Archaeological chert artifacts from Atapuerca sites (Burgos, Spain): characterization, causes of decay and selection of compatible consolidating products

Chert tools from Galería and Gran Dolina Caves, located in the Sierra de Atapuerca site complex (Burgos, Spain), were characterized (macro-visual inspection, mineralogical phases, degree of crystallinity, soluble salts, surface morphology and optical surface roughness) and compared to chert samples collected from the surrounding Atapuerca mountain range. The chert tools were studied to determine their causes of decay and for selecting the most compatible conso lidation treatments. It was found that samples solely containing quartz were not significantly altered and required little conservation treatment compared to those that contained quartz and moganite, which were more weathered and powdery, requiring consolidation. The effi cacy of the consolidating products traditionally used by conservators (acrylic resin and ethyl silicate) to preserve these chert remains, together with novel nanoparticle-based products (SiO2 and a mixture of SiO2 and Ca(OH)2 nanoparticles) were assessed in this study. Changes produced by these consolidating products in the physical (surface morphology and cohesion) and aesthetic properties of the chert tools were evaluated using non-destructive techniques (peeling test, spectrophotometry and optical surface roughness), followed by destructive techniques, such as SEM and XRD.This research work was carried out at the Instituto de Geociencias (CSIC-UCM) and was founded by predoctoral fellowship JAE-PreDoc 2010-2014 (CSIC) and the Adaptability and Employment Programme of The European Social Fund (FSE 2007-2013). The characterization analyses and tests were funded by Rafael Fort under Geomaterials Programme (S2009/MAT1629). Research of López-Polín is founded by MINECO-FEDER Project “Comportamiento ecosocial de los homínidos de la Sierra de Atapuerca durante el Cuaternario IV” (CGL2015-65387-C3-1-P); SGR 1040 (AGAUR); 2016PFR-URV-B2-17

La Cova de Dalt del Tossal de la Font (Vilafamés, Castellón): conclusiones preliminares de las intervenciones arqueológicas (1982-1987 / 2004-2012)

Las excavaciones llevadas a cabo en el yacimiento de la Cova de Dalt del Tossal de la Font en la década de 1980 pusieron al descubierto un importante relleno kárstico del Pleistoceno Superior. Entre el registro recuperado destacan, además de diversas especies de herbívoros y carnívoros, así como de un reducido conjunto litotécnico, tres fósiles humanos adscritos en términos generales al grupo de los neandertales. Entre 2004 y 2012, en el marco de un convenio entre la Universitat Jaume I de Castelló (UJI), el Servei d¿Investigacions Arqueològiques i Prehistòriques (SIAP) de la Diputació de Castelló y el Institut Català de Paleoecologia Humana i Evolució Social (IPHES), se ha desarrollado una segunda época de intervenciones en el yacimiento. En este artículo ofrecemos un estado de la cuestión de la información disponible hasta la fecha sobre el yacimiento, especialmente en lo que se refiere a los aspectos tafonómicos y a la formación del depósito

The earliest European Acheulean: new insights into the large shaped tools from the late Early Pleistocene site of Barranc de la Boella (Tarragona, Spain)

peer reviewedSince the oldest known Acheulean lithic techno-typological features in Europe were reported at the site of Barranc de la Boella (Tarragona, Spain), continuous fieldwork has been conducted there in archeological deposits of the late Early Pleistocene age (0.99–0.78 Ma). As a result, excavations in two of the three open-air localities have significantly expanded the collection of lithic and faunal remains, allowing us to make progress in the interpretation of the hominin behaviors in an open-air fluvial-deltaic sedimentary environment. This includes examples of cumulative palimpsests, such as those found at the locality of La Mina, in which hominins only had a minimal role as modifying agents, as well as the extraordinary mammoth butchery site recorded at the Pit 1 locality. The aim of this paper is to present a comprehensive update of the collection of large shaped tools and to assess its significance in the framework of the earliest occurrence of the Acheulean in Europe. This cultural entity is increasingly well-documented for the early Middle Pleistocene, but very little is known about its presence in Europe before the Brunhes–Matuyama boundary. Large shaped tools appear in the three localities explored in the Unit II of Barranc de la Boella, including choppers (unifacial and bifacial) and standard Acheulean forms, such as picks, knives, and cleaver-like forms. Techno-typological and morphometrical analyses revealed a basic heavy-duty component obtained through simple shaping sequences coupled with significantly more elaborate tools produced on various large blanks (cobbles, slabs, or flakes). The complete bifacial and bilateral shapings have yet to be documented, but the present specific tool assemblage attests to the Early Acheulean technological threshold. Hence, the archaeological data from Barranc de la Boella provide insights into the first appearance of the Acheulean technology in Europe and add critical information to the debate on the technological variability of the Early Pleistocene hominin occupation of the continent. The results of this study revealed a technological assemblage unique in the known late Early Pleistocene archeological record from Europe, different from the rest of ancient Acheulean sites in this continent, which are dated at the Middle Pleistocene. This lends support to the hypothesis that Barranc de la Boella may represent a previously unrecognized Early Acheulean dispersion out of Africa connected to its first evidence at the gates of Eurasia, potentially moving over the northern Mediterranean coastal road to reach Western Europe

The earliest European Acheulean: new insights into the large shaped tools from the late Early Pleistocene site of Barranc de la Boella (Tarragona, Spain)

Since the oldest known Acheulean lithic techno-typological features in Europe were reported at the site of Barranc de la Boella (Tarragona, Spain), continuous fieldwork has been conducted there in archeological deposits of the late Early Pleistocene age (0.99–0.78 Ma). As a result, excavations in two of the three open-air localities have significantly expanded the collection of lithic and faunal remains, allowing us to make progress in the interpretation of the hominin behaviors in an open-air fluvial-deltaic sedimentary environment. This includes examples of cumulative palimpsests, such as those found at the locality of La Mina, in which hominins only had a minimal role as modifying agents, as well as the extraordinary mammoth butchery site recorded at the Pit 1 locality. The aim of this paper is to present a comprehensive update of the collection of large shaped tools and to assess its significance in the framework of the earliest occurrence of the Acheulean in Europe. This cultural entity is increasingly well-documented for the early Middle Pleistocene, but very little is known about its presence in Europe before the Brunhes–Matuyama boundary. Large shaped tools appear in the three localities explored in the Unit II of Barranc de la Boella, including choppers (unifacial and bifacial) and standard Acheulean forms, such as picks, knives, and cleaver-like forms. Techno-typological and morphometrical analyses revealed a basic heavy-duty component obtained through simple shaping sequences coupled with significantly more elaborate tools produced on various large blanks (cobbles, slabs, or flakes). The complete bifacial and bilateral shapings have yet to be documented, but the present specific tool assemblage attests to the Early Acheulean technological threshold. Hence, the archaeological data from Barranc de la Boella provide insights into the first appearance of the Acheulean technology in Europe and add critical information to the debate on the technological variability of the Early Pleistocene hominin occupation of the continent. The results of this study revealed a technological assemblage unique in the known late Early Pleistocene archeological record from Europe, different from the rest of ancient Acheulean sites in this continent, which are dated at the Middle Pleistocene. This lends support to the hypothesis that Barranc de la Boella may represent a previously unrecognized Early Acheulean dispersion out of Africa connected to its first evidence at the gates of Eurasia, potentially moving over the northern Mediterranean coastal road to reach Western Europe

El barranc de la Boella de la Canonja (Tarragonès) revisitat en la intervenció arqueològica preventiva de l'any 2007

El barranc de la Boella de la Canonja és un jaciment descobert en el primer terç del segle XX. Cinquanta anys després de la seva descoberta, la publicació d'aquest jaciment pels senyors R. Capdevila i S. Vilaseca va permetre actualitzar l'escàs coneixement de la bioestratigrafia del quaternari del Camp de Tarragona (Vilaseca, 1973). Tal com assenyala el mateix S. Vilaseca, la presència de fòssils de mamífers en el barranc va ser donada a conèixer per J. R. Bataller en la memòria explicativa del segon mapa geològic del full 473 de l'IGME corresponent a Tarragona (Bataller, 1935). El mateix S. Vilaseca apunta altres descobertes de mamífers ressenyades en el Camp de Tarragona, com la nota de Faura i Sans sobre un fragment de molar de proboscidi que Harlé determinaria com Elephas meridionalis el mateix any (Faura i Sans, 1920; Harlé, 1920). Aquesta resta va ser enviada per A. Romaní, aleshores director del Museu Balaguer de Vilanova i la Geltrú, a qui li van fer arribar des d'unes pedreres del Port de Tarragona. Els treballs geològics de M. Faura i Sans, J.R. Bataller i S. Vilaseca durant el primer quart del segle XX protagonitzaren el desenvolupament de la geologia, la paleontologia i la prehistòria en el marc del Servei del Mapa de la Mancomunitat de Catalunya

Age and date for early arrival of the Acheulian in Europe (Barranc de la Boella, la Canonja, Spain)

The first arrivals of hominin populations into Eurasia during the Early Pleistocene are currently considered to have occurred as short and poorly dated biological dispersions. Questions as to the tempo and mode of these early prehistoric settlements have given rise to debates concerning the taxonomic significance of the lithic assemblages, as trace fossils, and the geographical distribution of the technological traditions found in the Lower Palaeolithic record. Here, we report on the Barranc de la Boella site which has yielded a lithic assemblage dating to ,1 million years ago that includes large cutting tools (LCT). We argue that distinct technological traditions coexisted in the Iberian archaeological repertoires of the late Early Pleistocene age in a similar way to the earliest sub-Saharan African artefact assemblages. These differences between stone tool assemblages may be attributed to the different chronologies of hominin dispersal events. The archaeological record of Barranc de la Boella completes the geographical distribution of LCT assemblages across southern Eurasia during the EMPT (Early-Middle Pleistocene Transition, circa 942 to 641 kyr). Up to now, chronology of the earliest European LCT assemblages is based on the abundant Palaeolithic record found in terrace river sequences which have been dated to the end of the EMPT and later. However, the findings at Barranc de la Boella suggest that early LCT lithic assemblages appeared in the SW of Europe during earlier hominin dispersal episodes before the definitive colonization of temperate Eurasia took place.The research at Barranc de la Boella has been carried out with the financial support of the Spanish Ministerio de Economı´a y Competitividad (CGL2012- 36682; CGL2012-38358, CGL2012-38434-C03-03 and CGL2010-15326; MICINN project HAR2009-7223/HIST), Generalitat de Catalunya, AGAUR agence (projects 2014SGR-901; 2014SGR-899; 2009SGR-324, 2009PBR-0033 and 2009SGR-188) and Junta de Castilla y Leo´n BU1004A09. Financial support for Barranc de la Boella field work and archaeological excavations is provided by the Ajuntament de la Canonja and Departament de Cultura (Servei d’Arqueologia i Paleontologia) de la Generalitat de Catalunya. A. Carrancho’s research was funded by the International Excellence Programme, Reinforcement subprogramme of the Spanish Ministry of Education. I. Lozano-Ferna´ndez acknowledges the pre-doctoral grant from the Fundacio´n Atapuerca. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript

Reseña: Studies in Archaeological Conservation

Libro: Studies in Archaeological Conservation” Autor/es: Chris Caple y Vicky Garlick (editores) Editorial: Routletge, Londres, 2020. Ebook ISBN: 9780429342257 290 página

Metodología y criterios de restauración de restos óseos pleistocenos. El tratamiento de los fósiles humanos de TD6 (Gran Dolina, Sierra de Atapuerca).

Aquesta tesi doctoral pretén proporcionar criteris per a realitzar intervencions de conservació-restauració (o preparació) en restes òssies plistocenes, sobre les quals es realitzen estudis des d'una doble perspectiva: l'arqueològica i la paleontològica. Dins d'aquests dos camps, hi ha diversos estudis que poden veure's beneficiats en major o menor mesura en funció del tipus i el nivell de restauració que s'apliqui als fòssils (grau de neteja, de reconstrucció, etc). El treball es basa en la restauració de fòssils d’Homo antecessor procedents del nivell TD6 de Gran Dolina (Sierra de Atapuerca, Burgos). Aquests fòssils presenten problemes comuns a molts altres jaciments, especialment de mitjà càrstic: el sediment amb freqüència és compacte i està fortament adherit a la superfície òssia. En conseqüència, part del treball consisteix a esmenar fractures d'excavació i a “acabar d'excavar” els fòssils al laboratori. La Conservació i Restauració té els seus propis principis i mètodes. Les intervencions es basen en el coneixement tant dels fòssils com de les tècniques i productes de restauració. A més, sempre es dissenyen a partir del diagnòstic de les alteracions i dels objectius fixats abans de la intervenció. En aquesta tesi, es proposa que els requeriments dels diferents estudis realitzats sobre fòssils han de servir com a pautes per a fixar els objectius i els graus d'intervenció. Queda molt treball de recerca per desenvolupar, ja que encara cal incrementar el encara insuficient corpus sobre restauració de restes òssies, sobre les tècniques i els criteris específics d'actuació. En aquesta tesi s'inclouen algunes publicacions les quals tenen per objectiu començar a cobrir aquest buit.Esta tesis doctoral pretende proporcionar criterios para realizar intervenciones de conservación-restauración (o preparación) en restos óseos pleistocenos, sobre los cuales se realizan estudios desde una doble perspectiva, la arqueológica y la paleontológica. Dentro de estos dos campos, hay diversos estudios que pueden verse beneficiados en mayor o menor medida en función del tipo y del nivel de restauración que se aplique a los fósiles (grado de limpieza, de reconstrucción, etc). El trabajo se basa en la restauración de fósiles de Homo antecessor procedentes del nivel TD6 de Gran Dolina (Sierra de Atapuerca, Burgos). Estos fósiles presentan problemas comunes a otros muchos yacimientos, especialmente de medio kárstico: el sedimento con frecuencia es compacto y está fuertemente adherido a la superficie ósea. En consecuencia, parte del trabajo consiste en subsanar fracturas de excavación y en “terminar de excavar” los fósiles en el laboratorio. La Conservación y Restauración tiene sus propios principios y métodos. Las intervenciones se basan en el conocimiento tanto de los fósiles como de las técnicas y productos de restauración. Además, siempre se diseñan a partir del diagnóstico de las alteraciones y de unos los objetivos fijados antes de la intervención. En esta tesis se propone que los requerimientos de los distintos estudios realizados sobre fósiles, pueden servir como como pautas para fijar los objetivos y los grados de intervención. Queda mucho trabajo de investigación por desarrollar, ya que aún hay que incrementar el aún insuficiente el corpus sobre restauración de restos óseos, sobre las técnicas y los criterios específicos de actuación. En esta tesis se incluyen algunas publicaciones cuyo objetivo es empezar a cubrir este hueco. This doctoral thesis aims to provide criteria for conservation-restoration interventions (or preparation) of Pleistocene bones, which may be studied from either archaeological or paleontological perspective. Within these two fields, there are several studies that can benefit to a greater or lesser extent depending on the type and level of treatment of the fossil (degree of cleaning, reconstruction, etc.). The work is based on the preparation of Homo antecessor fossils from TD6 unit of Gran Dolina (Atapuerca, Burgos). These fossils have common problems to many other sites, particularly other karstic sites: the sediment is frequently compact and strongly adhered to the bone surface. Consequently, part of the preparation work involves adheriing fragments and `finishing digging´ in the laboratory. Conservation is a discipline that has its own principles and methods. Treatments are based on knowledge of either the fossils and the products and techniques for conservation. Treatments are always designed after the diagnosis of alterations and considering the objectives before the intervention. This thesis proposes that the requirements of the different studies of fossils can serve as guidelines for setting objectives and degrees of intervention. There is much research to develop in order to increase the still insufficient corpus on conservation or preparation of bones, both on the techniques and also on specific criteria. This thesis it includes some publications aimed to start to cover this gap

Durability of traditional and new nanoparticle based consolidating products for the treatment of archaeological stone tools: Chert artifacts from Atapuerca sites (Burgos, Spain)

The increase of durability to slowdown damage of chert artifacts is assessed after their treatment with traditional consolidating products (acrylic resin and ethyl silicate) and new products based on SiO2 and Ca(OH)2 nanoparticles. The stability of the treatments is analyzed submitting the samples to wetting-drying cycles and UV light exposure accelerated aging tests. Non-destructive techniques are used to compare the superficial consolidating efficacy, the chromatic changes and the modifications in the hydric behavior after one month from the application of the products and after the aging tests. Regarding to slowing down damage of the artifacts and the stability of the products facing aging, the mixture of nanoparticles is a non-suitable product, especially in the case of relative humidity variations, which cause the loss of the consolidating product surface layer. Color changes are also produced as a result of light exposure. This mixture could be a possible product to be used in volumetric re-integrations if its drawbacks are solved. The three other products slow down damage by enhancing the superficial cohesion of the samples. However, some differences in their efficacy and undesirable results are observed. In spite of the acrylic resin is the most frequently used by restorers, is the less stable product with the lowest consolidating efficiency and inappropriate chromatic changes after wetting-drying cycles. The ethyl silicate, even though its consolidation efficacy is kept after aging, being more stable than the resin, also suffers chromatic modifications and produces significant changes in the hydric behavior. SiO2 nanoparticles are the most stable product, remaining effective after the accelerated aging tests, producing low color changes despite the modifications in the hydric behavior of the treated samples. Results show that lightning gives rise to surface damage, producing superficial decohesion that can trigger higher color changes and a rise in water vapor absorption rates due to surface disaggregation. Whereas wetting-drying cycles give rise to more internal damage leading to porous system and hydric behavior modifications of all the treated samples.This work has been carried out at the Instituto de Geociencias (CSIC, UCM) and was partially supported by Rafael Fort and GEOMATERIALES (S2009/MAT-1629) Program. The research was also supported by a JAE-PreDoc fellowship program (2010-2014) of the Spanish National Research Council (CSIC) and the Adaptability and Employment Program of the European Social Fund (ESF 2007–2013). Research of López-Polín is founded by MINECO Project “Comportamiento ecosocial de los homínidos de la Sierra de Atapuerca durante el Cuaternario III” (CGL2012-38434-C03-03).Peer Reviewe

Preparation and conservation treatments of the Pleistocene fossil vertebrate remains from the cave site of Tossal de la Font (Vilafamés, Castelló, Spain)

In this paper we present the preparation of some fossils from the Pleistocene levels of the cave site of Tossal de la Font. The presence of carbonated concretions, which is the main feature of these specimens, is a problem common to many remains from some calcareous caves. Treatments are based on mechanical cleaning, and intervention criteria are directed at recovering the palaeontological and archaeological information