Da simulação ao projeto : avaliação de conforto térmico em ambiente escolar padronizado

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Arquitetura e Urbanismo, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Arquitetura e Urbanismo, 2020.A simulação computacional termoenergética é ferramenta chave para a concepção de projetos arquitetônicos mais adaptados ao lugar. Seu emprego pode auxiliar no desenvolvimento de diretrizes que busquem melhorar o desempenho de projetos apoiando a tomada de decisões. Nesse contexto, essa pesquisa se propõe a avaliar o conforto térmico de um ambiente escolar padronizado a partir de projeto de escola desenvolvido pela coordenação de projetos da Fundação Nacional de Desenvolvimento da Educação (FNDE) em busca de melhor adequá-lo à diferentes contextos climáticos. Os procedimentos metodológicos partem da relação entre normas e regulamentos que abordam o emprego da simulação como ferramenta de avaliação do conforto térmico em projetos e são divididos em 4 etapas: Análise climática de seis municípios de referência, desenvolvimento de modelo termoenergético do projeto padrão, diagnóstico do conforto térmico do ambiente de estudo e análise estatística para verificação da sensibilidade de variáveis de projeto sobre seu conforto térmico. Considera-se sua locação nas cidades de Brasília (DF), Curitiba (PR), Cuiabá (MT), Natal (RN), Porto Alegre (RS) e Rio de Janeiro (RJ), as quais representam seis zonas climáticas brasileiras definidas na revisão do Zoneamento Bioclimático Brasileiro (ZBBR). Para desenvolvimento do modelo termoenergético, utiliza-se da simulação no EnergyPlus (versão 8.3), por meio da interface gráfica DesignBuilder (versão 6.1.3.005), no qual se calcula o percentual de horas ocupadas em conforto (POC) em função do índice de temperatura neutra (Tn), segundo método ASHRAE 55 (American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers) e ABNT (Associacao Brasileira de Normas Tecnicas) NBR 16401. Os resultados de conforto térmico apontam para a dificuldade de se utilizar o mesmo padrão arquitetônico em diferentes contextos climáticos, pois o número de horas em conforto resulta superior ao total de horas ocupadas apenas em três das seis cidades analisadas, são elas: Brasília, Curitiba e Porto Alegre. Em seguida, é verificada a influência de 9 diferentes variáveis de projeto a partir da análise dos coeficientes de regressão padronizado (SRC), determinação (R2) e probabilidade (p-value). Esses resultados são reunidos em diagramas síntese afim de auxiliar à compreensão do dados de saída das simulações, servindo também como ferramenta ao desenvolvimento de projetos futuros. Por fim, destaca-se que os parâmetros de maior influência sobre o POC estão associados à densidade ocupaional e transmitância de paredes e coberturas tornando possível identificar padrões de uso e envoltória mais adequados a cada contexto climático.CAPESBuilding performance simulation is a key tool towards the design of better adapted projects to its weather context. Their employment can assist the development of guidelines which seeks to improve building performance supporting decion making. In this perspective, this research aims to evaluate the thermal comfort of a standardized classroom from a school project developed by the architectural coordination of the National Foundation for Education Development (FNDE) in Brazil. The methodological procedures comes from the rapport between standards and regulations that address the use of building simulation as a tool for the thermal comfort evaluation, divided into 4 stages: Climatic analysis of six locations, development of a simulation model of the standard project, thermal comfort diagnosis of a classroom and statistical analysis in order to verify the sensitivity of some architectural parameters over its thermal comfort. The considered implementation corresponds to the cities of Brasília (DF), Curitiba (PR), Cuiabá (MT), Natal (RN), Porto Alegre (RS) and Rio de Janeiro (RJ), which represents six Brazilian climate zones according to the review of the Brazilian Bioclimatic Zoning (ZBBR). The EnergyPlus simulation tool (version 8.3) is used, from its graphical interface DesignBuilder (version 6.1.3.005), to the development of the model, in which the percentage of comfort occupied hours (POC) is calculated according to the neutral temperature index (Tn), in accordance with the ASHRAE 55 and ABNT NBR 16401 standards. The thermal comfort evaluation points to the difficulty of using the same architectural patterns in different climatic contexts, once only in the cities of Brasilia, Curitiba and Porto Alegre the number of hours in comfort is higher than the total of occupied hours. Then, the influence of 9 different design variables is verified from the analysis of the standardized regression (SRC), determination (R2) and probability (p-value) coefficients. These results are gathered in an overview diagram which helps over the understanding of the simulationoutput data, attending also as tool towards the development of future projects. It was conclued that the occupational density and transmittances of walls and roofs presents greater influence over the POC making it possible to identify patterns related to the operation and envolope of the buildig more suitable to each climatic context

ATLANTIC-CAMTRAPS: a dataset of medium and large terrestrial mammal communities in the Atlantic Forest of South America

Our understanding of mammal ecology has always been hindered by the difficulties of observing species in closed tropical forests. Camera trapping has become a major advance for monitoring terrestrial mammals in biodiversity rich ecosystems. Here we compiled one of the largest datasets of inventories of terrestrial mammal communities for the Neotropical region based on camera trapping studies. The dataset comprises 170 surveys of medium to large terrestrial mammals using camera traps conducted in 144 areas by 74 studies, covering six vegetation types of tropical and subtropical Atlantic Forest of South America (Brazil and Argentina), and present data on species composition and richness. The complete dataset comprises 53,438 independent records of 83 species of mammals, includes 10 species of marsupials, 15 rodents, 20 carnivores, eight ungulates and six armadillos. Species richness averaged 13 species (±6.07 SD) per site. Only six species occurred in more than 50% of the sites: the domestic dog Canis familiaris, crab-eating fox Cerdocyon thous, tayra Eira barbara, south American coati Nasua nasua, crab-eating raccoon Procyon cancrivorus and the nine-banded armadillo Dasypus novemcinctus. The information contained in this dataset can be used to understand macroecological patterns of biodiversity, community, and population structure, but also to evaluate the ecological consequences of fragmentation, defaunation, and trophic interactions. © 2017 by the Ecological Society of Americ

Geographic patterns of tree dispersal modes in Amazonia and their ecological correlates

Aim: To investigate the geographic patterns and ecological correlates in the geographic distribution of the most common tree dispersal modes in Amazonia (endozoochory, synzoochory, anemochory and hydrochory). We examined if the proportional abundance of these dispersal modes could be explained by the availability of dispersal agents (disperser-availability hypothesis) and/or the availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits (resource-availability hypothesis). Time period: Tree-inventory plots established between 1934 and 2019. Major taxa studied: Trees with a diameter at breast height (DBH) ≥ 9.55 cm. Location: Amazonia, here defined as the lowland rain forests of the Amazon River basin and the Guiana Shield. Methods: We assigned dispersal modes to a total of 5433 species and morphospecies within 1877 tree-inventory plots across terra-firme, seasonally flooded, and permanently flooded forests. We investigated geographic patterns in the proportional abundance of dispersal modes. We performed an abundance-weighted mean pairwise distance (MPD) test and fit generalized linear models (GLMs) to explain the geographic distribution of dispersal modes. Results: Anemochory was significantly, positively associated with mean annual wind speed, and hydrochory was significantly higher in flooded forests. Dispersal modes did not consistently show significant associations with the availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits. A lower dissimilarity in dispersal modes, resulting from a higher dominance of endozoochory, occurred in terra-firme forests (excluding podzols) compared to flooded forests. Main conclusions: The disperser-availability hypothesis was well supported for abiotic dispersal modes (anemochory and hydrochory). The availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits seems an unlikely explanation for the distribution of dispersal modes in Amazonia. The association between frugivores and the proportional abundance of zoochory requires further research, as tree recruitment not only depends on dispersal vectors but also on conditions that favour or limit seedling recruitment across forest types

Geography and ecology shape the phylogenetic composition of Amazonian tree communities

Aim: Amazonia hosts more tree species from numerous evolutionary lineages, both young and ancient, than any other biogeographic region. Previous studies have shown that tree lineages colonized multiple edaphic environments and dispersed widely across Amazonia, leading to a hypothesis, which we test, that lineages should not be strongly associated with either geographic regions or edaphic forest types. Location: Amazonia. Taxon: Angiosperms (Magnoliids; Monocots; Eudicots). Methods: Data for the abundance of 5082 tree species in 1989 plots were combined with a mega-phylogeny. We applied evolutionary ordination to assess how phylogenetic composition varies across Amazonia. We used variation partitioning and Moran\u27s eigenvector maps (MEM) to test and quantify the separate and joint contributions of spatial and environmental variables to explain the phylogenetic composition of plots. We tested the indicator value of lineages for geographic regions and edaphic forest types and mapped associations onto the phylogeny. Results: In the terra firme and várzea forest types, the phylogenetic composition varies by geographic region, but the igapó and white-sand forest types retain a unique evolutionary signature regardless of region. Overall, we find that soil chemistry, climate and topography explain 24% of the variation in phylogenetic composition, with 79% of that variation being spatially structured (R$^{2}$ = 19% overall for combined spatial/environmental effects). The phylogenetic composition also shows substantial spatial patterns not related to the environmental variables we quantified (R$^{2}$ = 28%). A greater number of lineages were significant indicators of geographic regions than forest types. Main Conclusion: Numerous tree lineages, including some ancient ones (>66 Ma), show strong associations with geographic regions and edaphic forest types of Amazonia. This shows that specialization in specific edaphic environments has played a long-standing role in the evolutionary assembly of Amazonian forests. Furthermore, many lineages, even those that have dispersed across Amazonia, dominate within a specific region, likely because of phylogenetically conserved niches for environmental conditions that are prevalent within regions

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Mapping density, diversity and species-richness of the Amazon tree flora

Using 2.046 botanically-inventoried tree plots across the largest tropical forest on Earth, we mapped tree species-diversity and tree species-richness at 0.1-degree resolution, and investigated drivers for diversity and richness. Using only location, stratified by forest type, as predictor, our spatial model, to the best of our knowledge, provides the most accurate map of tree diversity in Amazonia to date, explaining approximately 70% of the tree diversity and species-richness. Large soil-forest combinations determine a significant percentage of the variation in tree species-richness and tree alpha-diversity in Amazonian forest-plots. We suggest that the size and fragmentation of these systems drive their large-scale diversity patterns and hence local diversity. A model not using location but cumulative water deficit, tree density, and temperature seasonality explains 47% of the tree species-richness in the terra-firme forest in Amazonia. Over large areas across Amazonia, residuals of this relationship are small and poorly spatially structured, suggesting that much of the residual variation may be local. The Guyana Shield area has consistently negative residuals, showing that this area has lower tree species-richness than expected by our models. We provide extensive plot meta-data, including tree density, tree alpha-diversity and tree species-richness results and gridded maps at 0.1-degree resolution

Photography-based taxonomy is inadequate, unnecessary, and potentially harmful for biological sciences

The question whether taxonomic descriptions naming new animal species without type specimen(s) deposited in collections should be accepted for publication by scientific journals and allowed by the Code has already been discussed in Zootaxa (Dubois & Nemésio 2007; Donegan 2008, 2009; Nemésio 2009a–b; Dubois 2009; Gentile & Snell 2009; Minelli 2009; Cianferoni & Bartolozzi 2016; Amorim et al. 2016). This question was again raised in a letter supported by 35 signatories published in the journal Nature (Pape et al. 2016) on 15 September 2016. On 25 September 2016, the following rebuttal (strictly limited to 300 words as per the editorial rules of Nature) was submitted to Nature, which on 18 October 2016 refused to publish it. As we think this problem is a very important one for zoological taxonomy, this text is published here exactly as submitted to Nature, followed by the list of the 493 taxonomists and collection-based researchers who signed it in the short time span from 20 September to 6 October 2016

Consistent patterns of common species across tropical tree communities

Trees structure the Earth’s most biodiverse ecosystem, tropical forests. The vast number of tree species presents a formidable challenge to understanding these forests, including their response to environmental change, as very little is known about most tropical tree species. A focus on the common species may circumvent this challenge. Here we investigate abundance patterns of common tree species using inventory data on 1,003,805 trees with trunk diameters of at least 10 cm across 1,568 locations1,2,3,4,5,6 in closed-canopy, structurally intact old-growth tropical forests in Africa, Amazonia and Southeast Asia. We estimate that 2.2%, 2.2% and 2.3% of species comprise 50% of the tropical trees in these regions, respectively. Extrapolating across all closed-canopy tropical forests, we estimate that just 1,053 species comprise half of Earth’s 800 billion tropical trees with trunk diameters of at least 10 cm. Despite differing biogeographic, climatic and anthropogenic histories7, we find notably consistent patterns of common species and species abundance distributions across the continents. This suggests that fundamental mechanisms of tree community assembly may apply to all tropical forests. Resampling analyses show that the most common species are likely to belong to a manageable list of known species, enabling targeted efforts to understand their ecology. Although they do not detract from the importance of rare species, our results open new opportunities to understand the world’s most diverse forests, including modelling their response to environmental change, by focusing on the common species that constitute the majority of their trees.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe