Patient safety management from the perspective of nurses

OBJETIVO Evaluar bajo el punto de vista de los enfermeros las acciones de gestión de la seguridad de los pacientes desarrolladas en instituciones hospitalarias. MÉTODO Se trata de un estudio transversal, descriptivo, tipo Survey. Participaron del estudio siete hospitales en los que siete enfermeros responsables y 49 enfermeros coordinadores de sectores (n=56) respondieron al instrumento elaborado por el autor. RESULTADOS Los resultados evidenciaron que el 100% de los hospitales tiene sistema de notificación de eventos adversos, el 71,4% tiene Comisión de Gestión de Riesgos, el 80% llevó a cabo la discusión de los eventos, habiendo consenso de que dichas discusiones conducen a cambios favorables a la seguridad del paciente en las instituciones investigadas. El recelo de los colaboradores por punición ante sus fallos y la subnotificación de los eventos fueron los aspectos de mayor fragilidad encontrados. CONCLUSIÓN Las instituciones deben desarrollar políticas organizacionales enfocadas en el estímulo a la notificación de eventos y la implantación de medidas que remitan a una cultura organizacional no punitiva.OBJETIVO Avaliar sob a ótica dos enfermeiros, as ações de gerenciamento da segurança dos pacientes desenvolvidas em instituições hospitalares. MÉTODO Trata-se de um estudo transversal, descritivo, tipo Survey. Participaram do estudo sete hospitais nos quais sete enfermeiros responsáveis e 49 enfermeiros coordenadores de setores (n=56) responderam ao instrumento elaborado pelo autor. RESULTADOS Os resultados evidenciaram que 100% dos hospitais possuem sistema de notificação de eventos adversos, 71,4% possuem Comissão de Gerenciamento de Riscos, 80% realizam discussão dos eventos, havendo consenso de que tais discussões levam a mudanças favoráveis à segurança do paciente nas instituições pesquisadas. O receio dos colaboradores por punição frente às suas falhas e a subnotificação dos eventos foram os aspectos de maior fragilidade encontrados. CONCLUSÃO As instituições devem desenvolver políticas organizacionais focadas no estímulo à notificação de eventos e na implementação de medidas que direcionem para uma cultura organizacional não punitiva.OBJECTIVE To evaluate the actions of patient safety management developed in hospitals, from the perspective of nurses. METHOD This is a cross-sectional, descriptive study of the survey type. Participants were seven hospitals, in which seven nurse managers and 49 sector coordinator nurses (n = 56) answered the instrument prepared by the author. RESULTS The results showed that 100% of hospitals have an adverse event reporting system, 71.4% have a Risk Management Committee and 80% have discussions about the events. There is agreement that these discussions lead to favorable changes for patient safety in the surveyed institutions. The employees' fear of punishment for their faults, and the underreporting of events were the aspects of greatest weakness found. CONCLUSION The institutions should develop organizational policies focused on stimulating event notification and on the implementation of measures directed to a non-punitive organizational culture

Patient safety management from the perspective of nurses

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the actions of patient safety management developed in hospitals, from the perspective of nurses. METHOD This is a cross-sectional, descriptive study of the survey type. Participants were seven hospitals, in which seven nurse managers and 49 sector coordinator nurses (n = 56) answered the instrument prepared by the author. RESULTS The results showed that 100% of hospitals have an adverse event reporting system, 71.4% have a Risk Management Committee and 80% have discussions about the events. There is agreement that these discussions lead to favorable changes for patient safety in the surveyed institutions. The employees' fear of punishment for their faults, and the underreporting of events were the aspects of greatest weakness found. CONCLUSION The institutions should develop organizational policies focused on stimulating event notification and on the implementation of measures directed to a non-punitive organizational culture

Worldwide trends in underweight and obesity from 1990 to 2022: a pooled analysis of 3663 population-representative studies with 222 million children, adolescents, and adults

Background Underweight and obesity are associated with adverse health outcomes throughout the life course. We estimated the individual and combined prevalence of underweight or thinness and obesity, and their changes, from 1990 to 2022 for adults and school-aged children and adolescents in 200 countries and territories. Methods We used data from 3663 population-based studies with 222 million participants that measured height and weight in representative samples of the general population. We used a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends in the prevalence of different BMI categories, separately for adults (age ≥20 years) and school-aged children and adolescents (age 5–19 years), from 1990 to 2022 for 200 countries and territories. For adults, we report the individual and combined prevalence of underweight (BMI <18·5 kg/m2) and obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m2). For schoolaged children and adolescents, we report thinness (BMI <2 SD below the median of the WHO growth reference) and obesity (BMI >2 SD above the median). Findings From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity in adults decreased in 11 countries (6%) for women and 17 (9%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 that the observed changes were true decreases. The combined prevalence increased in 162 countries (81%) for women and 140 countries (70%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. In 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity was highest in island nations in the Caribbean and Polynesia and Micronesia, and countries in the Middle East and north Africa. Obesity prevalence was higher than underweight with posterior probability of at least 0·80 in 177 countries (89%) for women and 145 (73%) for men in 2022, whereas the converse was true in 16 countries (8%) for women, and 39 (20%) for men. From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of thinness and obesity decreased among girls in five countries (3%) and among boys in 15 countries (8%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80, and increased among girls in 140 countries (70%) and boys in 137 countries (69%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. The countries with highest combined prevalence of thinness and obesity in school-aged children and adolescents in 2022 were in Polynesia and Micronesia and the Caribbean for both sexes, and Chile and Qatar for boys. Combined prevalence was also high in some countries in south Asia, such as India and Pakistan, where thinness remained prevalent despite having declined. In 2022, obesity in school-aged children and adolescents was more prevalent than thinness with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 among girls in 133 countries (67%) and boys in 125 countries (63%), whereas the converse was true in 35 countries (18%) and 42 countries (21%), respectively. In almost all countries for both adults and school-aged children and adolescents, the increases in double burden were driven by increases in obesity, and decreases in double burden by declining underweight or thinness. Interpretation The combined burden of underweight and obesity has increased in most countries, driven by an increase in obesity, while underweight and thinness remain prevalent in south Asia and parts of Africa. A healthy nutrition transition that enhances access to nutritious foods is needed to address the remaining burden of underweight while curbing and reversing the increase in obesit

Evaluation of the Patient Identification Process in Healthcare Services

A identificação do paciente tem sido reconhecida como um componente essencial e crucial na segurança do paciente e a ausência de processo padronizado de identificação nos serviços de saúde pode contribuir para a ocorrência de falhas. O estudo teve como objetivo investigar a temática de identificação dos pacientes em serviços de saúde. Para alcançar os objetivos propostos, a pesquisa foi conduzida em três fases: a elaboração da revisão integrativa (RI) e a condução de dois estudos descritivos. A busca dos estudos primários para inclusão na RI foi realizada nas bases de dados: PubMed, CINHAL, LILACS, SciELO, Scopus e Embase. A amostra da revisão integrativa foi composta por 17 estudos primários, agrupados em seis categorias temáticas. A estratégia do uso da pulseira de identificação de forma individualizada e que atenda às necessidades tanto das instituições quanto dos pacientes têm sido apontada pelos autores. O estudo descritivo da fase dois foi conduzido em 17 instituições de saúde sendo 12 hospitais e 5 unidades de pronto atendimento selecionados com a participação dos 17 enfermeiros responsáveis técnicos (RT). Para coleta de dados foi elaborado um instrumento submetido à validação aparente e de conteúdo por cinco juízes. Os enfermeiros RT responderam sobre as estratégias utilizadas pelos serviços de saúde para identificação dos pacientes.Todos os hospitais (100%) identificam seus pacientes internados, destacando-se o uso de pulseira e nenhum pronto atendimento independente utiliza essa estratégia. A admissão do paciente representa a etapa do atendimento em que as pulseiras de identificação são colocadas. Em 75% das instituições pesquisadas foi apontado como problema a falta de padronização na utilização das pulseiras, assim como a adoção de modelos não padronizados, destacada a variedade de cores, para identificar determinadas informações sobre o paciente. Em 33,3% dos hospitais mais de uma pulseira é colocada no mesmo paciente. Para a identificação de alergias, 50% dos hospitais usam pulseira vermelha. O nome completo, sobrenome, registro hospitalar e data de nascimento são dados que devem constar na pulseira de identificação do paciente. A pulseira de identificação tem sido reconhecida como a melhor forma de identificação do paciente nas instituições de saúde, mas além do uso desta metodologia é importante que todos, ao prestar um cuidado realizem a checagem da identificação confirmando neste momento os identificadores preconizados. O estudo descritivo da fase três foi conduzido em uma instituição hospitalar selecionada com vistas a analisar a influência da identificação do paciente na ocorrência de eventos adversos (EA) quanto às causas, locais das ocorrências, frequência, se a identificação foi uma barreira, danos causados, consequências, medidas corretivas e preventivas. No período analisado, de agosto de 2012 a agosto de 2014, foi notificado um total de 1673 ocorrências no sistema de notificação, sendo que dessas, 38 estavam relacionadas à identificação do paciente, representando 2,3% do total das ocorrências. A identificação do paciente atuou como barreira para identificar uma falha no processo relacionada ao EA em 45% das notificações. A quebra de protocolo foi responsável por 86% das causas que levou a ocorrência de EA, relacionadas à identificação do paciente. A existência de protocolos e procedimentos escritos por si só não garantem que falhas aconteçam, principalmente em relaçao à identificação do paciente, sendo necessário a implementação de medidas de avaliação do cumprimento dos mesmos. Isso possibilitará o aprimoramento desse processo e, com isso, garantirá qualidade e segurançaPatient identification has been acknowledged as a crucial an essential component in patients\' safety and the absence of a standard identification process in healthcare services can contribute to failures. This study aimed to investigate the theme around patient identification in healthcare services. To reach such objectives, research was conducted in three phases: elaboration of an integrative review and the conduction of two descriptive studies. Search for primary studies to be included in the integrative review was done on the following databases: PubMed, CINHAL, LILACS, SciELO, Scopus and Embase. The integrative review\'s sample concerned of 17 primary studies in six categories: identification in the healthcare teams\' and patients\' (or the patients\' tutors\') perspective (eis); identification in newborn and pediatric patients; identification in administration of chemotherapy and medication; identification in blood transfusion and sample collecting; identification in surgical patients and implementation of patient identification policies. The identification wristband strategy in an individualized manner with regards to both the patients\' and the institutions\' needs has been acclaimed by authors. Phase 2\'s descriptive study was conducted in 17 healthcare institutions, 12 hospitals and 5 emergency care units, selected with participation of 17 tech-nurses in charge. For data collection, an instrument that underwent apparent and content validation by five judges was created. Nurses answered about strategies used by healthcare services for patient identification. Every hospital reported having identification protocols; and while wristbands usage stands out in hospitals, no independent emergency care unit uses that strategy. Patient admission represents the stage during which wristbands are placed. In 75% of the researched institutions, lack of standardization in wristband use was pointed out as an issue as well as adoption of non-standardized methods; variety in color for the sake of categorization of patients sticks out in this matter. In 33% of the hospitals, more than one wristband is placed on a single patient. For identification of allergies, 50% of the hospitals use red wristbands. A patient wristband must contain a patient\'s full name, hospital record and date of birth. The identification wristband has been acknowledged as the best form of identification for patients in healthcare facilities, but apart from this method, it is important that all who are carrying out patient care check the identification, confirming the preconized identification. Phase 3\'s descriptive study was conducted in a selected hospital facility for this investigation aimed to analyze the influence of patient identification on adverse events (EA) as to causes, locale, frequency, if identification was a barrier, damage caused, consequences, and corrective and preventive measures. In the time period from August 2012 and August 2014, a total of 1673 occurrences in the institution\'s identification system was notified; among those, 38 concerned patient identification, representing 2,3% of the total. Patient identification acted as a barrier to identify a failure in an EA-related process in 45% of institutions. Protocol breach was behind 86% of the cause of EA occurrences that were connected to patient identification. Existence of protocols and procedures written alone does not guarantee failures occur, especially when it comes down to patient identification; which brings out the need for implementation of measures of evaluation that assure that these protocols are being followed by the staff. This will allow the enhancement of this process and with it a betterment in quality and safety in patient car

Patient safety management from the perspective of nurses

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the actions of patient safety management developed in hospitals, from the perspective of nurses. METHOD This is a cross-sectional, descriptive study of the survey type. Participants were seven hospitals, in which seven nurse managers and 49 sector coordinator nurses (n = 56) answered the instrument prepared by the author. RESULTS The results showed that 100% of hospitals have an adverse event reporting system, 71.4% have a Risk Management Committee and 80% have discussions about the events. There is agreement that these discussions lead to favorable changes for patient safety in the surveyed institutions. The employees' fear of punishment for their faults, and the underreporting of events were the aspects of greatest weakness found. CONCLUSION The institutions should develop organizational policies focused on stimulating event notification and on the implementation of measures directed to a non-punitive organizational culture

Neotropical freshwater fisheries : A dataset of occurrence and abundance of freshwater fishes in the Neotropics

The Neotropical region hosts 4225 freshwater fish species, ranking first among the world's most diverse regions for freshwater fishes. Our NEOTROPICAL FRESHWATER FISHES data set is the first to produce a large-scale Neotropical freshwater fish inventory, covering the entire Neotropical region from Mexico and the Caribbean in the north to the southern limits in Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay. We compiled 185,787 distribution records, with unique georeferenced coordinates, for the 4225 species, represented by occurrence and abundance data. The number of species for the most numerous orders are as follows: Characiformes (1289), Siluriformes (1384), Cichliformes (354), Cyprinodontiformes (245), and Gymnotiformes (135). The most recorded species was the characid Astyanax fasciatus (4696 records). We registered 116,802 distribution records for native species, compared to 1802 distribution records for nonnative species. The main aim of the NEOTROPICAL FRESHWATER FISHES data set was to make these occurrence and abundance data accessible for international researchers to develop ecological and macroecological studies, from local to regional scales, with focal fish species, families, or orders. We anticipate that the NEOTROPICAL FRESHWATER FISHES data set will be valuable for studies on a wide range of ecological processes, such as trophic cascades, fishery pressure, the effects of habitat loss and fragmentation, and the impacts of species invasion and climate change. There are no copyright restrictions on the data, and please cite this data paper when using the data in publications

Evaluation of a quality improvement intervention to reduce anastomotic leak following right colectomy (EAGLE): pragmatic, batched stepped-wedge, cluster-randomized trial in 64 countries

Background Anastomotic leak affects 8 per cent of patients after right colectomy with a 10-fold increased risk of postoperative death. The EAGLE study aimed to develop and test whether an international, standardized quality improvement intervention could reduce anastomotic leaks. Methods The internationally intended protocol, iteratively co-developed by a multistage Delphi process, comprised an online educational module introducing risk stratification, an intraoperative checklist, and harmonized surgical techniques. Clusters (hospital teams) were randomized to one of three arms with varied sequences of intervention/data collection by a derived stepped-wedge batch design (at least 18 hospital teams per batch). Patients were blinded to the study allocation. Low- and middle-income country enrolment was encouraged. The primary outcome (assessed by intention to treat) was anastomotic leak rate, and subgroup analyses by module completion (at least 80 per cent of surgeons, high engagement; less than 50 per cent, low engagement) were preplanned. Results A total 355 hospital teams registered, with 332 from 64 countries (39.2 per cent low and middle income) included in the final analysis. The online modules were completed by half of the surgeons (2143 of 4411). The primary analysis included 3039 of the 3268 patients recruited (206 patients had no anastomosis and 23 were lost to follow-up), with anastomotic leaks arising before and after the intervention in 10.1 and 9.6 per cent respectively (adjusted OR 0.87, 95 per cent c.i. 0.59 to 1.30; P = 0.498). The proportion of surgeons completing the educational modules was an influence: the leak rate decreased from 12.2 per cent (61 of 500) before intervention to 5.1 per cent (24 of 473) after intervention in high-engagement centres (adjusted OR 0.36, 0.20 to 0.64; P < 0.001), but this was not observed in low-engagement hospitals (8.3 per cent (59 of 714) and 13.8 per cent (61 of 443) respectively; adjusted OR 2.09, 1.31 to 3.31). Conclusion Completion of globally available digital training by engaged teams can alter anastomotic leak rates. Registration number: NCT04270721 (http://www.clinicaltrials.gov)

Worldwide trends in underweight and obesity from 1990 to 2022: a pooled analysis of 3663 population-representative studies with 222 million children, adolescents, and adults

Background: Underweight and obesity are associated with adverse health outcomes throughout the life course. We estimated the individual and combined prevalence of underweight or thinness and obesity, and their changes, from 1990 to 2022 for adults and school-aged children and adolescents in 200 countries and territories. Methods: We used data from 3663 population-based studies with 222 million participants that measured height and weight in representative samples of the general population. We used a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends in the prevalence of different BMI categories, separately for adults (age ≥20 years) and school-aged children and adolescents (age 5-19 years), from 1990 to 2022 for 200 countries and territories. For adults, we report the individual and combined prevalence of underweight (BMI <18·5 kg/m2) and obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m2). For school-aged children and adolescents, we report thinness (BMI <2 SD below the median of the WHO growth reference) and obesity (BMI >2 SD above the median). Findings: From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity in adults decreased in 11 countries (6%) for women and 17 (9%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 that the observed changes were true decreases. The combined prevalence increased in 162 countries (81%) for women and 140 countries (70%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. In 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity was highest in island nations in the Caribbean and Polynesia and Micronesia, and countries in the Middle East and north Africa. Obesity prevalence was higher than underweight with posterior probability of at least 0·80 in 177 countries (89%) for women and 145 (73%) for men in 2022, whereas the converse was true in 16 countries (8%) for women, and 39 (20%) for men. From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of thinness and obesity decreased among girls in five countries (3%) and among boys in 15 countries (8%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80, and increased among girls in 140 countries (70%) and boys in 137 countries (69%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. The countries with highest combined prevalence of thinness and obesity in school-aged children and adolescents in 2022 were in Polynesia and Micronesia and the Caribbean for both sexes, and Chile and Qatar for boys. Combined prevalence was also high in some countries in south Asia, such as India and Pakistan, where thinness remained prevalent despite having declined. In 2022, obesity in school-aged children and adolescents was more prevalent than thinness with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 among girls in 133 countries (67%) and boys in 125 countries (63%), whereas the converse was true in 35 countries (18%) and 42 countries (21%), respectively. In almost all countries for both adults and school-aged children and adolescents, the increases in double burden were driven by increases in obesity, and decreases in double burden by declining underweight or thinness. Interpretation: The combined burden of underweight and obesity has increased in most countries, driven by an increase in obesity, while underweight and thinness remain prevalent in south Asia and parts of Africa. A healthy nutrition transition that enhances access to nutritious foods is needed to address the remaining burden of underweight while curbing and reversing the increase in obesity. Funding: UK Medical Research Council, UK Research and Innovation (Research England), UK Research and Innovation (Innovate UK), and European Union

Diminishing benefits of urban living for children and adolescents’ growth and development

Optimal growth and development in childhood and adolescence is crucial for lifelong health and well-being1–6. Here we used data from 2,325 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight from 71 million participants, to report the height and body-mass index (BMI) of children and adolescents aged 5–19 years on the basis of rural and urban place of residence in 200 countries and territories from 1990 to 2020. In 1990, children and adolescents residing in cities were taller than their rural counterparts in all but a few high-income countries. By 2020, the urban height advantage became smaller in most countries, and in many high-income western countries it reversed into a small urban-based disadvantage. The exception was for boys in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and in some countries in Oceania, south Asia and the region of central Asia, Middle East and north Africa. In these countries, successive cohorts of boys from rural places either did not gain height or possibly became shorter, and hence fell further behind their urban peers. The difference between the age-standardized mean BMI of children in urban and rural areas was <1.1 kg m–2 in the vast majority of countries. Within this small range, BMI increased slightly more in cities than in rural areas, except in south Asia, sub-Saharan Africa and some countries in central and eastern Europe. Our results show that in much of the world, the growth and developmental advantages of living in cities have diminished in the twenty-first century, whereas in much of sub-Saharan Africa they have amplified