ESAS-Derived Earth Departure Stage Design for Human Mars Exploration

The Vision for Space Exploration has set the nation on a course to have humans on Mars as early as 2030. To reduce the cost and risk associated with human Mars exploration, NASA is planning for the Mars architecture to leverage the lunar architecture as fully as possible. This study takes the defined launch vehicles and system capabilities from ESAS and extends their application to DRM 3.0 to design an Earth Departure Stage suitable for the cargo and crew missions to Mars. The impact of a propellant depot in LEO was assessed and sLzed for use with the EDS. To quantitatively assess and compare the effectiveness of alternative designs, an initial baseline architecture was defined using the ESAS launch vehicles and DRM 3.0. The baseline architecture uses three NTR engines, LH2 propellant, no propellant depot in LEO, and launches on the Ares I and Ares V. The Mars transfer and surface elements from DRM 3.0 were considered to be fixed payloads in the design of the EDS. Feasible architecture alternatives were identified from previous architecture studies and anticipated capabilities and compiled in a morphological matrix. ESAS FOMs were used to determine the most critical design attributes for the effectiveness of the EDS. The ESAS-derived FOMs used in this study to assess alternative designs are effectiveness and performance, affordability, reliability, and risk. The individual FOMs were prioritized using the AHP, a method for pairwise comparison. All trades performed were evaluated with respect to the weighted FOMs, creating a Pareto frontier of equivalently ideal solutions. Additionally, each design on the frontier was evaluated based on its fulfillment of the weighted FOMs using TOPSIS, a quantitative method for ordinal ranking of the alternatives. The designs were assessed in an integrated environment using physics-based models for subsystem analysis where possible. However, for certain attributes such as engine type, historical, performance-based mass estimating relations were more easily employed. The elements from the design process were integrated into a single loop, allowing for rapid iteration of subsystem analyses and compilation of resulting designs

Do red deer stags (Cervus elaphus) use roar fundamental frequency (F0) to assess rivals?

It is well established that in humans, male voices are disproportionately lower pitched than female voices, and recent studies suggest that this dimorphism in fundamental frequency (F0) results from both intrasexual (male competition) and intersexual (female mate choice) selection for lower pitched voices in men. However, comparative investigations indicate that sexual dimorphism in F0 is not universal in terrestrial mammals. In the highly polygynous and sexually dimorphic Scottish red deer Cervus elaphus scoticus, more successful males give sexually-selected calls (roars) with higher minimum F0s, suggesting that high, rather than low F0s advertise quality in this subspecies. While playback experiments demonstrated that oestrous females prefer higher pitched roars, the potential role of roar F0 in male competition remains untested. Here we examined the response of rutting red deer stags to playbacks of re-synthesized male roars with different median F0s. Our results show that stags’ responses (latencies and durations of attention, vocal and approach responses) were not affected by the F0 of the roar. This suggests that intrasexual selection is unlikely to strongly influence the evolution of roar F0 in Scottish red deer stags, and illustrates how the F0 of terrestrial mammal vocal sexual signals may be subject to different selection pressures across species. Further investigations on species characterized by different F0 profiles are needed to provide a comparative background for evolutionary interpretations of sex differences in mammalian vocalizations

The Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment (APOGEE)

The Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment (APOGEE), one of the programs in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey III (SDSS-III), has now completed its systematic, homogeneous spectroscopic survey sampling all major populations of the Milky Way. After a three-year observing campaign on the Sloan 2.5 m Telescope, APOGEE has collected a half million high-resolution (R ~ 22,500), high signal-to-noise ratio (>100), infrared (1.51–1.70 μm) spectra for 146,000 stars, with time series information via repeat visits to most of these stars. This paper describes the motivations for the survey and its overall design—hardware, field placement, target selection, operations—and gives an overview of these aspects as well as the data reduction, analysis, and products. An index is also given to the complement of technical papers that describe various critical survey components in detail. Finally, we discuss the achieved survey performance and illustrate the variety of potential uses of the data products by way of a number of science demonstrations, which span from time series analysis of stellar spectral variations and radial velocity variations from stellar companions, to spatial maps of kinematics, metallicity, and abundance patterns across the Galaxy and as a function of age, to new views of the interstellar medium, the chemistry of star clusters, and the discovery of rare stellar species. As part of SDSS-III Data Release 12 and later releases, all of the APOGEE data products are publicly available

Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation for Severe Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome associated with COVID-19: An Emulated Target Trial Analysis.

RATIONALE: Whether COVID patients may benefit from extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) compared with conventional invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) remains unknown. OBJECTIVES: To estimate the effect of ECMO on 90-Day mortality vs IMV only Methods: Among 4,244 critically ill adult patients with COVID-19 included in a multicenter cohort study, we emulated a target trial comparing the treatment strategies of initiating ECMO vs. no ECMO within 7 days of IMV in patients with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (PaO2/FiO2 <80 or PaCO2 ≥60 mmHg). We controlled for confounding using a multivariable Cox model based on predefined variables. MAIN RESULTS: 1,235 patients met the full eligibility criteria for the emulated trial, among whom 164 patients initiated ECMO. The ECMO strategy had a higher survival probability at Day-7 from the onset of eligibility criteria (87% vs 83%, risk difference: 4%, 95% CI 0;9%) which decreased during follow-up (survival at Day-90: 63% vs 65%, risk difference: -2%, 95% CI -10;5%). However, ECMO was associated with higher survival when performed in high-volume ECMO centers or in regions where a specific ECMO network organization was set up to handle high demand, and when initiated within the first 4 days of MV and in profoundly hypoxemic patients. CONCLUSIONS: In an emulated trial based on a nationwide COVID-19 cohort, we found differential survival over time of an ECMO compared with a no-ECMO strategy. However, ECMO was consistently associated with better outcomes when performed in high-volume centers and in regions with ECMO capacities specifically organized to handle high demand. This article is open access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives License 4.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

Savoirs, confiance et risque : la vaccination chez les naturopathes québécois

Les médecines alternatives et complémentaires (MAC) gagnent en popularité dans de la population québécoise, dont la naturopathie. En parallèle, un phénomène d’hésitation à la vaccination gagne de l’ampleur mondialement. Si cette tendance perdure, les taux de vaccination pourraient chuter et plusieurs maladies graves pourraient connaître une recrudescence. La littérature sur les MAC montre que ces praticiens de la santé et leurs usagers ont des attitudes plutôt négatives envers la vaccination. Il est dès lors impératif d’étudier les liens entre l’hésitation à la vaccination et la naturopathie québécoise. Dans le cadre de ma maîtrise, je me suis penché sur l’influence des savoirs et de la confiance sur les manières de penser les risques liés à la vaccination des naturopathes, en plus d’examiner la façon dont ceux-ci gèrent ces risques. Pour ce faire, j’ai réalisé 15 entrevues semi-dirigées auprès de naturopathes québécois. Les résultats de ma recherche montrent que l’approche naturopathique québécoise de la santé cherche à déterminer les causes des maladies dans une perspective holiste afin de stimuler la vitalité du corps. Les maladies ont ainsi pour origine les déséquilibres de ce que les naturopathes nomment le « terrain ». À travers leurs pratiques, principalement axées sur la nutrition, ils cherchent à rendre leurs clients autonomes et responsables de leur santé afin qu’ils puissent rééquilibrer eux-mêmes leurs terrains et ainsi accéder à la santé. Cette conception de la santé et des soins, jumelée à la confiance que les naturopathes ont envers leur savoir expérientiel, est centrale dans la manière dont ils pensent les risques inhérents à la vaccination et aux maladies infectieuses. Les risques que la vaccination rompe l’homéostasie du terrain sont conçus comme plus grands que ceux liés aux maladies infectieuses. C’est pourquoi les naturopathes adoptent plusieurs stratégies pour gérer ces risques, lesquelles visent le maintien de l’équilibre du terrain.Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM), particularly naturopathy, has increased in popularity among the Quebec population. Simultaneously, vaccine hesitancy is gaining momentum worldwide. If this trend persists, vaccination rates could decrease and there could be a resurgence of many deadly illnesses. Scientific literature suggests that CAM practitioners and their users have generally negative attitudes towards vaccination. It is therefore of the utmost importance to study the links between vaccine hesitancy and naturopathy in Quebec. Within the scope of my Master’s, I studied the influence of knowledge and trust on naturopaths’ ways of reasoning about risks associated with vaccination and I investigated how they manage these risks. To achieve this goal, I conducted 15 semi-structured interviews with Quebec naturopaths. The results of my research suggest that Quebec naturopaths believe that health can be achieved through a study of the causes of diseases in a holistic perspective and through the stimulation of the body’s vitality. Diseases, in this perspective, come from the imbalances of what naturopaths call the “field”. Through their practice, primarily based on nutrition, they encourage their clients to autonomously take responsibility for their health so they can restore the balance of their fields themselves, and therefore, return to health. This notion of health and care, paired with the trust naturopaths have toward their experiential knowledge, play a key role in how they think about risks inherent to vaccination and infectious diseases. Concerns about the risks that vaccination might break the homeostasis of the field are far greater than those associated with the risk of infectious diseases. Therefore, to manage these risks, naturopaths adopt many strategies that target the upholding of the field’s balance

DVC Analyses to Study Deformation and Damage mechanisms of Teak in Torsion

International audienceWood is a material with anisotropic elastic properties at the macroscale. In the present work, a sample made of Beninise teak was subjected to in situ torsion. DVC analyses were run at the mesoscale to measure displacement fields. The corresponding strain fields were obtained at the same scale in addition to the gray level residuals at the voxel scale. The out-of-plane shear modulus could be calibrated at the macroscale and was in good agreement with earlier coauthors' results. The ultimate shear strength was also assessed at the same scale. Last, damage was detected and quantified at the mesoscale thanks to strain fields and at the microscale via gray level residual fields

Mesoscale DVC analyses and parameter calibration for pantographic block in 3-point flexure

International audienceIn the present work, the mechanical response of a fiber network metamaterial was studied when subjected to 3-point flexure. To account for the initial deformation of the sample due to the fabrication process, backtracking (i.e., the nominal mesh was accurately repositioned in the reference configuration) was implemented in the Digital Volume Correlation (DVC) procedure. Kinematic fields were then measured via DVC at two different scales. Finite element based DVC was validated thanks to a series of initialization steps. The displacement fields were successfully measured and a peculiar deformation mechanism was observed. These measurements were employed to calibrate the constitutive parameters of a second gradient continuum model introduced for modeling this type of metamaterial. Numerical simulations are shown to be in good agreement with experimental measurements at the macroscopic scale