Quo vadis, geografia?

Cet article passe en revue les differents thbmes traités lors du Congrés des Etudiants de Géographie qui s'est tenu a Toulouse au mois de Novembre de 1991. Le Congrés a été consacré au debat de probltmes epistemologiques de la géographie, mais aussi a des thèmes qui affectent directement les étudiants comme ceux de la formation des géographes et des actuels débouchés professionnels.This article reviews the different issues covered in the Geography Students Congress held in Toulouse in November 1991. The Congress focused on epistemology problems in Geography but also on problems directly affecting the student body such as the education of geographers and current professional opportunities.El articulo comenta los diferentes contenidos tratados en el Congreso de Estudiantes de Geografia, celebrado en Toulouse en noviembre de 1991. Un congreso dedicado al debate y a la discusión tanto de los problemas epistemológicos de la geografia como de la problemática de los estudiantes, al contenido de la formación y a las salidas profesionales actuales.L'article fa un repàs dels diferents continguts tractats en el Congrés d'Estudiants de Geografia, celebrat a Tolosa de Llenguadoc el novembre de 1991. Un congrés que estigué dedicat al debat i a la discussió tant dels problemes epistemològics de la geografia com a la problemàtica dels estudiants, al contingut de la formació i a les sortides professionals actuals

Trends in socioeconomic inequalities in mortality in small areas of 33 Spanish cities

Background: In Spain, several ecological studies have analyzed trends in socioeconomic inequalities in mortality from all causes in urban areas over time. However, the results of these studies are quite heterogeneous finding, in general, that inequalities decreased, or remained stable. Therefore, the objectives of this study are: (1) to identify trends in geographical inequalities in all-cause mortality in the census tracts of 33 Spanish cities between the two periods 1996–1998 and 2005–2007; (2) to analyse trends in the relationship between these geographical inequalities and socioeconomic deprivation; and (3) to obtain an overall measure which summarises the relationship found in each one of the cities and to analyse its variation over time. Methods: Ecological study of trends with 2 cross-sectional cuts, corresponding to two periods of analysis: 1996–1998 and 2005–2007. Units of analysis were census tracts of the 33 Spanish cities. A deprivation index calculated for each census tracts in all cities was included as a covariate. A Bayesian hierarchical model was used to estimate smoothed Standardized Mortality Ratios (sSMR) by each census tract and period. The geographical distribution of these sSMR was represented using maps of septiles. In addition, two different Bayesian hierarchical models were used to measure the association between all-cause mortality and the deprivation index in each city and period, and by sex: (1) including the association as a fixed effect for each city; (2) including the association as random effects. In both models the data spatial structure can be controlled within each city. The association in each city was measured using relative risks (RR) and their 95 % credible intervals (95 % CI). Results: For most cities and in both sexes, mortality rates decline over time. For women, the mortality and deprivation patterns are similar in the first period, while in the second they are different for most cities. For men, RRs remain stable over time in 29 cities, in 3 diminish and in 1 increase. For women, in 30 cities, a non-significant change over time in RR is observed. However, in 4 cities RR diminishes. In overall terms, inequalities decrease (with a probability of 0.9) in both men (RR = 1.13, 95 % CI = 1.12–1.15 in the 1st period; RR = 1.11, 95 % CI = 1.09–1.13 in the 2nd period) and women (RR = 1.07, 95 % CI = 1.05–1.08 in the 1st period; RR = 1.04, 95 % CI = 1.02–1.06 in the 2nd period). Conclusions: In the future, it is important to conduct further trend studies, allowing to monitoring trends in socioeconomic inequalities in mortality and to identify (among other things) temporal factors that may influence these inequalities.This article was partially funded by Plan Nacional de I + D + I 2008–2011 and Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII) –Subdirección General de Evaluación y Fomento de la Investigación- (Award numbers: PI081488, PI081978, PI080367, PI08/1017, PI080330, P08/0142, PI081785, PI080662, PI081713, PI081058, PI081340, PI080803, PI126/08), Fundación Canaria de Investigación Sanitaria FUNCIS 84/07 and by CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP)

Cancer mortality inequalities in urban areas: a Bayesian small area analysis in Spanish cities

Background: Intra-urban inequalities in mortality have been infrequently analysed in European contexts. The aim of the present study was to analyse patterns of cancer mortality and their relationship with socioeconomic deprivation in small areas in 11 Spanish cities. Methods: It is a cross-sectional ecological design using mortality data (years 1996-2003). Units of analysis were the census tracts. A deprivation index was calculated for each census tract. In order to control the variability in estimating the risk of dying we used Bayesian models. We present the RR of the census tract with the highest deprivation vs. the census tract with the lowest deprivation. Results: In the case of men, socioeconomic inequalities are observed in total cancer mortality in all cities, except in Castellon, Cordoba and Vigo, while Barcelona (RR = 1.53 95%CI 1.42-1.67), Madrid (RR = 1.57 95%CI 1.49-1.65) and Seville (RR = 1.53 95%CI 1.36-1.74) present the greatest inequalities. In general Barcelona and Madrid, present inequalities for most types of cancer. Among women for total cancer mortality, inequalities have only been found in Barcelona and Zaragoza. The excess number of cancer deaths due to socioeconomic deprivation was 16,413 for men and 1,142 for women. Conclusion: This study has analysed inequalities in cancer mortality in small areas of cities in Spain, not only relating this mortality with socioeconomic deprivation, but also calculating the excess mortality which may be attributed to such deprivation. This knowledge is particularly useful to determine which geographical areas in each city need intersectorial policies in order to promote a healthy environment.This article was partially supported by Fondo de Investigaciones Ssanitarias (FIS) projects numbers PI042013, PI040041, PI040170, PI040069, PI042602 PI040388, PI040489, PI042098 , PI041260, PI040399, PI081488 and by the CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain and by the program of “Intensificación de la Actividad Investigadora (Carme Borrell)” funded by the “Instituto de Salud Carlos III” and “Departament de Salut. Generalitat de Catalunya”

Suspense, culpa y cintas de vídeo. Caché/Escondido de Michael Haneke

Caché/Escondido (2005) representa dentro de la filmografía de Michael Haneke el ejemplo más destacado de síntesis de los planteamientos formales e ideológicos del cineasta austriaco. Este artículo analiza el filme como manifiesto cinematográfico y como explotación de las convenciones genéricas para construir un modelo de espectador reflexivo. La investigación del modo en que el director plantea y abandona las técnicas del suspense aporta claves para explicar el éxito casi unánime de crítica y la respuesta mucho menos homogénea de las audiencias. El desencadenante de la trama, unas cintas de vídeo que reciben los Laurent, es alusión directa a Carretera Perdida (1997) de David Lynch; no obstante, el misterio acerca del autor de la videovigilancia pierde interés en relación al sentimiento de culpa que desencadena en el protagonista. El episodio infantil de celos y venganza hacia un niño argelino y la actitud del Georges adulto representan una alegoría de la relación de Francia con su pasado colonial que tampoco cierra la narración de Haneke. Es precisamente la apertura formal con que el filme (des)estructura cuestiones actuales como el límite entre la responsabilidad individual y colectiva lo que conforma un espectador tan distanciado de la diégesis como consciente de su propio papel de observador

Quo vadis, geografia?

Cet article passe en revue les differents thbmes traités lors du Congrés des Etudiants de Géographie qui s'est tenu a Toulouse au mois de Novembre de 1991. Le Congrés a été consacré au debat de probltmes epistemologiques de la géographie, mais aussi a des thèmes qui affectent directement les étudiants comme ceux de la formation des géographes et des actuels débouchés professionnels.This article reviews the different issues covered in the Geography Students Congress held in Toulouse in November 1991. The Congress focused on epistemology problems in Geography but also on problems directly affecting the student body such as the education of geographers and current professional opportunities.El articulo comenta los diferentes contenidos tratados en el Congreso de Estudiantes de Geografia, celebrado en Toulouse en noviembre de 1991. Un congreso dedicado al debate y a la discusión tanto de los problemas epistemológicos de la geografia como de la problemática de los estudiantes, al contenido de la formación y a las salidas profesionales actuales.L'article fa un repàs dels diferents continguts tractats en el Congrés d'Estudiants de Geografia, celebrat a Tolosa de Llenguadoc el novembre de 1991. Un congrés que estigué dedicat al debat i a la discussió tant dels problemes epistemològics de la geografia com a la problemàtica dels estudiants, al contingut de la formació i a les sortides professionals actuals

Collateral sprouting of peripheral sensory neurons exhibits a unique transcriptomic profile

Peripheral nerve injuries result in motor and sensory dysfunction which can be recovered by compensatory or regenerative processes. In situations where axonal regeneration of injured neurons is hampered, compensation by collateral sprouting from uninjured neurons contributes to target reinnervation and functional recovery. Interestingly, this process of collateral sprouting from uninjured neurons has been associated with the activation of growth-associated programs triggered by Wallerian degeneration. Nevertheless, themolecular alterations at the transcriptomic level associated with these compensatory growthmechanisms remain to be fully elucidated. We generated a surgical model of partial sciatic nerve injury in mice to mechanistically study degenerationinduced collateral sprouting from spared fibers in the peripheral nervous system. Using next-generation sequencing and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis, we described the sprouting-associated transcriptome of uninjured sensory neurons and compare it with the activated by regenerating neurons. In vitro approacheswere used to functionally assess sprouting gene candidates in the mechanisms of axonal growth. Using a novel animal model, we provide the first description of the sprouting transcriptome observed in uninjured sensory neurons after nerve injury. This collateral sprouting-associated transcriptome differs from that seen in regenerating neurons, suggesting a molecular program distinct from axonal growth.We further demonstrate that genetic upregulation of novel sproutingassociated genes activates a specific growth program in vitro, leading to increased neuronal branching. These results contribute to our understanding of the molecular mechanisms associated with collateral sprouting in vivo. The data provided here will therefore be instrumental in developing therapeutic strategies aimed at promoting functional recovery after injury to the nervous system.Geroscience Center for Brain Health and Metabolism FONDAP-15150012 Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd P09-015-F Formation of Advance Human Capital Program of CONICYT 21110017 ISPG from the BBSRC FONDECYT-1150766 FONDECYT119051

Els projectes interdisciplinaris al Cap de Llevant

El por qué y el para qué de una manera de trabajar. O los primeros pasos ante las ganas compartidas de cambio en nuestra manera de entender la educación de nuestros jóvenes. Unas pinceladas para compartir un anhelo, un deseo, una voluntad...El perquè i el per a què d’una manera de treballar. O les primeres passes davant les ganes compartides de canvi en la manera d’entendre l’educació del nostre jovent. Unes pinzellades per compartir un anhel, un desig, una voluntat..

Geographical Variability in Mortality in Urban Areas: A Joint Analysis of 16 Causes of Death

The geographical distribution of mortality has frequently been studied. Nevertheless, those studies often consider isolated causes of death. In this work, we aim to study the geographical distribution of mortality in urban areas, in particular, in 26 Spanish cities. We perform an overall study of 16 causes of death, considering that their geographical patterns could be dependent and estimating the dependence between the causes of death. We study the deaths in these 26 cities during the period 1996–2015 at the census tract level. A multivariate disease mapping model is used in order to solve the potential small area estimation problems that these data could show. We find that most of the geographical patterns found show positive correlations. This suggests the existence of a transversal geographical pattern, common to most causes of deaths, which determines those patterns to a higher/lower extent depending on each disease. The causes of death that exhibit that underlying pattern in a more prominent manner are chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), lung cancer, and cirrhosis for men and cardiovascular diseases and dementias for women. Such findings are quite consistent for most of the cities in the study. The high positive correlation found between geographical patterns reflects the existence of both high and low-risk areas in urban settings, in general terms for nearly all the causes of death. Moreover, the high-risk areas found often coincide with neighborhoods known for their high deprivation. Our results suggest that dependence among causes of death is a key aspect to be taken into account when mapping mortality, at least in urban contexts.The authors acknowledge the support of the research grants PI16/00670, PI16/00755, PI16/01004, PI16/01187, PI16/01273, PI16/01281, and PI18/01313 of Instituto de Salud Carlos III, co-funded with FEDER grants

Métodos para la suavización de indicadores de mortalidad: aplicación al análisis de desigualdades en mortalidad en ciudades del Estado español (Proyecto MEDEA) Methods to smooth mortality indicators: application to analysis of inequalities in mortality in Spanish cities (the MEDEA Project)

Aunque la experiencia en el estudio de las desigualdades en la mortalidad en las ciudades españolas es amplia, quedan grandes núcleos urbanos que no han sido investigados utilizando la sección censal como unidad de análisis territorial. En este contexto se sitúa el proyecto coordinado «Desigualdades socioeconómicas y medioambientales en la mortalidad en ciudades de España. Proyecto MEDEA», en el cual participan 10 grupos de investigadores de Andalucía, Aragón, Cataluña, Galicia, Madrid, Comunitat Valenciana y País Vasco. Cabe señalar cuatro particularidades: a) se utiliza como área geográfica básica la sección censal; b) se emplean métodos estadísticos que tienen en cuenta la estructura geográfica de la región de estudio para la estimación de riesgos; c) se aprovechan las oportunidades que ofrecen 3 fuentes de datos complementarias (información sobre contaminación atmosférica, información sobre contaminación industrial y registros de mortalidad), y d) se emprende un análisis coordinado de gran alcance, favorecido por la implantación de la redes temáticas de investigación. El objetivo de este trabajo es explicar los métodos para la suavización de indicadores de mortalidad en el proyecto MEDEA. El artículo se centra en la metodología y los resultados del modelo de mapa de enfermedades de Besag, York y Mollié (BYM). Aunque en el proyecto se han suavizado, mediante el modelo BYM, las razones de mortalidad estandarizadas (RME) correspondientes a 17 grandes grupos de causas de defunción y 28 causas específicas, aquí se aplica esta metodología a la mortalidad por cáncer de tráquea, de bronquios y de pulmón en ambos sexos en la ciudad de Barcelona durante el período 1996-2003. Como resultado se aprecia un diferente patrón geográfico en las RME suavizadas en ambos sexos. En los hombres se observan unas RME mayores que la unidad en los barrios con mayor privación socioeconómica. En las mujeres este patrón se observa en las zonas con un mayor nivel socioeconómico.Although there is some experience in the study of mortality inequalities in Spanish cities, there are large urban centers that have not yet been investigated using the census tract as the unit of territorial analysis. The coordinated project «Socioeconomic and environmental inequalities in mortality in Spanish cities. The MEDEA project» was designed to fill this gap, with the participation of 10 groups of researchers in Andalusia, Aragon, Catalonia, Galicia, Madrid, Valencia, and the Basque Country. The MEDEA project has four distinguishing features: a) the census tract is used as the basic geographical area; b) statistical methods that include the geographical structure of the region under study are employed for risk estimation; c) data are drawn from three complementary data sources (information on air pollution, information on industrial pollution, and the records of mortality registrars), and d) a coordinated, large-scale analysis, favored by the implantation of coordinated research networks, is carried out. The main objective of the present study was to explain the methods for smoothing mortality indicators in the context of the MEDEA project. This study focusses on the methodology and the results of the Besag, York and Mollié model (BYM) in disease mapping. In the MEDEA project, standardized mortality ratios (SMR), corresponding to 17 large groups of causes of death and 28 specific causes, were smoothed by means of the BYM model; however, in the present study this methodology was applied to mortality due to cancer of the trachea, bronchi and lung in men and women in the city of Barcelona from 1996 to 2003. As a result of smoothing, a different geographical pattern for SMR in both genders was observed. In men, a SMR higher than unity was found in highly deprived areas. In contrast, in women, this pattern was observed in more affluent areas