ORIENTARSE EN LOS HORIZONTES EPISTEMOLÓGICOS DE LA EXPERIENCIA: PROBLEMATIZACIÓN Y ETHOPOIESIS EN MICHEL FABRE

This paper presents the pedagogy of the problem in Michel Fabre, educational normativity model centered on experience. The problematization of this experience connects two guidance tools, metaphorically represented in the compass and the map, as an attempt for education to meet the challenges of a troubled world. The map represents the historical and cultural construct, the knowledge built by humanity. The compass represents the openness and polarization of cognitive scope in the experience organization. Education plays the role of providing the students with these two tools, helping them to seek and build their own path from a prudential and non-injunctive educational reason.Este artigo apresenta a pedagogia do problema em Michel Fabre, modelo de normatividade educacional centrado na experiência. A problematização dessa experiência articula dois instrumentos de orientação, metaforicamente representados na bússola e no mapa, como tentativa de a educação responder aos desafios de um mundo problemático. O mapa representa o construto histórico-cultural, os saberes construídos pela humanidade. A bússola representa a abertura e a polarização do espaço cognitivo na organização da experiência. A educação assume o papel de fornecer ao aluno esses dois instrumentos, auxiliando-o na busca e construção de seu próprio caminho considerando uma razão educativa prudencial e não injuntiva.Este artículo aborda la pedagogía del problema en Michel Fabre, modelo de normatividad educativa centrado en la experiencia. La problematización de esta experiencia conecta dos instrumentos de orientación, representados metafóricamente en la brújula y en el mapa, con el propósito de que la educación enfrenta los desafíos de un mundo con problemas. El mapa representa el constructo histórico-cultural, los saberes construidos por la humanidad. La brújula representa la apertura y la polarización del ámbito cognitivo en la organización de la experiencia. La educación desempeña el papel de proporcionar al alumno estos dos instrumentos, ayudándolo en la búsqueda y construcción de su propio caminho, teniendo en cuenta una razón educativa prudencial y no injuntiva

The search for translational pain outcomes to refine analgesic development: Where did we come from and where are we going?

Pain measures traditionally used in rodents record mere reflexes evoked by sensory stimuli; the results thus may not fully reflect the human pain phenotype. Alterations in physical and emotional functioning, pain-depressed behaviors and facial pain expressions were recently proposed as additional pain outcomes to provide a more accurate measure of clinical pain in rodents, and hence to potentially enhance analgesic drug development. We aimed to review how preclinical pain assessment has evolved since the development of the tail flick test in 1941, with a particular focus on a critical analysis of some nonstandard pain outcomes, and a consideration of how sex differences may affect the performance of these pain surrogates. We tracked original research articles in Medline for the following periods: 1973-1977, 1983-1987, 1993-1997, 2003-2007, and 2014-2018. We identified 606 research articles about alternative surrogate pain measures, 473 of which were published between 2014 and 2018. This indicates that preclinical pain assessment is moving toward the use of these measures, which may soon become standard procedures in preclinical pain laboratories.FPU grant from the Spanish Ministry of Education, Culture and SportsSpanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO, grant SAF2016-80540-R)Ramón Areces FoundationJunta de Andalucía (grant CTS 109)Esteve PharmaceuticalsEuropean Regional Development Fund (ERDF

Effects of hospital facilities on patient outcomes after cancer surgery: an international, prospective, observational study

Background Early death after cancer surgery is higher in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) compared with in high-income countries, yet the impact of facility characteristics on early postoperative outcomes is unknown. The aim of this study was to examine the association between hospital infrastructure, resource availability, and processes on early outcomes after cancer surgery worldwide.Methods A multimethods analysis was performed as part of the GlobalSurg 3 study-a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study of patients who had surgery for breast, colorectal, or gastric cancer. The primary outcomes were 30-day mortality and 30-day major complication rates. Potentially beneficial hospital facilities were identified by variable selection to select those associated with 30-day mortality. Adjusted outcomes were determined using generalised estimating equations to account for patient characteristics and country-income group, with population stratification by hospital.Findings Between April 1, 2018, and April 23, 2019, facility-level data were collected for 9685 patients across 238 hospitals in 66 countries (91 hospitals in 20 high-income countries; 57 hospitals in 19 upper-middle-income countries; and 90 hospitals in 27 low-income to lower-middle-income countries). The availability of five hospital facilities was inversely associated with mortality: ultrasound, CT scanner, critical care unit, opioid analgesia, and oncologist. After adjustment for case-mix and country income group, hospitals with three or fewer of these facilities (62 hospitals, 1294 patients) had higher mortality compared with those with four or five (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 3.85 [95% CI 2.58-5.75]; p<0.0001), with excess mortality predominantly explained by a limited capacity to rescue following the development of major complications (63.0% vs 82.7%; OR 0.35 [0.23-0.53]; p<0.0001). Across LMICs, improvements in hospital facilities would prevent one to three deaths for every 100 patients undergoing surgery for cancer.Interpretation Hospitals with higher levels of infrastructure and resources have better outcomes after cancer surgery, independent of country income. Without urgent strengthening of hospital infrastructure and resources, the reductions in cancer-associated mortality associated with improved access will not be realised

Cogena, a novel tool for co-expressed gene-set enrichment analysis, applied to drug repositioning and drug mode of action discovery

This work was supported by the portfolio of translational research of the National Institutes for Health Research Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit at Barts, the UK Medical Research Council (JID-2015-0339), Major Research Plan of The National Natural Science Foundation of China [grant number U1435222], Plan for Innovative Graduate Student at NUDT [grant number B140202], Plan for interdisciplinary joint PhD students at NUDT and China Scholarship Council [to ZJ]