The Use of 3D Optical Coherence Tomography to Analyze the Architecture of Cyanobacterial Biofilms Formed on a Carbon Nanotube Composite

The development of environmentally friendly antifouling strategies for marine applications is of paramount importance, and the fabrication of innovative nanocomposite coatings is a promising approach. Moreover, since Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) is a powerful imaging technique in biofilm science, the improvement of its analytical power is required to better evaluate the biofilm structure under different scenarios. In this study, the effect of carbon nanotube (CNT)-modified surfaces in cyanobacterial biofilm development was assessed over a long-term assay under controlled hydrodynamic conditions. Their impact on the cyanobacterial biofilm architecture was evaluated by novel parameters obtained from three-dimensional (3D) OCT analysis, such as the contour coefficient, total biofilm volume, biovolume, volume of non-connected pores, and the average size of non-connected pores. The results showed that CNTs incorporated into a commercially used epoxy resin (CNT composite) had a higher antifouling effect at the biofilm maturation stage compared to pristine epoxy resin. Along with a delay in biofilm development, a decrease in biofilm wet weight, thickness, and biovolume was also achieved with the CNT composite compared to epoxy resin and glass (control surfaces). Additionally, biofilms developed on the CNT composite were smoother and presented a lower porosity and a strictly packed structure when compared with those formed on the control surfaces. The novel biofilm parameters obtained from 3D OCT imaging are extremely important when evaluating the biofilm architecture and behavior under different scenarios beyond marine applications

Potentiation of 5-fluorouracil encapsulated in zeolites as drug delivery systems for in vitro models of colorectal carcinoma

The studies of potentiation of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), a traditional drug used in the treatment of several cancers, including colorectal (CRC), were carried out with zeolites Faujasite in the sodium form, with different particle sizes (NaY, 700nm and nanoNaY, 150nm) and Linde type L in the potassium form (LTL) with a particle size of 80nm. 5-FU was loaded into zeolites by liquid-phase adsorption. Characterization by spectroscopic techniques (FTIR, 1H NMR and 13C and 27Al solid-state MAS NMR), chemical analysis, thermal analysis (TGA), nitrogen adsorption isotherms and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), demonstrated the successful loading of 5-FU into the zeolite hosts. In vitro drug release studies (PBS buffer pH 7.4, 37°C) revealed the release of 80-90% of 5-FU in the first 10min. To ascertain the drug release kinetics, the release profiles were fitted to zero-order, first-order, Higuchi, Hixson-Crowell, Korsmeyer-Peppas and Weibull kinetic models. The in vitro dissolution from the drug delivery systems (DDS) was explained by the Weibull model. The DDS efficacy was evaluated using two human colorectal carcinoma cell lines, HCT-15 and RKO. Unloaded zeolites presented no toxicity to both cancer cells, while all DDS allowed an important potentiation of the 5-FU effect on the cell viability. Immunofluorescence studies provided evidence for zeolite-cell internalization.RA is recipient of fellowship SFRH/BI/51118/2010 from Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia (FCT, Portugal). This work was supported by the FCT projects refs. PEst-C/QUI/UI0686/2011 and PEst-C/CTM/LA0011/2011 and the Centre of Chemistry and Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (University of Minho, Portugal). The NMR spectrometer is part of the National NMR Network (RNRMN), supported with funds from FCT/QREN (Quadro de Referencia Estrategico Nacional)

Adsorption of dyes by ACs prepared from waste tyre reinforcing fibre. Effect of texture, surface chemistry and pH

This paper compares the importance of the texture and surface chemistry of waste tyre activated carbons in the adsorption of commercial dyes. The adsorption of two commercial dyes, Basic Astrazon Yellow 7GLL and Reactive Rifafix Red 3BN on activated carbons made up of reinforcing fibres from tyre waste and low-rank bituminous coal was studied. The surface chemistry of activated carbons was modified by means of HCl-HNO3 treatment in order to increase the number of functional groups. Moreover, the influence of the pH on the process was also studied, this factor being of great importance due to the amphoteric characteristics of activated carbons. The activated carbons made with reinforcing fibre and coal had the highest SBET, but the reinforcing fibre activated carbon samples had the highest mesopore volume. The texture of the activated carbons was not modified upon acid oxidation treatment, unlike their surface chemistry which underwent considerable modification. The activated carbons made with a mixture of reinforcing fibre and coal experienced the largest degree of oxidation, and so had more acid surface groups. The adsorption of reactive dye was governed by the mesoporous volume, whilst surface chemistry played only a secondary role. However, the surface chemistry of the activated carbons and dispersive interactions played a key role in the adsorption of the basic dye. The adsorption of the reactive dye was more favored in a solution of pH 2, whereas the basic dye was adsorbed more easily in a solution of pH 12

Probing the surface chemistry of different oxidized MWCNT for the improved electrical wiring of cytochrome c nitrite reductase

This work reports the evaluation of a set of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) presenting different surface chemistries, as interfaces for the direct electrochemistry of the multihemic nitrite reductase (ccNiR) from Desulfovibrio desulfuricans ATCC27774 (Dd). The carbon nanotubes (CNT) dispersions were prepared in aqueous media and deposited on pyrolytic graphite macroelectrodes, following a layer-by-layer methodology. The resulting MWCNT bed was coated with ccNiR and studied by cyclic voltammetry. Interestingly, although small non-catalytic cathodic waves were detected in all CNT bioconjugates, the complexity of these electrochemical signals was partially deconvoluted in some materials, the less acidic ones emphasizing the contribution of the catalytic centre. Consistently, these MWCNT were the most favourable for enzyme catalysis, highlighting the importance of the surface oxide functionalities to enzyme reactivity. Keywords: Multi-walled carbon nanotubes, Surface oxides, Nitrite reductase, Direct electrochemistr

The Use of 3D Optical Coherence Tomography to Analyze the Architecture of Cyanobacterial Biofilms Formed on a Carbon Nanotube Composite

The development of environmentally friendly antifouling strategies for marine applications is of paramount importance, and the fabrication of innovative nanocomposite coatings is a promising approach. Moreover, since Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) is a powerful imaging technique in biofilm science, the improvement of its analytical power is required to better evaluate the biofilm structure under different scenarios. In this study, the effect of carbon nanotube (CNT)-modified surfaces in cyanobacterial biofilm development was assessed over a long-term assay under controlled hydrodynamic conditions. Their impact on the cyanobacterial biofilm architecture was evaluated by novel parameters obtained from three-dimensional (3D) OCT analysis, such as the contour coefficient, total biofilm volume, biovolume, volume of non-connected pores, and the average size of non-connected pores. The results showed that CNTs incorporated into a commercially used epoxy resin (CNT composite) had a higher antifouling effect at the biofilm maturation stage compared to pristine epoxy resin. Along with a delay in biofilm development, a decrease in biofilm wet weight, thickness, and biovolume was also achieved with the CNT composite compared to epoxy resin and glass (control surfaces). Additionally, biofilms developed on the CNT composite were smoother and presented a lower porosity and a strictly packed structure when compared with those formed on the control surfaces. The novel biofilm parameters obtained from 3D OCT imaging are extremely important when evaluating the biofilm architecture and behavior under different scenarios beyond marine applications

Synergistic effect of bimetallic Au-Pd supported on ceria-zirconia mixed oxide catalysts for selective oxidation of glycerol

A series of bimetallic Au-Pd catalysts supported on Ce0.62Zr0.38O2mixed oxide has been synthesized usinga simultaneous deposition-precipitation method. Different Au:Pd ratios were obtained maintaining Auloadings constant and varying Pd content. Elemental analysis, X-ray diffraction, N2physisorption,X-rayphotoelectron spectroscopy, scanning transmission electron microscopy-high angle annular dark field(STEM-HAADF) and X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy (XEDS) techniques have been employed tocharacterize these catalysts. The catalytic activities for selective oxidation of glycerol over these bimetalliccatalysts have been evaluated, a synergistic effect being observed. Thus, the bimetallic Au-Pd catalystwith the lowest Pd content was the one exhibiting the highest catalytic activity among all the preparedcatalysts. Oxidation at 700◦C of the bimetallic 2.2AuPd/Ce0.62Zr0.38O2catalyst led to an increase of thecatalytic activity for the selective oxidation of glycerol, which seemed to be due to the formation of alarger fraction of bimetallic Au-Pd alloy-type nanoparticles after oxidation at higher temperatures.Fil: Olmos Carreno, Carol Maritza. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad de Cádiz; EspañaFil: Chinchilla, Lidia E.. Universidad de Cádiz; EspañaFil: Rodrigues, Elodie G.. Universidad de Porto; PortugalFil: Delgado, Juan J.. Universidad de Cádiz; EspañaFil: Hungría, Ana B.. Universidad de Cádiz; EspañaFil: Blanco, Ginesa. Universidad de Cádiz; EspañaFil: Pereira, Manuel F.R.. Universidad de Porto; PortugalFil: Órfão, José J.M.. Universidad de Porto; PortugalFil: Calvino, Jose J.. Universidad de Cádiz; EspañaFil: Chen, Xiaowei. Universidad de Cádiz; Españ

Mono and bimetallic NaY catalysts with high performance in nitrate reduction in water

The catalytic reduction of nitrate in water was performed with mono and bimetallic catalysts based on NaY zeolite. Four catalysts, two monometallic (Cu-Y and Pd-Y) and two bimetallic (CuPd-Y and PdCu-Y) were prepared by the ion-exchange method using the faujasite zeolite in the sodium form (NaY, 700. nm). The contents of promoter and noble metals were kept in the range of 0.60-0.84. wt% for copper and 0.92-1.80. wt% for palladium. Characterization by several methods: spectroscopic techniques (FTIR, XRD), chemical analysis, nitrogen adsorption, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), temperature programmed reduction (TPR) and cyclic voltammetric, demonstrated that ion exchange of the metals into NaY zeolite was successful. The catalytic behavior of the catalysts was evaluated in a semi-batch reactor, working at room temperature and pressure. The best catalyst was obtained with the pair copper and palladium (0.64. wt% of Cu and 1.80. wt% of Pd), which allowed 100% nitrate conversion with selectivities to nitrogen as high as 94% under the conditions tested.O.S.G.P. Scares acknowledge FCT for grant SFRH/BPD/97689/2013. The authors thank the FCT and FEDER-COMPETE-QREN-EU for financial support to the Research Centers, CQ/UM, PEst-C/QUI/UI0686/2013 (F-COMP-01-0124-FEDER-037302) and LCM group, UID/EQU/50020/2013. The authors also acknowledge sponsoring in the framework of the following research programs: NORTE-07-0124-FEDER-000039 and NORTE-07-0162-FEDER-000050, financed by QREN, ON-2 and FEDER.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

External development of the entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae in the subterranean termite Heterotermes tenuis Desenvolvimento dos fungos entomopatogênicos Beauveria bassiana E Metarhizium anisopliae no cupim subterrâneo Heterotermes tenuis

The subterranean termite Heterotermes tenuis is one of the main pests of sugarcane and eucalyptus in Brazil, and the use of entomopathogenic fungi, alone or associated to chemicals, is an efficient and environmentally favorable method for its control. Studies related to the fungal development on these insects are important due to the effect of insect behavior on entomopathogens. The objective of this work was to describe the external development of Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae on H. tenuis using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), determining the duration of the different phases of fungal infection. Two fixation techniques for preparing SEM samples were also evaluated. Worker specimens of H. tenuis were inoculated with a 1 x 10(9) conidia mL-1 suspension of the fungi and maintained at 25±1ºC and 70±10% relative humidity. Insects were collected from 0 to 144 hours after inoculation and prepared on SEM stubs for each of the two fixation techniques. The results obtained with the two techniques were compared and duration of the different phases of the infection process were estimated from SEM observations and compared for three fungal isolates. B. bassiana and M. anisopliae have similar development cycles on the termite, but some important differences exist. The penetration, colonization and conidiogenesis phases are relatively faster for M. anisopliae than for B. bassiana, which results in a faster rate of insect mortality. The fixation technique with OsO4 vapor is suitable for preparation of insects to be used in SEM observation of the developmental stages of entomopathogenic fungi.<br>O cupim subterrâneo Heterotermes tenuis , uma das principais pragas da cana-de-açúcar e eucalipto no Brasil, e o uso de fungos entomopatogênicos, isoladamente ou associados a produtos químicos, é um método eficiente e ambientalmente seguro para seu controle. Estudos relacionados ao desenvolvimento fúngico nestes insetos são importantes devido ao efeito do comportamento dos insetos sobre entomopatógenos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi descrever o desenvolvimento de Beauveria bassiana e Metarhizium anisopliae sobre H. tenuis por meio da Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV), determinando a duração das fases de infecção fúngica. Também foram avaliadas duas técnicas de fixação para o preparo de amostras para MEV. Operários de H. tenuis foram inoculados com suspensões fúngicas de 1 x 10(9) conídios mL-1 e mantidos a 25 ± 1ºC e umidade relativa de 70 ± 10%. Foram coletados insetos de 0 a 144 horas após a inoculação e preparados pelas duas técnicas de fixação. Foram comparados os resultados obtidos com as duas técnicas e estimadas e comparadas as durações das fases do processo de infecção para três isolados fúngicos por meio de observações em MEV. B. bassiana e M. anisopliae têm ciclos de desenvolvimento semelhantes sobre H. tenuis, mas algumas diferenças importantes existem. As fases de penetração, colonização e conidiogênese são relativamente mais rápidas para M. anisopliae que para B. bassiana, o que resulta em uma taxa mais rápida de mortalidade do inseto. A técnica de fixação com vapor de OsO4 é satisfatória para preparação de insetos para observação do desenvolvimento de fungos entomopatogênicos em MEV