Focal Mechanisms for Subcrustal Earthquakes Beneath the Gibraltar Arc

Earthquakes below 50‐km depth are usually associated with active subduction, and the direction of faulting is aligned with the orientation of the subduction zone. Faulting in 42 earthquakes beneath the Gibraltar Arc and Alboran Sea shows different characteristics. The most abundant solutions show horizontal slip, in agreement with relative plate motion between Africa and Europe. Further solutions are associated with shortening and suggest compression from the basal drag of the Earth's mantle on the moving plates. In turn, no signature of active subduction was found. Images of the Earth's interior from teleseismic waves suggest a relation between the earthquakes and a stalled remnant of ~150‐Ma‐old oceanic material that once formed the connection between two oceans and later has been buried beneath the Gibraltar Arc.We received financial support through Mineco/Feder Project CGL2015‐67130‐C2‐2‐R and Junta de Andalucía research group RNM 10

Colecistitis calculosa aguda

La colecistitis calculosa aguda es la causa más importante de colecistectomías en el mundo. En esta revisión de tema se resume la fisiopatología del proceso inflamatorio de la vesícula biliar secundaria a la obstrucción de la vía biliar, así como sus manifestaciones clínicas, estudios diagnósticos y su manejo médico-quirúrgico.301-309Acute calculous cholecystitis is the most important cause of cholecystectomies worldwide. We review the physiopathology of the inflammatory process in this organ secondary to biliary tract obstruction, as well as its clinical manifestations, workup, and the treatment it requires

Forest hydrology in Chile: Past, present, and future

This paper reviews the current knowledge of hydrological processes in Chilean temperate forests which extend along western South America from latitude 29° S to 56 ° S. This geographic region includes a diverse range of natural and planted forests and a broad sweep of vegetation, edaphic, topographic, geologic, and climatic settings which create a unique natural laboratory. Many local communities, endangered freshwater ecosystems, and downstream economic activities in Chile rely on water flows from forested catchments. This review aims to (i) provide a comprehensive overview of Chilean forest hydrology, to (ii) review prior research in forest hydrology in Chile, and to (iii) identify knowledge gaps and provide a vision for future research on forest hydrology in Chile. We reviewed the relation between native forests, commercial plantations, and other land uses on water yield and water quality from the plot to the catchment scale. Much of the global understanding of forests and their relationship with the water cycle is in line with the findings of the studies reviewed here. Streamflow from forested catchments increases after timber harvesting, native forests appear to use less water than plantations, and streams draining native forest yield less sediment than streams draining plantations or grassland/shrublands. We identified 20 key knowledge gaps such as forest groundwater systems, soil–plant-atmosphere interactions, native forest hydrology, and the effect of forest management and restoration on hydrology. Also, we found a paucity of research in the northern geographic areas and forest types (35-36 ° S); most forest hydrology studies in Chile (56 %) have been conducted in the southern area (Los Rios Region around 39-40 ° S). There is limited knowledge of the geology and soils in many forested areas and how surface and groundwater are affected by changes in land cover. There is an opportunity to advance our understanding using process-based investigations linking field studies and modeling. Through the establishment of a forest hydrology science “society” to coordinate efforts, regional and national-scale land use planning might be supported. Our review ends with a vision to advance a cross-scale collaborative effort to use new nation-wide catchment-scale networks Long-term Ecosystem Research (LTER) sites, to promote common and complementary techniques in these studies, and to conduct transdisciplinary research to advance sound and integrated planning of forest lands in Chile

Alimentación y salud. Una experiencia de aprendizaje e innovación para la comunidad universitaria UCM a través de la Agenda 2030

Los desequilibrios políticos, económicos y sociales que presenta Colombia y la Región de Antioquia han derivado en altas tasas de inseguridad alimentaria. Este hecho, junto al elevado consumo de alimentos ultraprocesados en detrimento de la alimentación tradicional, está afectando gravemente la salud de la población. A todo ello hay que añadir el impacto del cambio climático y los eventos derivados extremos que comprometen la producción y distribución de alimentos. A través de cinco webinars, el público asistente conocerá de primera mano la importancia de la Cooperación Internacional al Desarrollo y la Agenda 20-30 como pretexto para afrontar la problemática de la inseguridad alimentaria en Antioquia, fenómeno que, pese a haberse hecho más evidente en los últimos años, permanece casi invisible por la mayoría de la población española. Asimismo, se hará especial hincapié en las políticas llevadas a cabo por Colombia para mejorar la alimentación, sin olvidar las consecuencias que están teniendo el cambio climático, los conflictos armados, los estragos generados por la pandemia por COVID-19 o la geopolítica mundial sobre la situación nutricional en la región colombiana

Anafilaxia en niños y adultos: prevención, diagnóstico y tratamiento

La anafilaxia es una condición que requiere asistencia inmediata para su resolución, se puede presentar en diferentes entornos: consultorio, hospital, escuela, hogar o en algún otro espacio público. La información aquí contenida forma parte de lineamientos conocidos sobre prevención, diagnóstico y tratamiento. Se abordan aspectos epidemiológicos, desencadenantes, factores de riesgo y cofactores; se explican de una manera didáctica los mecanismos fisiopatológicos que se traducen en fenotipos de presentación. Se enfatiza el diagnóstico clínico con base en criterios ya establecidos, se mencionan clasificaciones para evaluar la gravedad de la reacción, así como el rol de las pruebas clínicas o de laboratorio. Como aspectos de relevancia, se abordan el tratamiento de primera elección con adrenalina, instrucciones sobre autoinyectores y diferentes elementos para el tratamiento complementario y de segunda elección. También se refieren aspectos a considerar al dar de alta a un paciente y medidas de seguimiento, con un énfasis preventivo en la comunidad. Finalmente, se menciona el abordaje en el consultorio de alergia para decidir sobre opciones de inmunomodulación. ABSTRACT Anaphylaxis is a condition that requires immediate assistance for its resolution, it can occur in different settings: office, hospital, school, home or some other public space. The information contained herein forms part of known guidelines on prevention, diagnosis and treatment. Epidemiological aspects, triggers, risk factors and co-factors are addressed; physiopathological mechanisms that are translated into presentation phenotypes are explained in a didactic way. Clinical diagnosis is emphasized based on established criteria, classifications are mentioned to evaluate the severity of the reaction, as well as the role of clinical or laboratory tests. As relevant aspects, the first choice treatment with adrenaline, instructions on auto-injectors and different elements for the complementary and second choice treatment are dealt with. They also refer to aspects to consider when discharging a patient and followup measures, with a preventive emphasis on the community. Finally, the allergy clinic approach to deciding on immunomodulation options is mentione

Current and prospective pharmacological targets in relation to antimigraine action

Migraine is a recurrent incapacitating neurovascular disorder characterized by unilateral and throbbing headaches associated with photophobia, phonophobia, nausea, and vomiting. Current specific drugs used in the acute treatment of migraine interact with vascular receptors, a fact that has raised concerns about their cardiovascular safety. In the past, α-adrenoceptor agonists (ergotamine, dihydroergotamine, isometheptene) were used. The last two decades have witnessed the advent of 5-HT1B/1D receptor agonists (sumatriptan and second-generation triptans), which have a well-established efficacy in the acute treatment of migraine. Moreover, current prophylactic treatments of migraine include 5-HT2 receptor antagonists, Ca2+ channel blockers, and β-adrenoceptor antagonists. Despite the progress in migraine research and in view of its complex etiology, this disease still remains underdiagnosed, and available therapies are underused. In this review, we have discussed pharmacological targets in migraine, with special emphasis on compounds acting on 5-HT (5-HT1-7), adrenergic (α1, α2, and β), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP 1 and CGRP2), adenosine (A1, A2, and A3), glutamate (NMDA, AMPA, kainate, and metabotropic), dopamine, endothelin, and female hormone (estrogen and progesterone) receptors. In addition, we have considered some other targets, including gamma-aminobutyric acid, angiotensin, bradykinin, histamine, and ionotropic receptors, in relation to antimigraine therapy. Finally, the cardiovascular safety of current and prospective antimigraine therapies is touched upon

Risk profiles and one-year outcomes of patients with newly diagnosed atrial fibrillation in India: Insights from the GARFIELD-AF Registry.

BACKGROUND: The Global Anticoagulant Registry in the FIELD-Atrial Fibrillation (GARFIELD-AF) is an ongoing prospective noninterventional registry, which is providing important information on the baseline characteristics, treatment patterns, and 1-year outcomes in patients with newly diagnosed non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF). This report describes data from Indian patients recruited in this registry. METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 52,014 patients with newly diagnosed AF were enrolled globally; of these, 1388 patients were recruited from 26 sites within India (2012-2016). In India, the mean age was 65.8 years at diagnosis of NVAF. Hypertension was the most prevalent risk factor for AF, present in 68.5% of patients from India and in 76.3% of patients globally (P < 0.001). Diabetes and coronary artery disease (CAD) were prevalent in 36.2% and 28.1% of patients as compared with global prevalence of 22.2% and 21.6%, respectively (P < 0.001 for both). Antiplatelet therapy was the most common antithrombotic treatment in India. With increasing stroke risk, however, patients were more likely to receive oral anticoagulant therapy [mainly vitamin K antagonist (VKA)], but average international normalized ratio (INR) was lower among Indian patients [median INR value 1.6 (interquartile range {IQR}: 1.3-2.3) versus 2.3 (IQR 1.8-2.8) (P < 0.001)]. Compared with other countries, patients from India had markedly higher rates of all-cause mortality [7.68 per 100 person-years (95% confidence interval 6.32-9.35) vs 4.34 (4.16-4.53), P < 0.0001], while rates of stroke/systemic embolism and major bleeding were lower after 1 year of follow-up. CONCLUSION: Compared to previously published registries from India, the GARFIELD-AF registry describes clinical profiles and outcomes in Indian patients with AF of a different etiology. The registry data show that compared to the rest of the world, Indian AF patients are younger in age and have more diabetes and CAD. Patients with a higher stroke risk are more likely to receive anticoagulation therapy with VKA but are underdosed compared with the global average in the GARFIELD-AF. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION-URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT01090362

Abordagens sobre o conceito de vulnerabilidade a partir da bioética: uma revisão integrativa

A corpus of 60 articles published in Spanish, English, and Portuguese was analyzed to account for the integrative literature review on the concept of vulnerability from bioethics, identifying the following thematic trends: risk, susceptibility, autonomy, and culture in people and communities. The methodological approach has been mainly qualitative. We found that the disciplines that most addressed the concept belong to the human and social sciences. The authors recommend conducting studies of the concept from people’s perspectives and that ethics committees review the informed consent and information guides according to these results. The categories give way to the concept of vulnerability, which must be analyzed beyond principlism in bioethics.Para dar cuenta de la revisión integradora de literatura sobre el concepto de vulnerabilidad desde la bioética se analizó un corpus de 60 artículos publicados en español, inglés y portugués. Esto permitió identificar las tendencias temáticas: riesgo, susceptibilidad, autonomía y cultura en personas y comunidades; la aproximación metodológica ha sido mayormente desde un enfoque cualitativo; las disciplinas que más abordaron el concepto pertenecen a las ciencias humanas y sociales; los autores recomiendan realizar estudios del concepto desde la perspectiva de las personas y que los comités de ética revisen el consentimiento informado y las guías de información de acuerdo con estos resultados. Las categorías dan paso al concepto de vulnerabilidades, que en la bioética debe ser analizado más allá del principialismo.Para dar conta da revisão integrativa da literatura sobre o conceito de vulnerabilidade a partir da bioética, foi analisado um corpus de 60 artigos publicados em espanhol, inglês e português. Isso permitiu identificar tendências temáticas: risco, suscetibilidade, autonomia e cultura em pessoas e comunidades. A abordagem metodológica foi predominantemente qualitativa; por sua vez, as disciplinas que mais abordaram o conceito pertencem às ciências humanas e sociais. Os autores recomendam a realização de estudos do conceito na perspectiva das pessoas e que os comitês de ética avaliem o consentimento informado e as orientações de acordo com esses resultados. As categorias permitem formular o conceito de vulnerabilidades, o qual, na bioética, deve ser analisado para além do principialismo

APPROACHES TO THE CONCEPT OF VULNERABILITY FROM BIOETHICS: AN INTEGRATIVE REVIEW

20 páginasPara dar cuenta de la revisión integradora de literatura sobre el concepto de vulnerabilidad desde la bioética se analizó un corpus de 60 artículos publicados en español, inglés y portugués. Esto permitió identificar las tendencias temáticas: riesgo, susceptibilidad, autonomía y cultura en personas y comunidades; la aproximación metodológica ha sido mayormente desde un enfoque cualitativo; las disciplinas que más abordaron el concepto pertenecen a las ciencias humanas y sociales; los autores recomiendan realizar estudios del concepto desde la perspectiva de las personas y que los comités de ética revisen el consentimiento informado y las guías de información de acuerdo con estos resultados. Las categorías dan paso al concepto de vulnerabilidades, que en la bioética debe ser analizado más allá del principialismo.A corpus of 60 articles published in Spanish, English, and Portuguese was analyzed to account for the integrative literature review on the concept of vulnerability from bioethics, identifying the following thematic trends: risk, susceptibility, autonomy, and culture in people and communities. The methodological approach has been mainly qualitative. We found that the disciplines that most addressed the concept belong to the human and social sciences. The authors recommend conducting studies of the concept from people’s perspectives and that ethics committees review the informed consent and information guides according to these results. The categories give way to the concept of vulnerability, which must be analyzed beyond principlism in bioethics

PvAMA1-MSP1: A novel chimeric recombinant protein for the evaluation of serological responses in the Peruvian Amazonia

BACKGROUND: Serological markers have been proposed as alternative tools to monitor and assess malaria intensity in unstable and low transmission settings. It is recommended to use multiple antigens for optimizing the sensitivity of the antibody detection against Plasmodium species and determining past malaria exposure. This work aimed to evaluate the antibody reactivity against a novel chimeric protein containing the Apical Membrane Antigen 1 (AMA-166) ectodomain and the 19 kDa carboxyl fragment of the Merozoite Surface Protein 1 (MSP119) of. Plasmodium vivax (PvAMA166-MSP119) on dried blood samples (DBS) from individuals living in the Peruvian Amazon. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total 823 DBS on filter paper were collected from individuals living in the Mazan district, and analyzed using indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to measure P. vivax immunoglobulin G (IgG) responses. Three antigens were used in the analysis: PvAMA1, PvMSP119, and their chimaera. To ensure a standardization of the sample results across ELISA plates, the percent positivity (PP) of each sample was calculated using the OD of the positive control serum as 100%. Then, the cut-off of PPs for seropositivity (indicating malaria exposure) was generated using a mixture model. Kappa (k) was used to evaluate agreement between serological results. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: The proportion of seropositivity according to the antigen used was: 27.2% (n=224) for PvMSP119, 33.7% (n=277) for PvAMA1, and 33.9% (n= 279) for PvAMA166-MSP119. Seropositivity to any of both independent antigens (PvMSP119 and/or PvAMA1) was 39.6% (n=326). An almost perfect agreement (k=0.867, p<0.001) was found between seropositivity levels to the chimeric protein PvAMA166-MSP119 and those to any of both independent antigens (PvMSP119 and/or PvAMA1). The results suggests that antibody responses to the novel recombinant protein PvAMA166-PvMSP119 provide similar information about malaria exposure than antibody responses to both single antigens, with the advantage of processing only one ELISA analysis per sample instead of performing two separated analyses per sample with single antigens