Lokal overvannshåndtering – regnbed Bolstadhagen, Drammen

Norges miljø‐ og biovitenskapelige universitet (NMBU) har i samarbeid med Drammen kommune gjennomført et forskningsprosjekt for å vurdere hvordan Bolstadhagen regnbed (som består av 4 deler i serie, bed 1‐4) fungerer i driftsfasen. I dette inngår måling av infiltrasjonsevne, kapasitet (vannbalanse), vinterforhold, vannkvalitet og plantenes egnethet. Jordsammensetningen som er lik i alle bedene har en kornfordeling og organisk innhold som oppgitt av produsenten (Lindum). Gjennomsnittlig infiltrasjonsevne i regnbedet var i 2017 ca 9 cm/t som er litt i underkant av anbefalt grense på 10 cm/t. Gjentak av målingene i 2020 ga en gjennomsnittlig infiltrasjonsevne (kun målt i de to nederste bedene, 3 og 4) på 22 cm/t i 2020, denne økningen samsvarer med målinger i forskningsregnbedet på NMBU. I de to øverste bedene ble det observert stående vann fra vinteren 2019 frem til høsten 2020. Dette skyldes mest sannsynlig økt partikkel transport på grunn av manglende tømming av sandfang. Dette har sannsynligvis også inkludert finmateriale som har sedimentert i dammene som dannes i bed 1 og 2 og tettet porerommene. Basert på vannføringsmålinger i kum som fordeler vann inn på regnbedet, i utløpskum og i overløpskum ettervinteren 2018, var anlegget overdimensjonert i forhold til vannmengdene som ble tilført. Mer vann ble derfor tilkoblet i 23.04.18, dette økte vannføringen inn på anlegget og ga vann til overløp (dette skjedde ved enkelte nedbørhendelser >10‐20mm/døgn). Vannmengdene var en størrelsesorden lavere enn det som ble målt i innløpskummen. Forutsatt at man bedrer tømmerutinene i sandfang før innløpet til regnbedet, og utbedrer infiltrasjonsevnen i bed 1 og 2, kan man fortsatt optimalisere mengder vann til anlegget og om mulig redusere vann til overløp ettersom det fortsatt er ubrukt kapasitet på regnbed/Q‐bic magasin. Basert på vannanalyser fra inn‐ og utløpskummene til Bolstadhagen, er vannet lite påvirket av veisalt (maks 26 mg Cl/l, sammenliknet med 380 mg Cl/l i et veinært regnbed i Drammen kommune: Bjørnstjerne Bjørnsonsgate). Generelt er det lite forurensinger i vannet som infiltrerer i regnbedet, og det er heller ikke observert utlekking av næringsstoffer fra jordfilteret som kan oppstå i konstruerte jordfilter pga innblanding med kompost. Generelt kan det ta noen år før nyplantinger etablerer seg. Fra mai 2018 ble det ekstremt varmt og tørt og dette varte til begynnelsen av august, dette gav svært dårlig plantevekstvekst utover sommeren. Det var tydelig forskjell mellom arter i løpet av sesongen. Til tross for vanning gjennom sommeren 2018 var det først etter større nedbørmengder i august at plantene kom i god vekst. Etter første leveår (2017/18) var det ingen av plantene som hadde gått ut, bortsett fra de som hadde fått tråkkskader. Salttoleranse kunne ikke vurderes da det var lite salt i vann som infiltrerte regnbedet denne vinteren. Etter vinteren 2019/20 hadde mange planter i bed 1 og 2 fått varige skader på grunn av langvarig stående vann. Både planter og infiltrasjonsevne ble påvirket av vinterforhold og frost i bakken. Vinteren 2017/18 var snørik med 89‐207mm vannekvivalenter ved slutten av snøsesongen. Et islag ble observert i bunnen av flere av regnbedene allerede i januar, og til tross for at snøen hadde smeltet i begynnelsen av april var ikke islaget borte før i slutten av april i regnbedene. Dette redusert infiltrasjonsevnen både gjennom vinteren og i snøsmeltingen. Dette kan gi problemer med oksygentilgjengelighet for planter, det utsetter også vekstsesongen. Etter vinteren 2017/18 ble det installert jordtemperatur og fuktsensorer i regnbedet, som det er viktig å følge opp slik at man får observasjoner som kompletterer overflate observasjonene gjennom flere vintre. Attraksjonsverdi er ikke vurdert generelt, men i forhold til hvordan plantene fremsto vår og sommer 2018, hadde både isbrann og tørke virket negativt inn på plantene. Etter godt med nedbør i august 2018 var plantene frodige og hadde høy attraksjonsverdi. Regnbedet fremstod da som et positivt element i skolegården og for turgåere i området. På grunn av nevnte problemer med stående vann i bed 1 og 2 opptrer regnbedet som noe redusert høsten 2020 sammenliknet med tilstanden høsten 2018.The Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU) has in collaboration with Drammen municipality carried out a study of the functionality of Bolstadhagen raingarden (consisting of 4 sections in series, 1‐4) during the operational phase. This includes measuring infiltration, capacity (water balance), winter conditions, water quality and the suitability of the plants. The soil composition has a grain distribution and organic content as stated by the producer (Lindum). The average infiltration capacity in the raingarden in 2017 was 9 cm/h, which is slightly lower than the recommendation of 10 cm/h, but in 2020 the infiltration capacity had increased to 22 cm/h (could only be measured in the two lower sections, 3 and 4). In the two upper sections (1 and 2) standing water was observed from winter 2019 until autumn 2020, most likely because the sand trap upstream was not emptied as prescribed (causing input of fine sediments and sedimentation in the ponded water). Based on water flow measurements in manholes that distribute water into and out of the rain garden and via the overflow (by‐passing the rain garden), the initial capacity of the rain garden appears to be over dimensioned. Surface water pipes from a larger area was connected to the raingarden 23.04.18, this increased the discharge into the raingarden and caused water to overflow (this occurred during some precipitation events > 10‐20mm/day). The water volumes out of the raingarden during these events were an order of magnitude lower than what was measured in the inlet manhole. Assuming improved emptying routines of the sand trap before the inlet to the raingarden, and improved infiltration in sections 1 and 2, discharge rates could still be optimized further as there is unused storage capacity in the raingarden plus the storage volume below the raingarden (Q‐bic reservoirs). Based on water analyses, there is little contaminants in the incoming water to the raingarden, and no leakage of nutrients in the water drained from the raingarden filter material (soil). No or low salt concentrations were observed in snow and meltwater that infiltrated the raingarden. In general, it may take a few years before new plantings (2017) are established. From May 2018 it became extremely hot and dry and this lasted until the beginning of August, this gave poor plant growth over the summer. There was a clear difference between species. Despite irrigation during the summer, improvements in plant growth could only be observed after heavy rainfall in August. After the first year (2018) since the establishment of the raingarden, none of the plants had died, except for those that had been exposed to trampling. Salt tolerance could not be evaluated as there was little salt in the water that infiltrated the raingarden that winter. The winter of 2019/20 gave permanent damage to many of the plants in section 1 and 2 because of prolonged standing water. The winter of 2017/18 was snowy with 89‐207mm water equivalents at the end of the snow season. Both plants and infiltration were affected by winter conditions and frost in the ground. An ice layer was observed at the bottom of several of the raingarden sections already in January, and despite snow having melted by early April, the ice layer had not melted by the end of April in the raingarden. The reduced infiltration capacity both during winter and snowmelt can cause problems with oxygen availability for plants, it also postpones the growing season. After the winter of 2017/18, soil temperature and moisture sensors were installed in the raingarden (section 1). This provides useful seasonal information which complements surface observations. Attraction value was not assessed in general but considering how the plants appeared in spring and summer of 2018, both ice conditions of the preceding winter followed by summer drought caused a negative effect on the plants. After plentiful rainfall in August 2018, the plants were lush with a high attraction value. The raingarden appeared as a positive element in the schoolyard and by passers in the area. Due to the mentioned problems with standing water in sections 1 and 2, the raingarden appeared to be somewhat reduced in the autumn of 2020 compared to the condition in the autumn of 2018

Disease-associated mutations in a bifunctional aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase gene elicit the integrated stress response

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (ARSs) catalyze the charging of specific amino acids onto cognate tRNAs, an essential process for protein synthesis. Mutations in ARSs are frequently associated with a variety of human diseases. The human EPRS1 gene encodes a bifunctional glutamyl-prolyl-tRNA synthetase (EPRS) with two catalytic cores and appended domains that contribute to nontranslational functions. In this study, we report compound heterozygous mutations in EPRS1, which lead to amino acid substitutions P14R and E205G in two patients with diabetes and bone diseases. While neither mutation affects tRNA binding or association of EPRS with the multisynthetase complex, E205G in the glutamyl-tRNA synthetase (ERS) region of EPRS is defective in amino acid activation and tRNAGlu charging. The P14R mutation induces a conformational change and altered tRNA charging kinetics in vitro. We propose that the altered catalytic activity and conformational changes in the EPRS variants sensitize patient cells to stress, triggering an increased integrated stress response (ISR) that diminishes cell viability. Indeed, patient-derived cells expressing the compound heterozygous EPRS show heightened induction of the ISR, suggestive of disruptions in protein homeostasis. These results have important implications for understanding ARS-associated human disease mechanisms and development of new therapeutics

A Multilaboratory Comparison of Calibration Accuracy and the Performance of External References in Analytical Ultracentrifugation

Analytical ultracentrifugation (AUC) is a first principles based method to determine absolute sedimentation coefficients and buoyant molar masses of macromolecules and their complexes, reporting on their size and shape in free solution. The purpose of this multi-laboratory study was to establish the precision and accuracy of basic data dimensions in AUC and validate previously proposed calibration techniques. Three kits of AUC cell assemblies containing radial and temperature calibration tools and a bovine serum albumin (BSA) reference sample were shared among 67 laboratories, generating 129 comprehensive data sets. These allowed for an assessment of many parameters of instrument performance, including accuracy of the reported scan time after the start of centrifugation, the accuracy of the temperature calibration, and the accuracy of the radial magnification. The range of sedimentation coefficients obtained for BSA monomer in different instruments and using different optical systems was from 3.655 S to 4.949 S, with a mean and standard deviation of (4.304 ± 0.188) S (4.4%). After the combined application of correction factors derived from the external calibration references for elapsed time, scan velocity, temperature, and radial magnification, the range of s-values was reduced 7-fold with a mean of 4.325 S and a 6-fold reduced standard deviation of ± 0.030 S (0.7%). In addition, the large data set provided an opportunity to determine the instrument-to-instrument variation of the absolute radial positions reported in the scan files, the precision of photometric or refractometric signal magnitudes, and the precision of the calculated apparent molar mass of BSA monomer and the fraction of BSA dimers. These results highlight the necessity and effectiveness of independent calibration of basic AUC data dimensions for reliable quantitative studies

A Multilaboratory Comparison of Calibration Accuracy and the Performance of External References in Analytical Ultracentrifugation

Analytical ultracentrifugation (AUC) is a first principles based method to determine absolute sedimentation coefficients and buoyant molar masses of macromolecules and their complexes, reporting on their size and shape in free solution. The purpose of this multi-laboratory study was to establish the precision and accuracy of basic data dimensions in AUC and validate previously proposed calibration techniques. Three kits of AUC cell assemblies containing radial and temperature calibration tools and a bovine serum albumin (BSA) reference sample were shared among 67 laboratories, generating 129 comprehensive data sets. These allowed for an assessment of many parameters of instrument performance, including accuracy of the reported scan time after the start of centrifugation, the accuracy of the temperature calibration, and the accuracy of the radial magnification. The range of sedimentation coefficients obtained for BSA monomer in different instruments and using different optical systems was from 3.655 S to 4.949 S, with a mean and standard deviation of (4.304 ± 0.188) S (4.4%). After the combined application of correction factors derived from the external calibration references for elapsed time, scan velocity, temperature, and radial magnification, the range of s-values was reduced 7-fold with a mean of 4.325 S and a 6-fold reduced standard deviation of ± 0.030 S (0.7%). In addition, the large data set provided an opportunity to determine the instrument-to-instrument variation of the absolute radial positions reported in the scan files, the precision of photometric or refractometric signal magnitudes, and the precision of the calculated apparent molar mass of BSA monomer and the fraction of BSA dimers. These results highlight the necessity and effectiveness of independent calibration of basic AUC data dimensions for reliable quantitative studies

A multilaboratory comparison of calibration accuracy and the performance of external references in analytical ultracentrifugation.

Analytical ultracentrifugation (AUC) is a first principles based method to determine absolute sedimentation coefficients and buoyant molar masses of macromolecules and their complexes, reporting on their size and shape in free solution. The purpose of this multi-laboratory study was to establish the precision and accuracy of basic data dimensions in AUC and validate previously proposed calibration techniques. Three kits of AUC cell assemblies containing radial and temperature calibration tools and a bovine serum albumin (BSA) reference sample were shared among 67 laboratories, generating 129 comprehensive data sets. These allowed for an assessment of many parameters of instrument performance, including accuracy of the reported scan time after the start of centrifugation, the accuracy of the temperature calibration, and the accuracy of the radial magnification. The range of sedimentation coefficients obtained for BSA monomer in different instruments and using different optical systems was from 3.655 S to 4.949 S, with a mean and standard deviation of (4.304 ± 0.188) S (4.4%). After the combined application of correction factors derived from the external calibration references for elapsed time, scan velocity, temperature, and radial magnification, the range of s-values was reduced 7-fold with a mean of 4.325 S and a 6-fold reduced standard deviation of ± 0.030 S (0.7%). In addition, the large data set provided an opportunity to determine the instrument-to-instrument variation of the absolute radial positions reported in the scan files, the precision of photometric or refractometric signal magnitudes, and the precision of the calculated apparent molar mass of BSA monomer and the fraction of BSA dimers. These results highlight the necessity and effectiveness of independent calibration of basic AUC data dimensions for reliable quantitative studies