Uji Potensi Antifungi Aktinomisetes Selulolitik Dan Ligninolitik Dan Bakteri Lignoselulolitik Isolat Lokal Terhadap Pertumbuhan Jamur Ganoderma Boninense Dan Colletotrichum Capsici

Colletotrichum capsici fungi, causing agent of anthracnose in Chili, and Ganoderma boninense, fungi causing agent of basal stem rotten in oil palm, can reduce the productivity of Chili and oil palm. These disease are increasing so that it is necessary to find local biological agents that are environmentally friendly. The purpose of this research was to determine the potential isolates of lignocellulolyltic bacteria and cellulolytic and ligninolytic actinomycetes from peat soil of Rimbo Panjang Kampar, Riau as an antifungal agent to inhibit the growth of C. capsici and G. boninense.Antifungal activity was screened using agar disc method by measured the inhibition zone for seven days. The results showed that 13 isolates of actinomycetes haveantifungal activity against C. capsici with the highest inhibition zone 13,3 mm by RB2S40. Six isolates of actinomycetes have antifungal activity against G. boninense with the highest inhibition zone 29,15 mm by RB1S4. Five isolates have the ability to inhibit both fungi which were targeted

Learning to become an online editor: the editathon as a learning environment

This study explores Wikipedia as a site for learning. In particular it traces how people learn to become Wikipedia editors through engagement in an editathon, a training event for people who want to become a volunteer editor. The study is original in its emphasis on the various types of knowledge editors acquire as they develop expertise. Determining the knowledge needed to contribute to Wikipedia is significant in terms of understanding Wikipedia as a site for learning. Data was gathered from nine participants who took part in an ‘editathon’ event on the theme of the Edinburgh Seven. The study used a rigorous methodology, combining quantitative social network analysis, documenting the online activity of participants as they created and edited Wikipedia pages, with qualitative interviews, which recorded participants reflections on their participation in the editathon. A key finding is that conceptual and procedural knowledge are representative of the foundational knowledge needed to contribute to Wikipedia actively as an editor. However, this knowledge on its own is not sufficient. Editors also develop socio-cultural and relational knowledge forms of knowledge to enable them to operate and problem-solve effectively. The relationship between the physical and the digital is important, since socio-cultural and relational knowledge are developed through active experimentation as the editathon engage with physical objects to create the online wiki pages

From Knowing to Remembering: the Semantic-Episodic distinction

The distinction between episodic and semantic memory was proposed in 1972 by Endel Tulving and is still of central importance in Cognitive Neuroscience today. Data obtained in the last 30 years or so, however, support the idea that the frontiers between perception and knowledge and between episodic and semantic memory are not as clear cut as previously thought, prompting a rethinking of the episodic-semantic distinction. Here, we review recent research on episodic and semantic memory, highlighting similarities between the two systems. Taken together, current behavioral, neuropsychological and neuroimaging data are compatible with the idea that episodic and semantic memory are inextricably intertwined, yet retain a measure of distinctiveness, despite the fact that their neural correlates demonstrate considerable overlap