Web blight

Web blight, caused by the fungus Thanatephorus cucumeris, is prevalent in tropical regions with high to moderate temp. and RH; more than 200 plant species serve as hosts to this pathogen. Hyphae can grow rapidly over healthy tissue of leaves, flowers, petioles, and pods. For efficient control, the use of disease-free seeds, elimination of harvest debris, crop rotation, mulching, using spaced furrows and intercropping; the use of adequate chemical products, the use of resistant var., and integrated control are also recommended. The symptoms and damage caused by the disease are illustrated in color. (CIAT)La mustia hilachosa, causada por el hongo Thanatephorus cucumeris, prevalece en las regiones tropicales con una temp. y HR entre moderada y alta; mas de 200 especies vegetales le sirven de hospedante al patogeno. Las hifas del hongo pueden crecer rapidamente en el tejido sano de las hojas, flores, peciolos y vainas. Para un buen control se recomienda el uso de semilla libre de patogenos, la eliminacion de residuos de cosecha, rotacion de cultivos, la utilizacion de cobertura vegetal, espaciamiento entre surcos y asociaciones; tambien se recomienda el control quimico, el uso de var. resistentes y el control integrado. Se ilustran a color los sintomas y danos causados por la enfermedad. (CIAT

The Synergistic Contribution of Lactobacillus and Dietary Phytophenols in Host Health

Phytophenols are found ubiquitously among all plants. They are important in diets rich in fruits and vegetables because these compounds provide health benefits to the host, ultimately decreasing the incidence of chronic diseases. These compounds act as natural antioxidants and provide anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antibiotic, and antineoplastic properties. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced under normal physiological functions, and low/moderate levels are required for cellular turnover and signaling. However, when ROS levels become too high, oxidative stress can occur. Phytophenols quench ROS and ultimately avoid the damaging effects ROS elicit on the cell. The highest source of bioavailable phytophenols comes from our diet as a component usually esterified in plant fiber. For phytophenols to be absorbed by the body, they must be released by esterases, or other related enzymes. The highest amount of esterase activity comes from the gastrointestinal (GI) microbiota; therefore, the host requires the activity of mutualistic bacteria in the GI tract to release absorbable phytophenols. For this reason, mutualistic bacteria have been investigated for beneficial properties in the host. Our laboratory has begun studying the interaction of Lactobacillus johnsonii N6.2 with the host since it was found to be negatively correlated with type 1 diabetes (T1D). Analyses of this strain have revealed two important characteristics: (1) It has the ability to release phytophenols from dietary fiber through the secretion of two strong cinnamoyl esterases and (2) L. johnsonii also has the ability to generate significant amounts of H2O2, controlling the activity of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), an immunomodulatory enzyme

Transiciones, conflictos y democracia : estudios de coyuntura

México ha vivido un largo proceso de transición que ha desencadenado dinamismos económicos, culturales y políticos. En la actual coyuntura, estos dinamismos muestran toda su complejidad, su inevitable articulación y la tensión entre las fuerzas que intentan sostener un viejo modelo de gobernar y decidir el rumbo del país, y aquellas que buscan abrirse a un espectro mucho más amplio y diversificado de actores. En ellos se conjuntan las aspiraciones más legítimas de los mexicanos por avanzar en el reconocimiento y respeto de la pluralidad étnica, de género y entre generaciones, y por impulsar una dinámica en la que —en medio de los procesos de mundialización— los distintos grupos e intereses de los mexicanos puedan ser incluidos. La transición mexicana tiende a centrarse en la dimensión política. La intensidad que cobran los procesos políticos y el énfasis que importantes analistas ponen en dichos procesos, contribuyen a que esta asociación vaya cobrandoíuerza. En este sentido, es necesario advertir que en las transiciones la tendencia privatizadora, la reducción del gasto social, así como la necesidad de pactos sociales que sean respetados, la participación creciente de la sociedad civil, etc. son factores importantes que, en medio de contradicciones, van generando nuevos esquemas de relación entre gobierno y sociedad.ITESO, A.C

Photography-based taxonomy is inadequate, unnecessary, and potentially harmful for biological sciences

The question whether taxonomic descriptions naming new animal species without type specimen(s) deposited in collections should be accepted for publication by scientific journals and allowed by the Code has already been discussed in Zootaxa (Dubois & Nemésio 2007; Donegan 2008, 2009; Nemésio 2009a–b; Dubois 2009; Gentile & Snell 2009; Minelli 2009; Cianferoni & Bartolozzi 2016; Amorim et al. 2016). This question was again raised in a letter supported by 35 signatories published in the journal Nature (Pape et al. 2016) on 15 September 2016. On 25 September 2016, the following rebuttal (strictly limited to 300 words as per the editorial rules of Nature) was submitted to Nature, which on 18 October 2016 refused to publish it. As we think this problem is a very important one for zoological taxonomy, this text is published here exactly as submitted to Nature, followed by the list of the 493 taxonomists and collection-based researchers who signed it in the short time span from 20 September to 6 October 2016

Funcionamiento y eficiencia de una torre modificada para inoculación de esporas de hongos.

10 p.Un problema frecuente en la determinación de razas fisiológicas de hongos es que cada investigador emplea normalmente su propio grupo de variedades diferenciales y aún más, diversos métodos de inoculación, implicando que los resultados no sean válidamente comparables. Por ejemplo, en estudios realizados con la roya del fríjol causada por Uromyces phaseoli (Reben.) Wint., diversos investigadores han diseñado una serie de técnicas de inoculación que van desde simples hasta muy sofisticadas. Así, Harter y Zaumeyer (1941) emplearon la técnica de inoculación con una brocha elaborada con pelos de camello; Schein (1964) diseñó un inoculador bastante sofisticado, el cual, permite inocular una cantidad conocida de esporas por área foliar; Davison y Vaughan (1963, 1964) emplearon la técnica de aspersión a presión; Zúñiga y Victoria (1975) emplearon el método de inoculación con unaespátula;y recientemente Stavely (1983) diseñó una técnica de inoculación consistente en acondicionar un tubo de plástico a la boquilla de un aerosol. Infortunadamente, ninguno de estos métodos de inoculación son comparables entre s

Personalization of the Microbiota of Donor Human Milk with Mother’s Own Milk

The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that extremely preterm infants receive mother’s own milk (MOM) when available or pasteurized donor breast milk (DBM) when MOM is unavailable. The goal of this study was to determine whether DBM could be inoculated with MOM from mothers of preterm infants to restore the live microbiota (RM). Culture dependent and culture independent methods were used to analyze the fluctuations in the overall population and microbiome, respectively, of DBM, MOM, and RM samples over time. Using MOM at time = 0 (T0) as the target for the restoration process, this level was reached in the 10% (RM-10) and 30% (RM-30) mixtures after 4 h of incubation at 37°C, whereas, the larger dilutions of 1% (RM-1) and 5% (RM-5) after 8 h. The diversity indexes were similar between MOM and DBM samples, however, different genera were prevalent in each group. Interestingly, 40% of the bacterial families were able to expand in DBM after 4 h of incubation indicating that a large percentage of the bacterial load present in MOM can grow when transferred to DBM, however, no core microbiome was identified. In summary, the microbiome analyses indicated that each mother has a unique microbiota and that live microbial reestablishment of DBM may provide these microbes to individual mothers’ infants. The agreement between the results obtained from the viable bacterial counts and the microbiome analyses indicate that DBM incubated with 10–30% v/v of the MOM for 4 h is a reasonable restoration strategy

Andean non-volant small mammals: A dataset of community assemblages of non-volant small mammals from the high Andes

Information from diversity inventories was used to study patterns of biodiversity and species distribution, to identify potential priority areas for conservation, and to guide future sampling efforts. In this context, we compiled information on non-volant small mammal communities from the high Andes (>2000 m). Here, we present an open source dataset containing information on diversity (species composition, number of individuals captured), inventory design (type of traps, sampling efforts), and environment (habitat) for both unpublished and published information. This study covers 630 mammalian communities, geographically distributed throughout the Andes in Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Argentina, and Chile. We compiled a total of 26,412 individual records belonging to 240 species; the order with greatest number of records was Rodentia (n = 25,319, 96.06%), followed by Didelphimorphia (n = 373, 1.42%), Eulipotyphla (n = 358, 1.36%) and Paucituberculata, (n = 307, 1.16%). Andean non-volant small mammal communities harbor a range from 1 to 17 species, with 93.06% of sites being composed of one to five species, 27.78% of sites with species richness varying from 6 to 10 species, and 4.17% sites composed of more than 10 species. Multiple sampling methods were used to survey non-volant small mammals; the most representative methods were snap-traps and Sherman traps, or a combination of both, in more than 81% of the studies. This data paper represents the first large dataset of faunal species inventories for the Andes. There are no copyright restrictions associated with the use of this dataset. Please cite this data paper when its data are used total or partially in research or teaching.Fil: Rengifo, Edgardo M.. Universidade de Sao Paulo; Brasil. Centro de Investigación Biodiversidad Sostenible; PerúFil: Brito, Jorge. Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad; EcuadorFil: Jayat, Jorge Pablo. Fundación Miguel Lillo; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico - Tucumán. Unidad Ejecutora Lillo; ArgentinaFil: Cairampoma, Raisa. Universidad Nacional Jorge Basadre Grohmann.; PerúFil: Novillo, Agustina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán. Instituto de Biodiversidad Neotropical. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo. Instituto de Biodiversidad Neotropical. Instituto de Biodiversidad Neotropical; ArgentinaFil: Hurtado, Natali. Universidad Nacional de San Agustin de Arequipa; Perú. Centro de Investigación Biodiversidad Sostenible; PerúFil: Ferro, Luis Ignacio. Universidad Nacional de Jujuy. Instituto de Ecorregiones Andinas. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Salta. Instituto de Ecorregiones Andinas; ArgentinaFil: Medina, Cesar E.. Universidad Nacional de San Agustin de Arequipa; PerúFil: Arguero, Alfonso. Escuela Politécnica Nacional; EcuadorFil: Solari, Sergio. Universidad de Antioquia; ColombiaFil: Urquizo, José Humberto. Universidad Nacional de Jujuy. Instituto de Ecorregiones Andinas. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Salta. Instituto de Ecorregiones Andinas; ArgentinaFil: Villarreal, Ariatna. Jardín Botánico de Quito; EcuadorFil: Vivar, Elena. Museo de Historia Natural; PerúFil: Teta, Pablo Vicente. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia"; ArgentinaFil: Quiroga-Carmona, Marcial. Universidad Austral de Chile; ChileFil: D'elía, Guillermo. Universidad Austral de Chile; ChileFil: Reis Percequillo, Alexandre. Universidade de Sao Paulo; Brasi

Vivero Centroamericano de adaptación y rendimiento: VICAR 1983-1984

Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT)UCR::Vicerrectoría de Investigación::Unidades de Investigación::Ciencias Agroalimentarias::Estación Experimental Agrícola Fabio Baudrit Moreno (EEAFBM