitis and colorectal tumorigenesis(2-4), but the role of NLRP6 in microbial infections and the nature of the inflammatory signalling pathways regulated by NLRP6 remain unclear. Here we show that Nlrp6-deficient mice are highly resistant to infection with the bacterial pathogens Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli. Infected Nlrp6-deficient mice had increased numbers of monocytes and neutrophils in circulation, and NLRP6 signalling in both haematopoietic and radioresistant cells contributed to increased susceptibility. Nlrp6 deficiency enhanced activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and the canonical NF-kappa B pathway after Toll-like receptor ligation, but not cytosolic NOD1/2 ligation, in vitro. Consequently, infected Nlrp6-deficient cells produced increased levels of NF-kappa B-and MAPK-dependent cytokines and chemokines. Thus, our results reveal NLRP6 as a negative regulator of inflammatory signalling, and demonstrate a role for this NLR in impeding clearance of both Gram-positive and -negative bacterial pathogens
Pneumolysin Activates Macrophage Lysosomal Membrane Permeabilization and Executes Apoptosis by Distinct Mechanisms without Membrane Pore Formation
Intracellular killing of Streptococcus pneumoniae is complemented by induction of macrophage apoptosis. Here, we show that the toxin pneumolysin (PLY) contributes both to lysosomal/phagolysosomal membrane permeabilization (LMP), an upstream event programing susceptibility to apoptosis, and to apoptosis execution via a mitochondrial pathway, through distinct mechanisms. PLY is necessary but not sufficient for the maximal induction of LMP and apoptosis. PLYâs ability to induce both LMP and apoptosis is independent of its ability to form cytolytic pores and requires only the first three domains of PLY. LMP involves TLR (Toll-like receptor) but not NLRP3/ASC (nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain [Nod]-like receptor family, pyrin domain-containing protein 3/apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase recruitment domain) signaling and is part of a PLY-dependent but phagocytosis-independent host response that includes the production of cytokines, including interleukin-1 beta (IL-1ÎČ). LMP involves progressive and selective permeability to 40-kDa but not to 250-kDa fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labeled dextran, as PLY accumulates in the cytoplasm. In contrast, the PLY-dependent execution of apoptosis requires phagocytosis and is part of a host response to intracellular bacteria that also includes NO generation. In cells challenged with PLY-deficient bacteria, reconstitution of LMP using the lysomotrophic detergent LeuLeuOMe favored cell necrosis whereas PLY reconstituted apoptosis. The results suggest that PLY contributes to macrophage activation and cytokine production but also engages LMP. Following bacterial phagocytosis, PLY triggers apoptosis and prevents macrophage necrosis as a component of a broad-based antimicrobial strategy. This illustrates how a key virulence factor can become the focus of a multilayered and coordinated innate response by macrophages, optimizing pathogen clearance and limiting inflammation
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