Activity of the Insectivorous Bat Pteronotus parnellii Relative to Insect Resources and Vegetation Structure

Riparian areas often are assumed to be necessary sites for foraging by insectivorous bats because of high insect availability and ease of movement and echolocation in the forest. However, effects of vegetation clutter and insect availability on bat activity have not been compared between riparian and nonriparian areas. We used autonomous recorders to evaluate the effects of vegetation structure, insect mass, and assemblage composition on the activity of the aerial insectivorous bat Pteronotus parnellii along stream channels and nonriparian areas in a tropical rainforest in central Brazilian Amazonia. We quantified vegetation clutter using horizontal photographs, captured nocturnal insects with light traps, and recorded bat activity for 110 nights (1,320 h) in 22 sampling plots. Pteronotus parnellii was more active in sites with dense understory vegetation, which were more common away from riparian zones. Bat activity was related to insect availability (mass and composition), independent of the habitat type. Ability to detect insects on vegetation and avoid obstacles should not restrict the activity of P. parnellii in cluttered sites. This suggests that mass and species composition of insects had stronger influences on habitat use than did vegetation clutter. Pteronotus parnellii probably selects cluttered places as feeding sites due to the availability of higher quality prey. © 2015 American Society of Mammalogists

Does sex matter? Gender-specific responses to forest fragmentation in Neotropical bats

Understanding the consequences of habitat modification on wildlife communities is central to the development of conservation strategies. However, albeit male and female individuals of numerous species are known to exhibit differences in habitat use, sex-specific responses to habitat modification remain little explored. Here, we used a landscape-scale fragmentation experiment to assess, separately for males and females, the effects of fragmentation on the abundance of Carollia perspicillata and Rhinophylla pumilio, two widespread Neotropical frugivorous bats. We predicted that sex-specific responses would arise from higher energetic requirements from pregnancy and lactation in females. Analyses were conducted independently for each season, and we further investigated the joint responses to local and landscape-scale metrics of habitat quality, composition, and configuration. Although males and females responded similarly to a fragmentation gradient composed by continuous forest, fragment interiors, edges, and matrix habitats, we found marked differences between sexes in habitat use for at least one of the seasons. Whereas the sex ratio varied little in continuous forest and fragment interiors, females were found to be more abundant than males in edge and matrix habitats. This difference was more prominent in the dry season, the reproductive season of both species. For both species, abundance responses to local-and landscape-scale predictors differed between sexes and again, differences were more pronounced in the dry season. The results suggest considerable sex-mediated responses to forest disruption and degradation in tropical bats and complement our understanding of the impacts of fragmentation on tropical forest vertebrate communities. Abstract in Portuguese is available with online material.Peer reviewe

Enhancing sampling design in mist-net bat surveys by accounting for sample size optimization

The advantages of mist-netting, the main technique used in Neotropical bat community studies to date, include logistical implementation, standardization and sampling representativeness. Nonetheless, study designs still have to deal with issues of detectability related to how different species behave and use the environment. Yet there is considerable sampling heterogeneity across available studies in the literature. Here, we approach the problem of sample size optimization. We evaluated the common sense hypothesis that the first six hours comprise the period of peak night activity for several species, thereby resulting in a representative sample for the whole night. To this end, we combined re-sampling techniques, species accumulation curves, threshold analysis, and community concordance of species compositional data, and applied them to datasets of three different Neotropical biomes (Amazonia, Atlantic Forest and Cerrado). We show that the strategy of restricting sampling to only six hours of the night frequently results in incomplete sampling representation of the entire bat community investigated. From a quantitative standpoint, results corroborated the existence of a major Sample Area effect in all datasets, although for the Amazonia dataset the six-hour strategy was significantly less species-rich after extrapolation, and for the Cerrado dataset it was more efficient. From the qualitative standpoint, however, results demonstrated that, for all three datasets, the identity of species that are effectively sampled will be inherently impacted by choices of sub-sampling schedule. We also propose an alternative six-hour sampling strategy (at the beginning and the end of a sample night) which performed better when resampling Amazonian and Atlantic Forest datasets on bat assemblages. Given the observed magnitude of our results, we propose that sample representativeness has to be carefully weighed against study objectives, and recommend that the trade-off between logistical constraints and additional sampling performance should be carefully evaluated

Consequences of a large-scale fragmentation experiment for Neotropical bats : disentangling the relative importance of local and landscape-scale effects

Context Habitat loss, fragmentation and degradation are widespread drivers of biodiversity decline. Understanding how habitat quality interacts with landscape context, and how they jointly affect species in human-modified landscapes, is of great importance for informing conservation and management. Objectives We used a whole-ecosystem manipulation experiment in the Brazilian Amazon to investigate the relative roles of local and landscape attributes in affecting bat assemblages at an interior-edge-matrix disturbance gradient. Methods We surveyed bats in 39 sites, comprising continuous forest (CF), fragments, forest edges and intervening secondary regrowth. For each site, we assessed vegetation structure (local-scale variable) and, for five focal scales, quantified habitat amount and four landscape configuration metrics. Results Smaller fragments, edges and regrowth sites had fewer species and higher levels of dominance than CF. Regardless of the landscape scale analysed, species richness and evenness were mostly related to the amount of forest cover. Vegetation structure and configurational metrics were important predictors of abundance, whereby the magnitude and direction of response to configurational metrics were scale-dependent. Responses were ensemble-specific with local-scale vegetation structure being more important for frugivorous than for gleaning animalivorous bats. Conclusions Our study indicates that scale-sensitive measures of landscape structure are needed for a more comprehensive understanding of the effects of fragmentation on tropical biota. Although forest fragments and regrowth habitats can be of conservation significance for tropical bats our results further emphasize that primary forest is of irreplaceable value, underlining that their conservation can only be achieved by the preservation of large expanses of pristine habitat

Efeito da obstrução gerada pela densidade da vegetação do sub-bosque sobre morcegos frugívoros e animalívoros catadores (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) na Amazônia Central, Brasil

Cluttered vegetation structure demands maneuverable fight for bats. Based on wing morphology, it has been suggested that animalivorous bats have better flight performance in cluttered areas than others trophic guilds. I related density of understory vegetation as a measure of clutter to species composition of Phyllostomidae bats assemblages. I expected find a great contribution of animalivores bats to species composition in mature-forest sites with denser understory. The study was carried out in Purus-Madeira interfluves, along BR-319 highway where eight sample units at least 40 km apart and constituted for ten permanents plots were sampled. I employed ordination techniques and generalized linear models to make inferences about habitat use by phyllostomid bats along a clutter gradient. With a capture effort of 3,840 nets-hour, 511 bats of 4 families (Emballunoridae, Phyllostomidae, Vespertilionidae and Thyropteridae) and 27 species were captured, of which 12 were frugivores (n=414 captures) and 10 animalivores (n=70 capturas). The number of species was reduced from 16 to 7 along a gradient of vegetation obstruction among 53% to 73%. This negative effect occurred for both trophic guilds. Assemblages showed a nested pattern along the clutter gradient, with animalivorous bats tending to occur in sites with denser vegetation. The filter effect on body size alone was not sufficient to explain the structure of bat assemblages in relation to clutter. The effect of clutter differed between foraging guilds. Differences in availability and distribution of food resources in forest sites with different degrees of clutter may affect the proportion of different guilds that use cluttered sites.Locais onde a vegetação florestal é fechada demandam dos morcegos maior capacidade de manobrar durante o voo. Baseado na morfologia das asas, sugere-se que morcegos animalívoros catadores apresentam melhor desempenho de voo em ambientes obstruídos do que outras guildas tróficas. Eu relacionei a densidade da vegetação do sub-bosque, como uma medida de obstrução do espaço, e a composição de espécies em assembléias de morcegos Phyllostomidae. Em florestas primárias, nos sítios com sub-bosque mais denso, eu esparava encontrar uma maior contribuição de morcegos animalívoros na composição de espécies. Realizei o estudo no Interflúvio dos Rios Purus e Madeira, ao longo da rodovia BR-319 onde oito unidades amostrais distantes no mínimo 40 km e compostas por dez parcelas permanentes foram amostradas. Empreguei técnicas de ordenação e modelos lineares generalizados, para realizar inferências sobre o uso de ambientes com diferentes níveis de obstrução por morcegos Phyllostomidae. Após 3.840 horas-rede, 511 morcegos de 4 famílias (Emballunoridae, Phyllostomidae, Vespertilionidae e Thyropteridae) e 27 espécies foram capturadas, dos quais 12 espécies foram frugívoras (n=414 capturas) e 10 espécies foram animalívoras (n=70 capturas). Ao longo de um gradiente de obstrução cuja amplitude variou de 53% a 73%, o número de espécies foi reduzido de 16 para 7 sete espécies registradas, respectivamente. O efeito negativo da obstrução ocorreu em ambos os morcegos animalívoros e frugívoros. A ocorrência das espécies nos sítios apresentou estrutura aninhada e morcegos animalívoros contribuíram mais para a composição de espécies em sítios com sub-bosque mais denso. O efeito de filtro sobre o tamanho corporal não foi suficiente para explicar a estrutura de comunidades de morcegos em função da obstrução do espaço. A relação das espécies com a obstrução foi dependente do hábito alimentar. Diferenças na disponibilidade e distribuição de frutos e presas animais em sítios com diferentes graus de obstrução podem afetar a proporção de espécies de diferentes guildas alimentares que usam sítios com vegetação densa na floresta

Mammalia, Chiroptera, Phyllostomidae, Lampronycteris brachyotis (Dobson, 1879): first record in Acre, Brazil

Non

Ground-Vegetation Clutter Affects Phyllostomid Bat Assemblage Structure in Lowland Amazonian Forest

<div><p>Vegetation clutter is a limiting factor for bats that forage near ground level, and may determine the distribution of species and guilds. However, many studies that evaluated the effects of vegetation clutter on bats have used qualitative descriptions rather than direct measurements of vegetation density. Moreover, few studies have evaluated the effect of vegetation clutter on a regional scale. Here, we evaluate the influence of the physical obstruction of vegetation on phyllostomid-bat assemblages along a 520 km transect in continuous Amazonian forest. We sampled bats using mist nets in eight localities during 80 nights (3840 net-hours) and estimated the ground-vegetation density with digital photographs. The total number of species, number of animalivorous species, total number of frugivorous species, number of understory frugivorous species, and abundance of canopy frugivorous bats were negatively associated with vegetation clutter. The bat assemblages showed a nested structure in relation to degree of clutter, with animalivorous and understory frugivorous bats distributed throughout the vegetation-clutter gradient, while canopy frugivores were restricted to sites with more open vegetation. The species distribution along the gradient of vegetation clutter was not closely associated with wing morphology, but aspect ratio and wing load differed between frugivores and animalivores. Vegetation structure plays an important role in structuring assemblages of the bats at the regional scale by increasing beta diversity between sites. Differences in foraging strategy and diet of the guilds seem to have contributed more to the spatial distribution of bats than the wing characteristics of the species alone.</p></div

Map of the study area showing the eight sampling modules along the 520-km section of the BR-319 highway, Central Amazonia.

<p>Map of the study area showing the eight sampling modules along the 520-km section of the BR-319 highway, Central Amazonia.</p