Negative Parity 70-plet Baryon Masses in the 1/Nc Expansion

The masses of the negative parity SU(6) 70-plet baryons are analyzed in the 1/Nc expansion to order 1/Nc and to first order in SU(3) breaking. At this level of precision there are twenty predictions. Among them there are the well known Gell-Mann Okubo and equal spacing relations, and four new relations involving SU(3) breaking splittings in different SU(3) multiplets. Although the breaking of SU(6) symmetry occurs at zeroth order in 1/Nc, it turns out to be small. The dominant source of the breaking is the hyperfine interaction which is of order 1/Nc. The spin-orbit interaction, of zeroth order in 1/Nc, is entirely fixed by the splitting between the singlet states Lambda(1405) and Lambda(1520), and the spin-orbit puzzle is solved by the presence of other zeroth order operators involving flavor exchange.Comment: 31 pages, 3 figure

Genome And Secretome Analysis Of The Hemibiotrophic Fungal Pathogen, Moniliophthora Roreri, Which Causes Frosty Pod Rot Disease Of Cacao: Mechanisms Of The Biotrophic And Necrotrophic Phases

Background: The basidiomycete Moniliophthora roreri is the causal agent of Frosty pod rot (FPR) disease of cacao (Theobroma cacao), the source of chocolate, and FPR is one of the most destructive diseases of this important perennial crop in the Americas. This hemibiotroph infects only cacao pods and has an extended biotrophic phase lasting up to sixty days, culminating in plant necrosis and sporulation of the fungus without the formation of a basidiocarp.Results: We sequenced and assembled 52.3 Mb into 3,298 contigs that represent the M. roreri genome. Of the 17,920 predicted open reading frames (OFRs), 13,760 were validated by RNA-Seq. Using read count data from RNA sequencing of cacao pods at 30 and 60 days post infection, differential gene expression was estimated for the biotrophic and necrotrophic phases of this plant-pathogen interaction. The sequencing data were used to develop a genome based secretome for the infected pods. Of the 1,535 genes encoding putative secreted proteins, 1,355 were expressed in the biotrophic and necrotrophic phases. Analysis of the data revealed secretome gene expression that correlated with infection and intercellular growth in the biotrophic phase and invasive growth and plant cellular death in the necrotrophic phase.Conclusions: Genome sequencing and RNA-Seq was used to determine and validate the Moniliophthora roreri genome and secretome. High sequence identity between Moniliophthora roreri genes and Moniliophthora perniciosa genes supports the taxonomic relationship with Moniliophthora perniciosa and the relatedness of this fungus to other basidiomycetes. Analysis of RNA-Seq data from infected plant tissues revealed differentially expressed genes in the biotrophic and necrotrophic phases. The secreted protein genes that were upregulated in the biotrophic phase are primarily associated with breakdown of the intercellular matrix and modification of the fungal mycelia, possibly to mask the fungus from plant defenses. Based on the transcriptome data, the upregulated secreted proteins in the necrotrophic phase are hypothesized to be actively attacking the plant cell walls and plant cellular components resulting in necrosis. These genes are being used to develop a new understanding of how this disease interaction progresses and to identify potential targets to reduce the impact of this devastating disease. © 2014 Meinhardt et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.151USDA; U.S. Department of AgricultureLatunde-Dada, A.O., Colletotrichum: tales of forcible entry, stealth, transient confinement and breakout (2001) Mol Plant Pathol, 2 (4), pp. 187-198. , 10.1046/j.1464-6722.2001.00069.x, 20573006Oliver, R.P., Ipcho, S.V.S., Arabidopsis pathology breathes new life into the necrotrophs-vs.-biotrophs classification of fungal pathogens (2004) Mol Plant Pathol, 5 (4), pp. 347-352. , 10.1111/j.1364-3703.2004.00228.x, 20565602Catanzariti, A.M., Dodds, P.N., Lawrence, G.J., Ayliffe, M.A., Ellis, J.G., Haustorially expressed secreted proteins from flax rust are highly enriched for avirulence elicitors (2006) Plant Cell, 18 (1), pp. 243-256. , 10.1105/tpc.105.035980, 1323496, 16326930Link, T.I., Voegele, R.T., Secreted proteins of Uromyces fabae: similarities and stage specificity (2008) Mol Plant Pathol, 9 (1), pp. 59-66Brown, N.A., Antoniw, J., Hammond-Kosack, K.E., The predicted secretome of the plant pathogenic fungus Fusarium graminearum: a refined comparative analysis (2012) Plos One, 7 (4), pp. e33731. , 10.1371/journal.pone.0033731, 3320895, 22493673Thomma, B.P., Alternaria spp.: from general saprophyte to specific parasite (2003) Mol Plant Pathol, 4 (4), pp. 225-236. , 10.1046/j.1364-3703.2003.00173.x, 20569383Evans, H.C., Stalpers, J.A., Samson, R.A., Benny, G.L., Taxonomy of Monilia-Roreri, an important pathogen of theobroma-cacao in South-America (1978) Can J Bot, 56 (20), pp. 2528-2532Aime, M.C., Phillips-Mora, W., The causal agents of witches' broom and frosty pod rot of cacao (chocolate, Theobroma cacao) form a new lineage of Marasmiaceae (2005) Mycologia, 97 (5), pp. 1012-1022. , 10.3852/mycologia.97.5.1012, 16596953Phillips-Mora, W., Wilkinson, M.J., Frosty pod of cacao: a disease with a limited geographic range but unlimited potential for damage (2007) Phytopathology, 97 (12), pp. 1644-1647. , 10.1094/PHYTO-97-12-1644, 18943726Meinhardt, L.W., Rincones, J., Bailey, B.A., Aime, M.C., Griffith, G.W., Zhang, D.P., Pereira, G.A.G., Moniliophthora perniciosa, the causal agent of witches' broom disease of cacao: what's new from this old foe? (2008) Mol Plant Pathol, 9 (5), pp. 577-588. , 10.1111/j.1364-3703.2008.00496.x, 19018989Ferreira, L.F.R., Duarte, K.M.R., Gomes, L.H., Carvalho, R.S., Leal, G.A., Aguiar, M.M., Armas, R.D., Tavares, F.C.A., Genetic diversity of polysporic isolates of Moniliophthora perniciosa (Tricholomataceae) (2012) Genet Mol Res, 11 (3), pp. 2559-2568. , 10.4238/2012.July.10.11, 22869076Phillips-Mora, W., Wilkinson, M.J., Frosty pod: a disease of limited geographic distribution but unlimited potential for damage (2006) Phytopathology, 96 (6), pp. S138-S138Evans, H.C., (1981) Pod Rot of Cacao caused by Moniliophthora (Monilia) roreri, , London: Commonwealth Agricultural Bureau, 24Joosten, M., de Wit, P., THE TOMATO-CLADOSPORIUM FULVUM INTERACTION: a versatile experimental system to study plant-pathogen interactions (1999) Annu Rev Phytopathol, 37, pp. 335-367. , 10.1146/annurev.phyto.37.1.335, 11701827Perfect, S.E., Green, J.R., Infection structures of biotrophic and hemibiotrophic fungal plant pathogens (2001) Mol Plant Pathol, 2 (2), pp. 101-108. , 10.1046/j.1364-3703.2001.00055.x, 20572997Scarpari, L.M., Meinhardt, L.W., Mazzafera, P., Pomella, A.W.V., Schiavinato, M.A., Cascardo, J.C.M., Pereira, G.A.G., Biochemical changes during the development of witches' broom: the most important disease of cocoa in Brazil caused by Crinipellis perniciosa (2005) J Exp Bot, 56 (413), pp. 865-877. , 10.1093/jxb/eri079, 15642708Melnick, R.L., Marelli, J., Bailey, B.A., The molecular interaction of Theobroma cacao and Moniliophthora perniciosa, causal agent of witches' broom, during infection of young pods (2011) Phytopathology, 101 (6), pp. S274-S274Melnick, R.L., Marelli, J.P., Sicher, R.C., Strem, M.D., Bailey, B.A., The interaction of Theobroma cacao and Moniliophthora perniciosa, the causal agent of witches' broom disease, during parthenocarpy (2012) Tree Genet Genomes, 8 (6), pp. 1261-1279Thomazella, D.P., Teixeira, P.J., Oliveira, H.C., Saviani, E.E., Rincones, J., Toni, I.M., Reis, O., Pereira, G.A., The hemibiotrophic cacao pathogen Moniliophthora perniciosa depends on a mitochondrial alternative oxidase for biotrophic development (2012) New Phytol, 194 (4), pp. 1025-1034. , 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04119.x, 3415677, 22443281Mondego, J.M., Carazzolle, M.F., Costa, G.G., Formighieri, E.F., Parizzi, L.P., Rincones, J., Cotomacci, C., Pereira, G.A.G., A genome survey of Moniliophthora perniciosa gives new insights into Witches' Broom disease of cacao (2008) Bmc Genomics, 9, p. 548. , 10.1186/1471-2164-9-548, 2644716, 19019209Bailey, B.A., Crozier, J., Sicher, R.C., Strem, M.D., Melnick, R., Carazzolle, M.F., Costa, G.G.L., Meinhardt, L., Dynamic changes in pod and fungal physiology associated with the shift from biotrophy to necrotrophy during the infection of Theobroma cacao by Moniliophthora roreri (2013) Physiol Mol Plant P, 81, pp. 84-96Henrissat, B., A classification of glycosyl hydrolases based on amino acid sequence similarities (1991) Biochem J, 280 (PART 2), pp. 309-316. , 1130547, 1747104Dias, F.M., Vincent, F., Pell, G., Prates, J.A., Centeno, M.S., Tailford, L.E., Ferreira, L.M., Gilbert, H.J., Insights into the molecular determinants of substrate specificity in glycoside hydrolase family 5 revealed by the crystal structure and kinetics of Cellvibrio mixtus mannosidase 5A (2004) J Biol Chem, 279 (24), pp. 25517-25526. , 10.1074/jbc.M401647200, 15014076Fibriansah, G., Masuda, S., Koizumi, N., Nakamura, S., Kumasaka, T., The 1.3 A crystal structure of a novel endo-beta-1,3-glucanase of glycoside hydrolase family 16 from alkaliphilic Nocardiopsis sp. strain F96 (2007) Proteins, 69 (3), pp. 683-690. , 10.1002/prot.21589, 17879342Markovic, O., Janecek, S., Pectin degrading glycoside hydrolases of family 28: sequence-structural features, specificities and evolution (2001) Protein Eng, 14 (9), pp. 615-631. , 10.1093/protein/14.9.615, 11707607Vandermarliere, E., Bourgois, T.M., Winn, M.D., van Campenhout, S., Volckaert, G., Delcour, J.A., Strelkov, S.V., Courtin, C.M., Structural analysis of a glycoside hydrolase family 43 arabinoxylan arabinofuranohydrolase in complex with xylotetraose reveals a different binding mechanism compared with other members of the same family (2009) Biochem J, 418 (1), pp. 39-47. , 10.1042/BJ20081256, 18980579Tiels, P., Baranova, E., Piens, K., De Visscher, C., Pynaert, G., Nerinckx, W., Stout, J., Callewaert, N., A bacterial glycosidase enables mannose-6-phosphate modification and improved cellular uptake of yeast-produced recombinant human lysosomal enzymes (2012) Nat Biotechnol, 30 (12), pp. 1225-1231. , 10.1038/nbt.2427, 23159880Ferreira, P., Hernandez-Ortega, A., Herguedas, B., Martinez, A.T., Medina, M., Aryl-alcohol oxidase involved in lignin degradation: a mechanistic study based on steady and pre-steady state kinetics and primary and solvent isotope effects with two alcohol substrates (2009) J Biol Chem, 284 (37), pp. 24840-24847. , 10.1074/jbc.M109.011593, 2757187, 19574215Mayer, A.M., Staples, R.C., Laccase: new functions for an old enzyme (2002) Phytochemistry, 60 (6), pp. 551-565. , 10.1016/S0031-9422(02)00171-1, 12126701Kersten, P.J., Glyoxal oxidase of Phanerochaete chrysosporium: its characterization and activation by lignin peroxidase (1990) Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 87 (8), pp. 2936-2940. , 10.1073/pnas.87.8.2936, 53808, 11607073Henrissat, B., Callebaut, I., Fabrega, S., Lehn, P., Mornon, J.P., Davies, G., Conserved catalytic machinery and the prediction of a common fold for several families of glycosyl hydrolases (1995) Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 92 (15), pp. 7090-7094. , 10.1073/pnas.92.15.7090, 41477, 7624375Wostemeyer, J., Kreibich, A., Repetitive DNA elements in fungi (Mycota): impact on genomic architecture and evolution (2002) Curr Genet, 41 (4), pp. 189-198. , 10.1007/s00294-002-0306-y, 12172959Goffeau, A., Barrell, B.G., Bussey, H., Davis, R.W., Dujon, B., Feldmann, H., Galibert, F., Oliver, S.G., Life with 6000 genes (1996) Science, 274 (5287), pp. 546-563. , 547, 10.1126/science.274.5287.546, 8849441Dean, R.A., Talbot, N.J., Ebbole, D.J., Farman, M.L., Mitchell, T.K., Orbach, M.J., Thon, M., Nicol, R., The genome sequence of the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe grisea (2005) Nature, 434 (7036), pp. 980-986. , 10.1038/nature03449, 15846337Labbe, J., Murat, C., Morin, E., Tuskan, G.A., Le Tacon, F., Martin, F., Characterization of transposable elements in the ectomycorrhizal fungus Laccaria bicolor (2012) Plos One, 7 (8), pp. e40197. , 10.1371/journal.pone.0040197, 3411680, 22870194Adomako, D., Cocoa pod husk pectin (1972) Phytochemistry, 11 (3), p. 1145Gan, P., Ikeda, K., Irieda, H., Narusaka, M., O'Connell, R.J., Narusaka, Y., Takano, Y., Shirasu, K., Comparative genomic and transcriptomic analyses reveal the hemibiotrophic stage shift of Colletotrichum fungi (2013) New Phytol, 197 (4), pp. 1236-1249. , 10.1111/nph.12085, 23252678Garcia, O., Macedo, J.A.N., Tiburcio, R., Zaparoli, G., Rincones, J., Bittencourt, L.M.C., Ceita, G.O., Cascardo, J.C., Characterization of necrosis and ethylene-inducing proteins (NEP) in the basidiomycete Moniliophthora perniciosa, the causal agent of witches' broom in Theobroma cacao (2007) Mycol Res, 111, pp. 443-455. , 10.1016/j.mycres.2007.01.017, 17512713Pemberton, C.L., Salmond, G.P., The Nep1-like proteins-a growing family of microbial elicitors of plant necrosis (2004) Mol Plant Pathol, 5 (4), pp. 353-359. , 10.1111/j.1364-3703.2004.00235.x, 20565603Zaparoli, G., Barsottini, M.R., de Oliveira, J.F., Dyszy, F., Teixeira, P.J., Barau, J.G., Garcia, O., Dias, S.M., The crystal structure of necrosis-and ethylene-inducing protein 2 from the causal agent of cacao's Witches' Broom disease reveals key elements for its activity (2011) Biochemistry-Us, 50 (45), pp. 9901-9910Cabral, A., Oome, S., Sander, N., Kufner, I., Nurnberger, T., Van den Ackerveken, G., Nontoxic Nep1-like proteins of the downy mildew pathogen Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis: repression of necrosis-inducing activity by a surface-exposed region (2012) Mol Plant Microbe Interact, 25 (5), pp. 697-708. , 10.1094/MPMI-10-11-0269, 22235872Mosquera, G., Giraldo, M.C., Khang, C.H., Coughlan, S., Valent, B., Interaction transcriptome analysis identifies magnaporthe oryzae BAS1-4 as Biotrophy-associated secreted proteins in rice blast disease (2009) Plant Cell, 21 (4), pp. 1273-1290. , 10.1105/tpc.107.055228, 2685627, 19357089Paper, J.M., Scott-Craig, J.S., Adhikari, N.D., Cuomo, C.A., Walton, J.D., Comparative proteomics of extracellular proteins in vitro and in planta from the pathogenic fungus Fusarium graminearum (2007) Proteomics, 7 (17), pp. 3171-3183. , 10.1002/pmic.200700184, 17676664van den Burg, H.A., Harrison, S.J., Joosten, M.H., Vervoort, J., de Wit, P.J., Cladosporium fulvum Avr4 protects fungal cell walls against hydrolysis by plant chitinases accumulating during infection (2006) Mol Plant Microbe Interact, 19 (12), pp. 1420-1430. , 10.1094/MPMI-19-1420, 17153926Roby, D., Gadelle, A., Toppan, A., Chitin oligosaccharides as elicitors of chitinase activity in melon plants (1987) Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 143 (3), pp. 885-892. , 10.1016/0006-291X(87)90332-9, 3566760Deising, H., Siegrist, J., Chitin deacetylase activity of the rust uromyces-viciae-fabae is controlled by fungal morphogenesis (1995) Fems Microbiol Lett, 127 (3), pp. 207-211Teixeira, P.J.P.L., Thomazella, D.P.T., Vidal, R.O., Do Prado, P.F.V., Reis, O., Baroni, R.M., Franco, S.F., Mondego, J.M.C., The fungal pathogen moniliophthora perniciosa has genes similar to plant PR-1 that are highly expressed during its interaction with cacao (2012) Plos One, 7 (9)Riviere, M.P., Marais, A., Ponchet, M., Willats, W., Galiana, E., Silencing of acidic pathogenesis-related PR-1 genes increases extracellular beta-(1→ 3)-glucanase activity at the onset of tobacco defence reactions (2008) J Exp Bot, 59 (6), pp. 1225-1239. , 10.1093/jxb/ern044, 18390849Levy, A., Guenoune-Gelbart, D., Epel, B.L., Beta-1,3-Glucanases: plasmodesmal gate keepers for intercellular communication (2007) Plant Signal Behav, 2 (5), pp. 404-407. , 10.4161/psb.2.5.4334, 2634228, 19704615Prados-Rosales, R.C., Roldan-Rodriguez, R., Serena, C., Lopez-Berges, M.S., Guarro, J., Martinez-del-Pozo, A., Di Pietro, A., A PR-1-like protein of fusarium oxysporum functions in virulence on mammalian hosts (2012) J Biol Chem, 287 (26), pp. 21970-21979. , 10.1074/jbc.M112.364034, 3381157, 22553200Kershaw, M.J., Talbot, N.J., Hydrophobins and repellents: proteins with fundamental roles in fungal morphogenesis (1998) Fungal Genet Biol, 23 (1), pp. 18-33. , 10.1006/fgbi.1997.1022, 9501475Zelena, K., Takenberg, M., Lunkenbein, S., Woche, S.K., Nimtz, M., Berger, R.G., PfaH2: a novel hydrophobin from the ascomycete Paecilomyces farinosus (2013) Biotechnol Appl Biochem, 60 (2), pp. 147-154. , 10.1002/bab.1077, 23600571Wosten, H.A., Hydrophobins: multipurpose proteins (2001) Annu Rev Microbiol, 55, pp. 625-646. , 10.1146/annurev.micro.55.1.625, 11544369Bayry, J., Aimanianda, V., Guijarro, J.I., Sunde, M., Latge, J.P., Hydrophobins-unique fungal proteins (2012) PLoS Pathog, 8 (5), pp. e1002700. , 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002700, 3364958, 22693445De Oliveira, A.L., Gallo, M., Pazzagli, L., Benedetti, C.E., Cappugi, G., Scala, A., Pantera, B., Cicero, D.O., The structure of the elicitor cerato-platanin (CP), the first member of the CP fungal protein family, reveals a double psi beta-barrel fold and carbohydrate binding (2011) J Biol Chem, 286 (20), pp. 17560-17568. , 10.1074/jbc.M111.223644, 3093830, 21454637Baccelli, I., Comparini, C., Bettini, P.P., Martellini, F., Ruocco, M., Pazzagli, L., Bernardi, R., Scala, A., The expression of the cerato-platanin gene is related to hyphal growth and chlamydospores formation in Ceratocystis platani (2012) Fems Microbiol Lett, 327 (2), pp. 155-163. , 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2011.02475.x, 22136757Zaparoli, G., Cabrera, O.G., Medrano, F.J., Tiburcio, R., Lacerda, G., Pereira, G.G., Identification of a second family of genes in Moniliophthora perniciosa, the causal agent of witches' broom disease in cacao, encoding necrosis-inducing proteins similar to cerato-platanins (2009) Mycol Res, 113, pp. 61-72. , 10.1016/j.mycres.2008.08.004, 18796332Lombardi, L., Faoro, F., Luti, S., Baccelli, I., Martellini, F., Bernardi, R., Picciarelli, P., Pazzagli, L., Differential timing of defense-related responses induced by cerato-platanin and cerato-populin, two non-catalytic fungal elicitors (2013) Physiol Plant, 149, pp. 408-421Yang, Y., Zhang, H., Li, G., Li, W., Wang, X., Song, F., Ectopic expression of MgSM1, a Cerato-platanin family protein from Magnaporthe grisea, confers broad-spectrum disease resistance in Arabidopsis (2009) Plant Biotechnol J, 7 (8), pp. 763-777. , 10.1111/j.1467-7652.2009.00442.x, 19754836Bhadauria, V., Banniza, S., Vandenberg, A., Selvaraj, G., Wei, Y., EST mining identifies proteins putatively secreted by the anthracnose pathogen Colletotrichum truncatum (2011) Bmc Genomics, 12, p. 327. , 10.1186/1471-2164-12-327, 3149586, 21699715Frischmann, A., Neudl, S., Gaderer, R., Bonazza, K., Zach, S., Gruber, S., Spadiut, O., Seidl-Seiboth, V., Self-assembly at air/water interfaces and carbohydrate binding properties of the small secreted protein EPL1 from the fungus trichoderma atroviride (2013) J Biol Chem, 288 (6), pp. 4278-4287. , 10.1074/jbc.M112.427633, 3567679, 23250741Jeong, J.S., Mitchell, T.K., Dean, R.A., The magnaporthe grisea snodprot1 homolog, MSP1, is required for virulence (2007) Fems Microbiol Lett, 273 (2), pp. 157-165. , 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2007.00796.x, 17590228Peter, M., Courty, P.E., Kohler, A., Delaruelle, C., Martin, D., Tagu, D., Frey-Klett, P., Martin, F., Analysis of expressed sequence tags from the ectomycorrhizal basidiomycetes Laccaria bicolor and Pisolithus microcarpus (2003) New Phytol, 159 (1), pp. 117-129Cosgrove, D.J., Loosening of plant cell walls by expansins (2000) Nature, 407 (6802), pp. 321-326. , 10.1038/35030000, 11014181Quiroz-Castaneda, R.E., Martinez-Anaya, C., Cuervo-Soto, L.I., Segovia, L., Folch-Mallol, J.L., Loosenin, a novel protein with cellulose-disrupting activity from Bjerkandera adusta (2011) Microb Cell Fact, 10, p. 8. , 10.1186/1475-2859-10-8, 3050684, 21314954Brotman, Y., Briff, E., Viterbo, A., Chet, I., Role of swollenin, an expansin-like protein from Trichoderma, in plant root colonization (2008) Plant Physiol, 147 (2), pp. 779-789. , 10.1104/pp.108.116293, 2409044, 18400936Yamada, M., Sakuraba, S., Shibata, K., Taguchi, G., Inatomi, S., Okazaki, M., Shimosaka, M., Isolation and analysis of genes specifically expressed during fruiting body development in the basidiomycete Flammulina velutipes by fluorescence differential display (2006) Fems Microbiol Lett, 254 (1), pp. 165-172. , 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2005.00023.x, 16451195Rincones, J., Scarpari, L.M., Carazzolle, M.F., Mondego, J.M.C., Formighieri, E.F., Barau, J.G., Costa, G.G.L., Pereira, G.A., Differential gene expression between the biotrophic-like and saprotrophic mycelia of the witches' broom pathogen Moniliophthora perniciosa (2008) Mol Plant Microbe In, 21 (7), pp. 891-908Zerbino, D.R., Birney, E., Velvet: algorithms for de novo short read assembly using de Bruijn graphs (2008) Genome Res, 18 (5), pp. 821-829. , 10.1101/gr.074492.107, 2336801, 18349386Sommer, D.D., Delcher, A.L., Salzberg, S.L., Pop, M., Minimus: a fast, lightweight genome assembler (2007) BMC Bioinforma, 8, p. 64Ter-Hovhannisyan, V., Lomsadze, A., Chernoff, Y.O., Borodovsky, M., Gene prediction in novel fungal genomes using an ab initio algorithm with unsupervised training (2008) Genome Res, 18 (12), pp. 1979-1990. , 10.1101/gr.081612.108, 2593577, 18757608Stanke, M., Keller, O., Gunduz, I., Hayes, A., Waack, S., Morgenstern, B., AUGUSTUS: ab initio prediction of alternative transcripts (2006) Nucleic Acids Res, 34, pp. W435-W439. , Web Server issue, 1538822, 16845043Stanke, M., Tzvetkova, A., Morgenstern, B., AUGUSTUS at EGASP: using EST, protein and genomic alignments for improved gene prediction in the human genome (2006) Genome Biol, 7 (SUPPL. 1), pp. S11 11-18Slater, G.S., Birney, E., Automated generation of heuristics for biological sequence comparison (2005) BMC Bioinforma, 6, p. 31Borodovsky, M., Lomsadze, A., Ivanov, N., Mills, R., Eukaryotic gene prediction using GeneMark.hmm (2003) Curr Protoc Bioinformatics, , Chapter 4, Unit4 6Haas, B.J., Salzberg, S.L., Zhu, W., Pertea, M., Allen, J.E., Orvis, J., White, O., Wortman, J.R., Automated eukaryotic gene structure annotation using EVidenceModeler and the program to assemble spliced alignments (2008) Genome Biol, 9 (1), pp. R7. , 10.1186/gb-2008-9-1-r7, 2395244, 18190707Koski, L.B., Gray, M.W., Lang, B.F., Burger, G., AutoFACT: an automatic functional annotation and classification tool (2005) BMC Bioinforma, 6, p. 151Suzek, B.E., Huang, H., McGarvey, P., Mazumder, R., Wu, C.H., UniRef: comprehensive and non-redundant UniProt reference clusters (2007) Bioinformatics, 23 (10), pp. 1282-1288. , 10.1093/bioinformatics/btm098, 17379688Bateman, A., Birney, E., Cerruti, L., Durbin, R., Etwiller, L., Eddy, S.R., Griffiths-Jones, S., Sonnhammer, E.L., The Pfam protein families database (2002) Nucleic Acids Res, 30 (1), pp. 276-280. , 10.1093/nar/30.1.276, 99071,

Modeling magnetospheric fields in the Jupiter system

The various processes which generate magnetic fields within the Jupiter system are exemplary for a large class of similar processes occurring at other planets in the solar system, but also around extrasolar planets. Jupiter's large internal dynamo magnetic field generates a gigantic magnetosphere, which is strongly rotational driven and possesses large plasma sources located deeply within the magnetosphere. The combination of the latter two effects is the primary reason for Jupiter's main auroral ovals. Jupiter's moon Ganymede is the only known moon with an intrinsic dynamo magnetic field, which generates a mini-magnetosphere located within Jupiter's larger magnetosphere including two auroral ovals. Ganymede's magnetosphere is qualitatively different compared to the one from Jupiter. It possesses no bow shock but develops Alfv\'en wings similar to most of the extrasolar planets which orbit their host stars within 0.1 AU. New numerical models of Jupiter's and Ganymede's magnetospheres presented here provide quantitative insight into the processes that maintain these magnetospheres. Jupiter's magnetospheric field is approximately time-periodic at the locations of Jupiter's moons and induces secondary magnetic fields in electrically conductive layers such as subsurface oceans. In the case of Ganymede, these secondary magnetic fields influence the oscillation of the location of its auroral ovals. Based on dedicated Hubble Space Telescope observations, an analysis of the amplitudes of the auroral oscillations provides evidence that Ganymede harbors a subsurface ocean. Callisto in contrast does not possess a mini-magnetosphere, but still shows a perturbed magnetic field environment. Callisto's ionosphere and atmospheric UV emission is different compared to the other Galilean satellites as it is primarily been generated by solar photons compared to magnetospheric electrons.Comment: Chapter for Book: Planetary Magnetis

Launch of the Space experiment PAMELA

PAMELA is a satellite borne experiment designed to study with great accuracy cosmic rays of galactic, solar, and trapped nature in a wide energy range protons: 80 MeV-700 GeV, electrons 50 MeV-400 GeV). Main objective is the study of the antimatter component: antiprotons (80 MeV-190 GeV), positrons (50 MeV-270 GeV) and search for antimatter with a precision of the order of 10^-8). The experiment, housed on board the Russian Resurs-DK1 satellite, was launched on June, 15, 2006 in a 350*600 km orbit with an inclination of 70 degrees. The detector is composed of a series of scintillator counters arranged at the extremities of a permanent magnet spectrometer to provide charge, Time-of-Flight and rigidity information. Lepton/hadron identification is performed by a Silicon-Tungsten calorimeter and a Neutron detector placed at the bottom of the device. An Anticounter system is used offline to reject false triggers coming from the satellite. In self-trigger mode the Calorimeter, the neutron detector and a shower tail catcher are capable of an independent measure of the lepton component up to 2 TeV. In this work we describe the experiment, its scientific objectives and the performance in the first months after launch.Comment: Accepted for publication on Advances in Space Researc

PAMELA - A Payload for Antimatter Matter Exploration and Light-nuclei Astrophysics

The PAMELA experiment is a satellite-borne apparatus designed to study charged particles in the cosmic radiation with a particular focus on antiparticles. PAMELA is mounted on the Resurs DK1 satellite that was launched from the Baikonur cosmodrome on June 15th 2006. The PAMELA apparatus comprises a time-of-flight system, a magnetic spectrometer, a silicon-tungsten electromagnetic calorimeter, an anticoincidence system, a shower tail catcher scintillator and a neutron detector. The combination of these devices allows antiparticles to be reliably identified from a large background of other charged particles. This paper reviews the design, space qualification and on-ground performance of PAMELA. The in-orbit performance will be discussed in future publications.The PAMELA experiment is a satellite-borne apparatus designed to study charged particles in the cosmic radiation with a particular focus on antiparticles. PAMELA is mounted on the Resurs DK1 satellite that was launched from the Baikonur cosmodrome on June 15th 2006. The PAMELA apparatus comprises a time-of-flight system, a magnetic spectrometer, a silicon-tungsten electromagnetic calorimeter, an anticoincidence system, a shower tail catcher scintillator and a neutron detector. The combination of these devices allows antiparticles to be reliably identified from a large background of other charged particles. This paper reviews the design, space qualification and on-ground performance of PAMELA. The in-orbit performance will be discussed in future publications

Meta-analysis of type 2 Diabetes in African Americans Consortium

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is more prevalent in African Americans than in Europeans. However, little is known about the genetic risk in African Americans despite the recent identification of more than 70 T2D loci primarily by genome-wide association studies (GWAS) in individuals of European ancestry. In order to investigate the genetic architecture of T2D in African Americans, the MEta-analysis of type 2 DIabetes in African Americans (MEDIA) Consortium examined 17 GWAS on T2D comprising 8,284 cases and 15,543 controls in African Americans in stage 1 analysis. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) association analysis was conducted in each study under the additive model after adjustment for age, sex, study site, and principal components. Meta-analysis of approximately 2.6 million genotyped and imputed SNPs in all studies was conducted using an inverse variance-weighted fixed effect model. Replications were performed to follow up 21 loci in up to 6,061 cases and 5,483 controls in African Americans, and 8,130 cases and 38,987 controls of European ancestry. We identified three known loci (TCF7L2, HMGA2 and KCNQ1) and two novel loci (HLA-B and INS-IGF2) at genome-wide significance (4.15 × 10(-94)<P<5 × 10(-8), odds ratio (OR)  = 1.09 to 1.36). Fine-mapping revealed that 88 of 158 previously identified T2D or glucose homeostasis loci demonstrated nominal to highly significant association (2.2 × 10(-23) < locus-wide P<0.05). These novel and previously identified loci yielded a sibling relative risk of 1.19, explaining 17.5% of the phenotypic variance of T2D on the liability scale in African Americans. Overall, this study identified two novel susceptibility loci for T2D in African Americans. A substantial number of previously reported loci are transferable to African Americans after accounting for linkage disequilibrium, enabling fine mapping of causal variants in trans-ethnic meta-analysis studies.Peer reviewe

Star clusters near and far; tracing star formation across cosmic time

© 2020 Springer-Verlag. The final publication is available at Springer via https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-020-00690-x.Star clusters are fundamental units of stellar feedback and unique tracers of their host galactic properties. In this review, we will first focus on their constituents, i.e.\ detailed insight into their stellar populations and their surrounding ionised, warm, neutral, and molecular gas. We, then, move beyond the Local Group to review star cluster populations at various evolutionary stages, and in diverse galactic environmental conditions accessible in the local Universe. At high redshift, where conditions for cluster formation and evolution are more extreme, we are only able to observe the integrated light of a handful of objects that we believe will become globular clusters. We therefore discuss how numerical and analytical methods, informed by the observed properties of cluster populations in the local Universe, are used to develop sophisticated simulations potentially capable of disentangling the genetic map of galaxy formation and assembly that is carried by globular cluster populations.Peer reviewedFinal Accepted Versio