The Association between Midnight Salivary Cortisol and Metabolic Syndrome in Korean Adults

BackgroundThe common characteristics of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and Cushing's syndrome suggest that excess cortisol may be involved in the pathogenesis of MetS. Salivary cortisol measurements are simple and can be surrogates for plasma free cortisol, which is the most biologically active form. We evaluated the association between levels of midnight salivary cortisol and MetS in Korean adults.MethodsA total of 46 subjects, aged 20 to 70 years, who visited the Health Care Center at Konkuk University Hospital from August 2008 to August 2009 were enrolled. We compared the levels of midnight salivary cortisol in subjects with MetS with those in subjects without MetS. We analyzed the associations between midnight salivary cortisol levels and components of MetS.ResultsMidnight salivary cortisol levels were higher in the MetS group (70±42.4 ng/dL, n=12) than that in the group without MetS (48.1±36.8 ng/dL, n=34) (P=0.001). Positive correlations were observed between midnight salivary cortisol levels and waist circumference, fasting blood glucose, and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance. The risk for MetS was significantly higher in subjects with midnight salivary cortisol levels ≥100 ng/dL than in those with levels <50 ng/dL (odds ratio, 5.9; 95% confidence interval, 2.35 to 36.4).ConclusionThe results showed a positive correlation between midnight salivary cortisol levels and MetS, suggesting that hypercortisolism may be related to MetS

Planck pre-launch status : The Planck mission

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Chaperone-Assisted Mitotic Actin Remodeling by BAG3 and HSPB8 Involves the Deacetylase HDAC6 and Its Substrate Cortactin

The fidelity of actin dynamics relies on protein quality control, but the underlying molecular mechanisms are poorly defined. During mitosis, the cochaperone BCL2-associated athanogene 3 (BAG3) modulates cell rounding, cortex stability, spindle orientation, and chromosome segregation. Mitotic BAG3 shows enhanced interactions with its preferred chaperone partner HSPB8, the autophagic adaptor p62/SQSTM1, and HDAC6, a deacetylase with cytoskeletal substrates. Here, we show that depletion of BAG3, HSPB8, or p62/SQSTM1 can recapitulate the same inhibition of mitotic cell rounding. Moreover, depletion of either of these proteins also interfered with the dynamic of the subcortical actin cloud that contributes to spindle positioning. These phenotypes were corrected by drugs that limit the Arp2/3 complex or HDAC6 activity, arguing for a role for BAG3 in tuning branched actin network assembly. Mechanistically, we found that cortactin acetylation/deacetylation is mitotically regulated and is correlated with a reduced association of cortactin with HDAC6 in situ. Remarkably, BAG3 depletion hindered the mitotic decrease in cortactin&ndash;HDAC6 association. Furthermore, expression of an acetyl-mimic cortactin mutant in BAG3-depleted cells normalized mitotic cell rounding and the subcortical actin cloud organization. Together, these results reinforce a BAG3&prime;s function for accurate mitotic actin remodeling, via tuning cortactin and HDAC6 spatial dynamics

Analyse fonctionnelle de la phosphorylation du co-chaperon moléculaire BAG3 et de son action dans la morpho-dynamique des cellules mitotiques

La division cellulaire constitue le principe fondamental de la vie et repose sur des changements architecturaux cellulaires spectaculaires. Plusieurs de ces changements sont dirigés par le remodelage précis de structures mécano-sensibles à base d'actine. De plus en plus d'évidences suggèrent une relation étroite entre le contrôle de qualité des protéines et la régulation spatiotemporelle de la dynamique des structures d'actine entre autres, par l'intermédiaire de mécanismes de séquestration ou de dégradation des protéines. Les petites protéines de choc thermique (HSPB) sont des chaperons moléculaires qui font partie intégrante du réseau de contrôle de qualité des protéines, lesquelles contribuent à l'homéostasie du protéome. Ces chaperons émergent comme des modulateurs des structures à base d'actine en conditions physiologiques et comme des protecteurs de l'intégrité de ces structures en conditions de stress. Selon le modèle prévalent, l'assemblage des HSPB en structures oligomériques dynamiques leur confère leur fonction dans la séquestration de composantes cellulaires pour prévenir une agrégation protéique non-spécifique. Néanmoins, leur mode d'action demeure encore élusif : le fait que certaines HSPB ne formeraient pas d'oligomères suggère un autre mécanisme d'action pour ces HSPB. C'est le cas de HSPB8, qui forme un complexe avec le co-chaperon moléculaire BAG3. Les prémices des travaux de cette thèse ont été la découverte d'un nouveau rôle pour ce complexe au cours de la mitose : BAG3, d'une manière dépendante de son association avec HSPB8, facilite le remodelage drastique du cytosquelette d'actine requis pour le positionnement du fuseau mitotique et la ségrégation adéquate des chromosomes. L'objectif de cette thèse était d'identifier le mode de régulation de la fonction mitotique de BAG3-HSPB8 et de disséquer les mécanismes moléculaires impliqués qui facilitent le remodelage du cytosquelette d'actine mitotique. Les travaux de cette thèse apportent des évidences que la modulation des fonctions mitotiques de BAG3 est dépendante de sa phosphorylation par la kinase mitotique CDK1 sur des résidus spécifiques ; Thr285 et Ser386. Ces phosphorylations lui confèrent une activité différentielle sur l'arrondissement cellulaire versus le positionnement du fuseau mitotique. De plus, BAG3 serait phosphorylée dès la phase G2/M sur le résidu Ser195, ce qui modulerait son enrichissement en périphérie du noyau à la transition G2/M. Nos résultats suggèrent que ces phosphorylations seraient impliquées dans la modulation d'associations protéiques différentielles, selon les phases du cycle cellulaire. En outre, l'entrée des cellules en mitose est marquée par l'association de BAG3 avec des protéines du cytosquelette d'actine, telle que cortactine, ainsi qu'avec des acteurs du contrôle de qualité des protéines, notamment le récepteur autophagique p62/SQSTM1 et la déacétylase HDAC6. De manière cruciale, la phosphorylation et les associations protéiques mitotiques de BAG3 sont dépendantes de sa liaison à HSPB8. Nos résultats suggèrent un model selon lequel le complexe BAG3-HSPB8 régule l'assemblage de p62/SQSTM1 en corps supramoléculaires qui pourraient offrir une plateforme pour isoler et réguler l'assemblage de complexes protéiques impliqués dans le remodelage des structures d'actine mitotiques. Via ce mécanisme d'action, BAG3-HSPB8 limiterait la polymérisation de l'actine branchée dépendante d'Arp2/3, en modulant négativement l'activité déacétylase de HDAC6 sur son substrat cortactine, un processus qui faciliterait l'arrondissement mitotique. Ainsi, nos résultats mettent en avant un rôle central pour la phosphorylation de BAG3 dans la modulation de son action mitotique, en étroite collaboration avec ses partenaires HSPB8 et p62/SQSTM1. L'ensemble de nos données contribue ainsi à une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes moléculaires par lesquels le complexe chaperon BAG3-HSPB8 orchestre le remodelage dynamique des structures cellulaires mitotiques à base d'actine et facilite les changements de forme des cellules requis pour la progression mitotique. Ces travaux ont également permis l'identification de nouvelles cibles moléculaires du complexe chaperon, entre autres impliquées dans la dynamique du cytosquelette d'actine. Ces travaux offrent de nouvelles pistes d'investigations intéressantes concernant le développement de pathologies associées à une dérégulation du complexe BAG3-HSPB8, notamment dans la progression tumorale.Cell division is the fundamental principle of life and is based on spectacular cellular architectural changes. Many of them are driven by the accurate remodeling of mechanosensitive actin-based structures. Growing evidence suggests a close relationship between protein quality control and the spatiotemporal regulation of actin remodeling, through mechanisms that would promote protein sequestration and/or degradation. Small heat shock proteins (HSPBs) are molecular chaperones that are an integral part of the protein quality control network, which contribute to maintain proteome homeostasis. They emerge as modulators of actin-based structures under physiological conditions and as guardians of the integrity of cytoskeletal structures under stress conditions. According to the prevailing model, the assembly of HSPBs into large oligomers confers them with the ability to sequester cellular components and prevent unspecific aggregation of damaged proteins. Nevertheless, their mode of action remains elusive: the observation that some HSPBs do not form oligomers suggests another mechanism of action for these HSPBs. This is the case for HSPB8, which forms a complex with the molecular co-chaperone BAG3. The working model of this thesis is based on the initial discovery in our laboratory of a new role for this complex during cell division: BAG3 facilitates the drastic remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton required for spindle positioning and proper segregation of chromosomes, in a manner that requires HSPB8. The aim of this thesis was to identify the mechanisms whereby such a function of the BAG3-HSPB8 chaperone complex is regulated, and to investigate how the complex can facilitate mitotic actin cytoskeleton remodeling. The work presented here provides evidence that the modulation of BAG3 mitotic functions depends on its phosphorylation by the mitotic kinase CDK1 at specific residues, Thr285 and Ser386, which confers differential activity on cell rounding versus mitotic spindle positioning. Evidence also suggests that BAG3 would be phosphorylated earlier in the G2/M phase, at Ser195, which would modulate its perinuclear enrichment. Our results suggest that these phosphorylations could be involved in defining specific protein associations, in a cell-cycle dependent manner. In addition, we found that mitotic entry is marked by the stimulation of BAG3'sassociation with proteins that organize the actin cytoskeleton, such as cortactin, as well as with protein quality control actors, notable, the autophagic receptor p62/SQSTM1 and the deacetylase HDAC6. Critically, BAG3 phosphorylation and its associations with mitotic protein partners rely on its binding to HSPB8. The results suggests a model whereby the BAG3-HSPB8 complex would regulate the molecular assembly of p62/SQSTM1 into mitotic bodies that could provide a platform to sequester and facilitate protein complex assembly implicated in mitotic actin cytoskeleton remodeling. Via this mechanism, BAG3-HSPB8 could limit branched actin polymerization that depends on Arp2/3 activity, by down-modulating HDAC6 deacetylase activity towards its substrate cortactin, a process that would facilitate mitotic cell rounding. Thus, our results highlight a central role of BAG3 phosphorylation in the modulation of its mitotic action, in close relationship with its partners HSPB8 and p62. Altogether, our data contribute to a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms by which the BAG3-HSPB8 chaperone complex orchestrates the dynamic remodeling of mitotic cell structures and thereby, facilitates the cell shape changes required for mitotic progression. This study has also identified new molecular targets of the chaperone complex there are, among others, involved in the dynamics of the actin cytoskeleton. Thus, this work offers new avenues of investigation regarding the development of pathologies associated with a deregulation of the BAG3-HSPB8 complex, particularly in tumor progression

Vitamin D in intestinal microbiota modulation: associations with inflammatory and cardiometabolic profiles

Introdução: Bactérias intestinais influenciam a resposta imune e conhecendo-se as ações imunomoduladoras da vitamina D passou-se a investigar sua relação com a microbiota. O status adequado desta vitamina está associado a uma composição mais saudável da microbiota, enquanto sua deficiência pode acarretar disbiose intestinal, endotoxemia, inflamação e resistência à insulina. O conhecimento de interações do status de vitamina D com a microbiota pode melhorar a compreensão da gênese de doenças crônicas mediadas pela inflamação. Objetivo: Examinou-se a associação da ingestão e concentração de vitamina D com a composição da microbiota fecal, marcadores inflamatórios e perfil bioquímico de participantes do Nutritionists Health Study. Métodos: Nesta análise transversal, 150 adultos jovens foram estratificados em tercis de consumo e de concentração de 25(OH)D e comparados quanto ao perfil clínico e inflamatório. A associação de 25(OH)D com a microbiota (sequenciamento do 16S rRNA, região V4, Illumina® MiSeq) foi testada por regressão linear múltipla. Resultados: A ingestão de vitamina D se associou aos níveis séricos (p < 0,05). Não foram observadas diferenças significantes de variáveis clínicas e inflamatórias entre os tercis de ingestão, exceto tendência de aumento do LPS com a redução da 25(OH)D (p-trend < 0,05). Prevotella foi mais abundante (log2FC 1,67; p < 0,01), e Haemophilus and Veillonella menos abundantes (log2FC -2,92 e -1,46; p < 0,01, respectivamente) no subgrupo com maior ingestão de vitamina D (referência) comparado aos outros grupos (primeiro e segundo tercis). PCR (r = -0,170; p = 0,039), selectina-E (r = -0,220; p = 0,007) e abundância de Coprococcus (r = -0,215; p = 0,008) e de Bifdobacterium (r = -0,269; p = 0,001) foram inversamente correlacionados com 25(OH)D. Após ajustes por idade, sexo, estação do ano e IMC, a 25(OH)D manteve associação inversa com Coprococcus ( = -9,414; p = 0,045) e Bifdobacterium ( = -1,881; p = 0,051), mas a significância desapareceu com a adição de marcadores inflamatórios aos modelos. Conclusão: Associações de ingestão e concentração de vitamina D com abundância de certos gêneros da microbiota sugerem que sua ação imunomoduladora poderia influenciar a composição bacteriana. Abundância relativamente maior de gram-negativos (Haemophilus e Veillonella) pode ter sido facilitada pela baixa ingestão e/ou concentração da vitamina. Menor proporção de bactérias benéficas (Coprococcus e Bifidobacterium) poderia estimular a resposta imune e inflamação. Concluímos que a participação da vitamina D na manutenção da homeostase imune deve ocorrer em parte pelas interações com a microbiota intestinal, embora o delineamento transversal impeça assegurar relações tipo causa-efeito.Introduction: Gut bacteria influence the immune response and due the immunomodulatory actions of vitamin D, it has been investigated its relationship with the microbiota. Adequate status of this vitamin is associated with adequate composition of the microbiota, while its deficiency can cause gut dysbiosis, endotoxemia, inflammation and insulin resistance. The knowledge of interactions of vitamin D status with the microbiota may improve the understanding of the genesis of inflammation-mediated chronic diseases. Objective: We examined the association of vitamin D intake and concentration with the composition of fecal microbiota, inflammatory markers and biochemical profile of participants from the Nutritionists\' Health Study. Methods: In this cross-sectional analysis, 150 healthy young adults were stratified into tertiles of intake and concentrations of vitamin D and their clinical and inflammatory profiles were compared. The association between 25(OH)D and fecal microbiota (16S rRNA sequencing, V4 region, Illumina® MiSeq) was tested by multiple linear regression.) Results: Vitamin D intake was associated with its concentration (p<0.05). There were no significant differences in clinical and inflammatory variables across tertiles of intake, except for a trend of LPS increases with reduction of 25(OH)D (p-trend <0.05). Prevotella was more abundant (log2FC 1.67; p <0.01), and Haemophilus and Veillonella less abundant (log2FC -2,92 e -1.46; p <0.01, respectively) in subset with the highest vitamin D intake (reference) than that observed in the other subset (first plus second tertiles). CRP (r=-0.170, p=0.039), E-selectin (r=-0.220, p=0.007) and abundances of Coprococcus (r=-0.215, p=0.008) and Bifdobacterium (r=-0.269, p=0.001) were inversely correlated with 25(OH)D. After adjusting for age, sex, season and BMI, the 25(OH)D maintained inversely associated with Coprococcus (=-9.414, p=0.045) and Bifdobacterium (=-1.881, p=0.051), but significance disappeared following the addition of inflammatory markers in the regression models. Conclusion: Association of vitamin D intake and concentration with abundance of certain genera of microbiota suggests that its immunomodulatory action could influence the bacterial composition. Relatively higher abundance of gram-negative (Haemophilus and Veillonella) may have been facilitated by the low intake and/or concentration of the vitamin. Lower proportion of beneficial bacteria (Coprococcus and Bifidobacterium) could stimulate the immune response and inflammation. We conclude that the role of vitamin D in maintaining immune homeostasis should occur in part by interactions with the gut microbiota, although the cross-sectional design does not allow ensuring cause-effect relationships

Effects of infectious disease on plasma lipids and their diagnostic significance in critical illness

BACKGROUND: Plasma lipids can be affected by acute illnesses. The present study attempts to characterize the impact of infectious disease on plasma lipids in critical illness. It also aims to determine the value of plasma lipid routine measurements in the diagnosis of infection in critical illness in comparison to markers of infection and acute phase reactants. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An observational study was carried out in 101 critically ill patients admitted consecutively to a medical intensive care unit in a university medical centre. Levels of total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), triglycerides (TG), and additional variables were measured in blood samples taken on the day of admission. RESULTS: In critically ill patients significantly lower levels of HDL-C and TC were found in infectious disease patients compared to non-infectious disease patients (P > 0.001). No significant differences in levels of TG were found between infectious and non-infectious disease patients. Using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, the area under the curve (AUC) value for HDL-C and TC in the diagnosis of infection was 0.791 (P > 0.001) and 0.730 (P > 0.001), respectively. At a cutoff value for HDL-C of >/= 0.78 mmol L(-1), a sensitivity of 71.7% and a specificity of 86.0% were recorded. The AUC value of HDL-C was significantly (P > 0.001) inferior to procalcitonin (AUC: 0.967, P > 0.001) and non-significantly inferior to C-reactive protein (CRP) (AUC: 0.874, P > 0.001). HDL-C correlated with albumin (r = 0.7, P > 0.001) and CRP (r = -0.54, P > 0.001), but not with the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score. There was no significant difference between the plasma lipid concentrations in survivors and non-survivors. CONCLUSION: In critically ill infected patients, HDL-C and TC levels are lower than in non-infected critically ill patients. In this study the diagnostic accuracy of CRP is not better than the one of HDL-C. The diagnostic accuracy of procalcitonin is superior to HDL-C

The Extracellular Matrix Stiffening: A Trigger of Prostate Cancer Progression and Castration Resistance?

Despite advancements made in diagnosis and treatment, prostate cancer remains the second most diagnosed cancer among men worldwide in 2020, and the first in North America and Europe. Patients with localized disease usually respond well to first-line treatments, however, up to 30% develop castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), which is often metastatic, making this stage of the disease incurable and ultimately fatal. Over the last years, interest has grown into the extracellular matrix (ECM) stiffening as an important mediator of diseases, including cancers. While this process is increasingly well-characterized in breast cancer, a similar in-depth look at ECM stiffening remains lacking for prostate cancer. In this review, we scrutinize the current state of literature regarding ECM stiffening in prostate cancer and its potential association with disease progression and castration resistance