An overview of progress in electrolytes for secondary zinc-air batteries and other storage systems based on zinc

The revived interest and research on the development of novel energy storage systems with exceptional inherent safety, environmentally benign and low cost for integration in large scale electricity grid and electric vehicles is now driven by the global energy policies. Within various technical challenges yet to be resolved and despite extensive studies, the low cycle life of the zinc anode is still hindering the implementation of rechargeable zinc batteries at industrial scale. This review presents an extensive overview of electrolytes for rechargeable zinc batteries in relation to the anode issues which are closely affected by the electrolyte nature. Widely studied aqueous electrolytes, from alkaline to acidic pH, as well as non-aqueous systems including polymeric and room temperature ionic liquids are reported. References from early rechargeable Zn-air research to recent results on novel Zn hybrid systems have been analyzed. The ambition is to identify the challenges of the electrolyte system and to compile the proposed improvements and solutions. Ultimately, all the technologies based on zinc, including the more recently proposed novel zinc hybrid batteries combining the strong points of lithium-ion, redox-flow and metal-air systems, can benefit from this compilation in order to improve secondary zinc based batteries performance.Basque Country University (ZABALDUZ2012 program), and the Basque Country Government (Project: CIC energiGUNÉ16 of the ELKARTEK program) and the European Commission through the project ZAS: “Zinc Air Secondary innovative nanotech based batteries for efficient energy storage” (Grant Agreement 646186

Is there a second life for librarians?

The purpose of this paper is to explore the roles of libraries within Second Life from the viewpoint of the librarians experienced in experimenting within virtual worlds. Exploration of currently available literature was undertaken to determine the important issues affecting libraries and librarians within virtual worlds. To explore these issues further, ten Second Life librarians were interviewed in order to distinguish which were most important and why. There is considerable diversity in the opinions of Second Life librarians, but all interviewees shared the belief that their efforts within Second Life had helped others and improved their own professional development. There was a strong consensus that it was important for librarians to embrace Second Life now, in order to be prepared for a future when virtual worlds, although perhaps not Second Life itself, were commonplace. Virtual worlds are growing in popularity, particularly with younger generations. If they are to be accepted as part of a multidimensional information space, the possibilities available within the virtual space need to be appreciated and understood by the information community. Librarians have a responsibility to aid their users in understanding the complexity and possibilities of information provision and delivery offered by virtual worlds. This can only occur by accepting and supporting experiments in environments like Second Life. This paper illustrates to the library community how Second Life is currently being used to provide information services, and to further an understanding of how the entire information community can benefit from embracing the possibility of exploring virtual worlds