Evolución de la jurisdicción militar desde el antiguo régimen hasta la actualidad

Estudio sobre evolución de la Justicia Militar, pasando por las raíces romanas o visigodas; la hueste del Medievo; las Ordenanzas de los Austrias y los Borbones; los siglos XIX y XX, con la proliferación de los Códigos Militares o el uso de la Justicia Militar como arma represiva por las dictaduras militares; hasta la Justicia Militar democrática actual. Como objeto del presente Trabajo de Fin de Máster, analizaremos la evolución de jurisdicción militar desde su concepto y orígenes. Este análisis se realizará siempre desde un punto de vista histórico-jurídico de su respectiva época, haciendo referencia, en su caso, a los cambios que se iban dando tanto en la forma de organizar la tropa, o sus respectivas legislaciones, como en los cambios más generales, entendidos desde un punto de vista histórico. Por tanto, este trabajo no pretende ser ni un mero listado de las regulaciones militares desde una determinada época, siglos atrás, hasta los modernos Códigos Penales Militares, ni tampoco o quedarse en un análisis desde un punto de vista meramente histórico de cada una de estas regulaciones. El objeto de este Trabajo buscará siempre ese enfoque de análisis histórico-jurídico, de modo que se observe el peso y valor jurídico de cada uno de estos textos, contextualizado a la realidad histórica en la que vivió cada uno de ellos y en el que se pueda observar la evolución de estas regulaciones hasta la moderna Jurisdicción Militar y regulaciones de nuestros ejércitos. En concreto, nos detendremos en especial en las Ordenanzas y Códigos Penales Militares desde el siglo XIX hasta la actualidad, así como en sus principales y más característicos delitos tipificados o en la orientación que se les da a éstos según la época, pero no sin antes realizar, a modo de visión general, un repaso general en las raíces de esta Jurisdicción, que se hunden y arrancan en lo más profundo del Antiguo Régimen y del Medievo, analizando su concepto y evolución.Máster Universitario en Acceso a la Profesión de Abogado (M155

Bases y caminos algebraicos hacia los OLL/PLL del cubo rubik

El presente libro pretende realizar un compendio de los resultados del análisis matemático de los movimientos y algoritmos, tanto OLL(Orientation of Last Layer: Orientación de la última capa), como PLL(Permutation of Last Layer: Permutación de la última capa), realizados sobre la última capa en el cubo de Rubik 3x3x3, como un verdadero objeto de Enseñanza – Aprendizaje. Es resultado de una investigación aplicada en estudiantes de la Licenciatura de Matemáticas, como alternativa didáctica en asignaturas tales como Teoría de Grupos, Teoría de Números y Matemáticas Recreativas, con una duración aproximada de dos años, en los que se realizó la búsqueda de información, desarrollo intuitivo, formalización, pruebas de campo con los estudiantes, recolección de resultados, entre otros

Silicon and nitrate differentially modulate the symbiotic performances of healthy and virus-infected Bradyrhizobium-nodulated cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), Yardlong Bean (V. unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis) and Mung Bean (V. radiata)

The effects of 2 mM silicon (Si) and 10 mM KNO3 (N)—prime signals for plant resistanceto pathogens—were analyzed in healthy and Cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (CCMV) or Cowpea mildmottle virus (CMMV)-infected Bradyrhizobium-nodulated cowpea, yardlong bean and mung beanplants. In healthy plants of the three Vigna taxa, nodulation and growth were promoted in the orderof Si + N > N > Si > controls. In the case of healthy cowpea and yardlong bean, the addition of Siand N decreased ureide and -amino acids (AA) contents in the nodules and leaves in the order ofSi + N> N > Si > controls. On the other hand, the addition of N arrested the deleterious effects ofCCMV or CMMV infections on growth and nodulation in the three Vigna taxa. However, the additionof Si or Si + N hindered growth and nodulation in the CCMV- or CMMV-infected cowpea andyardlong bean, causing a massive accumulation of ureides in the leaves and nodules. Nevertheless,the AA content in leaves and nodules of CCMV- or CMMV-infected cowpea and yardlong bean waspromoted by Si but reduced to minimum by Si + N. These results contrasted to the counteractingeffects of Si or Si + N in the CCMV- and CMMV-infected mung bean via enhanced growth, nodulationand levels of ureide and AA in the leaves and nodules. Together, these observations suggest thefertilization with Si + N exclusively in virus-free cowpea and yardlong bean crops. However, Si + Nfertilization must be encouraged in virus-endangered mung bean crops to enhance growth, nodulationand N-metabolism. It is noteworthy to see the enhanced nodulation of the three Vigna taxa in thepresence of 10 mM KNO3.</p

Expression of BART-5, BART-16 and BART-22, and NF-κB factor in classic Hodgkin&apos;s lymphoma in pediatric patients Expresión de BART-5, BART -16 y BART -22, y del factor NF-κB en pacientes pediátricos con linfoma de Hodgkin clásico

ABSTRACT Background. Classic Hodgkin&apos;s lymphoma (CHL) is a neoplasm in which the presence of, or infection by, the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is associated with disease development. Two aspects of this condition are currently unknown: fi rst, whether molecular regulators such as the microRNAs of EBV are expressed and second, if there is an association with infl ammation-promoting, neoplastic factors in pediatric CHL. The aim of the present study was to use RT-PCR to analyze the expression of the specifi c microRNAs of EBV called BARTs, specifi cally BARTs-5, -16 and -22 and that of factor NF-κB, also using RT-PCR. Methods. A total of 24 cases were selected after meeting the inclusion criteria, which involved different varieties of CHL including the nodular sclerosis (NS) and mixed cellularity (MC) types. These resulted in being the most common ones, each with a frequency of 41.6%. Results. BART-5 was the one most frequently expressed in CHL, at 83.3%. BART-22 was the second most frequent, at 33.3%, compared to 0% in controls (reactive lymph nodes, RLN). In all cases, the differences compared to RLN were signifi cant (p &lt;0.05). Expression of NF-κB was found in 62.5% of CHL cases and was present in 83.3% of RLN (p &lt;0.05). The MC type expressed it in 90% of cases, compared to only 20% for the NS variety (p &lt;0.05). Conclusions. BART-5 was the one most frequently expressed in CHL cases. NF-κB factor is an important indicator of infl ammation most often expressed in RLN

HCV eradication with DAAs differently affects HIV males and females: A whole miRNA sequencing characterization

Gender-specific consequences after HCV eradication are unexplored. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play a crucial role in the immune response against viral infections. However, few have highlighted miRNA role in sex-biased disease or therapy response. We aim to assess gender differences reflected in the miRNA expression of HIV/HCV-coinfected patients who achieve sustained virological response (SVR) with direct acting antivirals (DAAs). We conducted a prospective study of miRNA expression in PBMCs from 28 chronic HIV/HCV-coinfected patients (HIV/HCV) at baseline and after achieving SVR with DAAs. Sixteen HIV-monoinfected patients (HIV) and 36 healthy controls (HC) were used as controls. Identification of significant differentially expressed (SDE) miRNAs was performed with generalized linear model and mixed GLMs. We also explored putative dysregulated biological pathways. At baseline, the HIV/HCV patients showed differences in the miRNA profile concerning the HIV group (165 and 102 SDE miRNAs for males and females, respectively). Gender-stratified analysis of HIV/HCV group at baseline versus at SVR achievement showed higher differences in males (80 SDE miRNAs) than in females (55 SDE miRNAs). After SVR, HIV/HCV group showed similar values to HIV individuals, especially in females (1 SDE miRNA). However, ten miRNAs in males remained dysregulated, which were mainly involved in cancer, fatty acid, and inflammatory pathways. Taken together, our results show gender-biased dysregulation in the miRNA expression profile of PBMCs after HCV eradication with DAAs. These differences were normalized in females, while miRNA profile and their target-related pathways in males lack of normalization, which may be related to a high-risk of developing liver-related complications.This work has been supported by grants from Institute of Health Carlos III, Spain [PI15CIII/00031 and PI18CIII/00020/ to AFR and VB] and the Foundation Universidad Alfonso X el Sabio-Santander, Spain [Grant no. 1.010.932 to AFR]. AFR is supported by the Miguel Servet programme from Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria (ISCIII), Spain [CP14/CIII/00010 and CPII20CIII/0001]. This study has been conducted within the Spanish AIDS Research Network (RIS), The SPANISH AIDS Research Network – funded by the Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII) [RD16CIII/0002/0002].S

Different HCV Exposure Drives Specific miRNA Profile in PBMCs of HIV Patients

Micro RNAs (miRNAs) are essential players in HIV and HCV infections, as both viruses modulate cellular miRNAs and interact with the miRNA-mediated host response. We aim to analyze the miRNA profile of HIV patients with different exposure to HCV to explore specific signatures in the miRNA profile of PBMCs for each type of infection. We massively sequenced small RNAs of PBMCs from 117 HIV+ infected patients: 45 HIV+ patients chronically infected with HCV (HIV/HCV+), 36 HIV+ that spontaneously clarified HCV after acute infection (HIV/HCV-) and 36 HIV+ patients without previous HCV infection (HIV). Thirty-two healthy patients were used as healthy controls (HC). Differential expression analysis showed significantly differentially expressed (SDE) miRNAs in HIV/HCV+ (n = 153), HIV/HCV- (n = 169) and HIV (n = 153) patients. We found putative dysregulated pathways, such as infectious-related and PI3K signaling pathways, common in all contrasts. Specifically, putatively targeted genes involved in antifolate resistance (HIV/HV+), cancer-related pathways (HIV/HCV-) and HIF-signaling (HIV) were identified, among others. Our findings revealed that HCV strongly influences the expression profile of PBMCs from HIV patients through the disruption of its miRNome. Thus, different HCV exposure can be identified by specific miRNA signatures in PBMCs.This work has been supported by grants from Institute of Health Carlos III, [PI15CIII/00031 and PI18CIII/00020/ to AFR and VB] and the Foundation Universidad Alfonso X el Sabio-Santander [grant number 1.010.932 to AFR] and the Spanish AIDS Research Network (RD16CIII/0002/0002), and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) en Enfermedades Infecciosas (CB21/13/00044). AFR is supported by the Miguel Servet programme from Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria (ISCIII) [CP14/CIII/00010 and CPII20CIII/0001].info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

HCV-coinfection is related to an increased HIV-1 reservoir size in cART-treated HIV patients: a cross-sectional study

In HIV-1/HCV-coinfected patients, chronic HCV infection leads to an increased T-lymphocyte immune activation compared to HIV-monoinfected patients, thereby likely contributing to increase HIV-1 reservoir that is the major barrier for its eradication. Our objective was to evaluate the influence of HCV coinfection in HIV-1 viral reservoir size in resting (r) CD4+ T-cells (CD25-CD69-HLADR-). Multicenter cross-sectional study of 97 cART-treated HIV-1 patients, including 36 patients with HIV and HCV-chronic co-infection without anti-HCV treatment, 32 HIV patients with HCV spontaneous clearance and 29 HIV-monoinfected patients. rCD4+ T-cells were isolated and total DNA was extracted. HIV viral reservoir was measured by Alu-LTR qPCR. Differences between groups were calculated with a generalized linear model. Overall, 63.9% were men, median age of 41 years and Caucasian. Median CD4+ and CD8+ T-lymphocytes were 725 and 858 cells/mm 3 , respectively. CD4+ T nadir cells was 305 cells/mm 3 . Proviral HIV-1 DNA size was significantly increased in chronic HIV/HCV-coinfected compared to HIV-monoinfected patients (206.21 ± 47.38 vs. 87.34 ± 22.46, respectively; P = 0.009), as well as in spontaneously clarified HCV co-infected patients when compared to HIV-monoinfected individuals (136.20 ± 33.20; P = 0.009). HIV-1/HCV co-infected patients showed a larger HIV-1 reservoir size in comparison to HIV-monoinfected individuals. This increase could lead to a greater complexity in the elimination of HIV-1 reservoir in HIV-1/HCV-coinfected individuals, which should be considered in the current strategies for the elimination of HIV-1 reservoir.Financial support was provided by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III to VB (PI15CIII/00031), by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness to MC (SAF2016–78480-R) and The SPANISH AIDS Research Network RD16CIII/0002/0001, RD16CIII/0002/0002 and RD16/0025/0013 - ISCIII – FEDER. MRLP is supported by ISCIII - Subdirección General de Evaluacion and European Funding for Regional Development (FEDER) (PIE 13/00040 and RD12/0017/0017 RETIC de SIDA). C.P. is supported by the Portuguese Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT) (grant number SFRH/ BPD/77448/2011 is part of the EDCTP2 programme supported by the European Union). V.B., A.F.R. and N.R. are supported by the Miguel Servet programme from Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria (ISCIII) (grant number CP13/00098, CP14/CIII/00010 and CP14/00198, respectively)

HCV eradication with DAAs differently affects HIV males and females: A whole miRNA sequencing characterization

Gender-specific consequences after HCV eradication are unexplored. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play a crucial role in the immune response against viral infections. However, few have highlighted miRNA role in sex-biased disease or therapy response. We aim to assess gender differences reflected in the miRNA expression of HIV/HCV-coinfected patients who achieve sustained virological response (SVR) with direct acting antivirals (DAAs). We conducted a prospective study of miRNA expression in PBMCs from 28 chronic HIV/HCV-coinfected patients (HIV/HCV) at baseline and after achieving SVR with DAAs. Sixteen HIV-monoinfected patients (HIV) and 36 healthy controls (HC) were used as controls. Identification of significant differentially expressed (SDE) miRNAs was performed with generalized linear model and mixed GLMs. We also explored putative dysregulated biological pathways. At baseline, the HIV/HCV patients showed differences in the miRNA profile concerning the HIV group (165 and 102 SDE miRNAs for males and females, respectively). Gender-stratified analysis of HIV/HCV group at baseline versus at SVR achievement showed higher differences in males (80 SDE miRNAs) than in females (55 SDE miRNAs). After SVR, HIV/HCV group showed similar values to HIV individuals, especially in females (1 SDE miRNA). However, ten miRNAs in males remained dysregulated, which were mainly involved in cancer, fatty acid, and inflammatory pathways. Taken together, our results show gender-biased dysregulation in the miRNA expression profile of PBMCs after HCV eradication with DAAs. These differences were normalized in females, while miRNA profile and their target-related pathways in males lack of normalization, which may be related to a high-risk of developing liver-related complications

On the nature of carbonaceous cosmic dust analogs

IBERTRIVA 2019 X Iberian Conference on Tribology – IBERTRIB, XI Iberian Vacuum Conference - RIVA, Seville, Spain,June 26-28Peer reviewe

Characterisation of age and polarity at onset in bipolar disorder

Background Studying phenotypic and genetic characteristics of age at onset (AAO) and polarity at onset (PAO) in bipolar disorder can provide new insights into disease pathology and facilitate the development of screening tools. Aims To examine the genetic architecture of AAO and PAO and their association with bipolar disorder disease characteristics. Method Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) and polygenic score (PGS) analyses of AAO (n = 12 977) and PAO (n = 6773) were conducted in patients with bipolar disorder from 34 cohorts and a replication sample (n = 2237). The association of onset with disease characteristics was investigated in two of these cohorts. Results Earlier AAO was associated with a higher probability of psychotic symptoms, suicidality, lower educational attainment, not living together and fewer episodes. Depressive onset correlated with suicidality and manic onset correlated with delusions and manic episodes. Systematic differences in AAO between cohorts and continents of origin were observed. This was also reflected in single-nucleotide variant-based heritability estimates, with higher heritabilities for stricter onset definitions. Increased PGS for autism spectrum disorder (β = −0.34 years, s.e. = 0.08), major depression (β = −0.34 years, s.e. = 0.08), schizophrenia (β = −0.39 years, s.e. = 0.08), and educational attainment (β = −0.31 years, s.e. = 0.08) were associated with an earlier AAO. The AAO GWAS identified one significant locus, but this finding did not replicate. Neither GWAS nor PGS analyses yielded significant associations with PAO. Conclusions AAO and PAO are associated with indicators of bipolar disorder severity. Individuals with an earlier onset show an increased polygenic liability for a broad spectrum of psychiatric traits. Systematic differences in AAO across cohorts, continents and phenotype definitions introduce significant heterogeneity, affecting analyses