Risk factors for HIV infection among adolescents and the youth: a systematic review

Objective: to identify and analyze HIV infection risk factors among adolescents and the youth. Method: this is a systematic review whose guide question is: what are the risk factors for HIV infection among adolescents and the youth?” In total, five databases and Google Scholar were searched in December 2021 and the found publications between 2012-2022 were filtered without language restriction. Studies were selected by two independent reviewers. The included materials were subjected to methodological quality evaluation and narrative synthesis. Results: overall, we included seven studies out of the 26,191 retrieved. All studies were conducted in Africa. We found that the female gender, older age, low schooling, Black ethnicity, multiple sexual partners, inconsistent use of condoms, alcohol consumption, and early sexual onset constituted risk factors for HIV infection in adolescents and the youth. Conclusion: understanding risk factors underscores the provision of health policies and intervention strategies to strengthen the responsiveness of health services and nursing teams’ care to reduce HIV transmission among adolescents and the youth.Objetivo: identificar y analizar los factores de riesgo de infección por VIH entre adolescentes y jóvenes. Método: se trata de una revisión sistemática que tuvo como pregunta orientadora: “¿Cuáles son los factores de riesgo a la infección por el VIH entre adolescentes y jóvenes?”. Las búsquedas en cinco bases de datos y en Google Scholar ocurrieron en diciembre de 2021, teniendo como filtro de publicaciones entre 2012-2022 sin limitación de idiomas. Las publicaciones fueron seleccionadas por dos revisores independientes. Los materiales incluidos fueron sometidos a la evaluación de la calidad metodológica y a una síntesis narrativa. Resultados: se recuperaron 26.191 materiales, siendo siete artículos incluidos. Todos los estudios se realizaron en África. Se identificó que el sexo femenino, la mayor edad de los jóvenes, baja escolaridad, personas negras, múltiples parejas sexuales, el uso inconsistente de preservativos, consumo de alcohol y el inicio temprano de las relaciones sexuales eran factores de riesgo de infección por el VIH en adolescentes y jóvenes. Conclusión: la comprensión de los factores de riesgo fundamenta la proposición de políticas de salud y estrategias de intervención con la finalidad de fortalecer la capacidad de respuesta de los servicios de salud y el cuidado del equipo de enfermería para la disminución de la transmisión del VIH entre adolescentes y jóvenes.Objetivo: identificar e analisar os fatores de risco à infecção pelo HIV entre adolescentes e jovens. Método: trata-se de uma revisão sistemática que teve como questão norteadora: quais são os fatores de risco à infecção pelo HIV entre adolescentes e jovens?”. As buscas em cinco bases de dados e no Google Scholar ocorreram em dezembro de 2021, tendo como filtro publicações entre 2012-2022 sem limitação de idiomas. As publicações foram selecionadas por dois revisores independentes. Os materiais incluídos foram submetidos à avaliação da qualidade metodológica e a uma síntese narrativa. Resultados: recuperou-se 26.191 materiais, sendo sete artigos incluídos. Todos os estudos foram conduzidos na África. Identificou-se que o sexo feminino, a maior idade dos jovens, baixa escolaridade, pessoas negras, múltiplas parcerias sexuais, uso inconsistente de preservativos, consumo de álcool e início sexual precoce constituíram fatores de risco para a infecção pelo HIV em adolescentes e jovens. Conclusão: a compreensão dos fatores de risco alicerça a propositura de políticas de saúde e estratégias de intervenção com a finalidade de fortalecer a capacidade de resposta dos serviços de saúde e o cuidado da equipe de enfermagem para a diminuição da transmissão do HIV entre adolescentes e jovens

Global urban environmental change drives adaptation in white clover

Urbanization transforms environments in ways that alter biological evolution. We examined whether urban environmental change drives parallel evolution by sampling 110,019 white clover plants from 6169 populations in 160 cities globally. Plants were assayed for a Mendelian antiherbivore defense that also affects tolerance to abiotic stressors. Urban-rural gradients were associated with the evolution of clines in defense in 47% of cities throughout the world. Variation in the strength of clines was explained by environmental changes in drought stress and vegetation cover that varied among cities. Sequencing 2074 genomes from 26 cities revealed that the evolution of urban-rural clines was best explained by adaptive evolution, but the degree of parallel adaptation varied among cities. Our results demonstrate that urbanization leads to adaptation at a global scale

Gaseous nitrogen loss from a restored peatland buffer zone

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A case for clarity, consistency, and helpfulness : state-of-the-art clinical practice guidelines in endocrinology using the grading of recommendations, assessment, development, and evaluation system

CONTEXT: The Endocrine Society, and a growing number of other organizations, have adopted the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) system to develop clinical practice guidelines and grade the strength of recommendations and the quality of the evidence. Despite the use of GRADE in several of The Endocrine Society's clinical practice guidelines, endocrinologists have not had access to a context-specific discussion of this system and its merits. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: The authors are involved in the development of the GRADE standard and its application to The Endocrine Society clinical practice guidelines. Examples were extracted from these guidelines to illustrate how this grading system enhances the quality of practice guidelines. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS: We summarized and described the components of the GRADE system, and discussed the features of GRADE that help bring clarity and consistency to guideline documents, making them more helpful to practicing clinicians and their patients with endocrine disorders. CONCLUSIONS: GRADE describes the quality of the evidence using four levels: very low, low, moderate, and high quality. Recommendations can be either strong ("we recommend") or weak ("we suggest"), and this strength reflects the confidence that guideline panel members have that patients who receive recommended care will be better off. The separation of the quality of the evidence from the strength of the recommendation recognizes the role that values and preferences, as well as clinical and social circumstances, play in formulating practice recommendations

Spatial and temporal variability in CH4 and N2O fluxes from a Scottish ombrotrophic peatland: implications for modeling and upscaling

Peatlands typically exhibit significant spatial heterogeneity which can lead to large uncertainties when catchment scale greenhouse gas fluxes are extrapolated from chamber measurements (generally <1 m2). Here we examined the underlying environmental and vegetation characteristics which led to within-site variability in both CH4 and N2O emissions and the importance of such variability in up-scaling. We also consider within-site variation in the controls of temporal dynamics. Net annual emissions (and coefficients of variation) for CH4 and N2O were 1.06 kg ha−1 y−1 (300%) and 0.02 kg ha−1 y−1 (410%), respectively. The riparian zone was a significant CH4 hotspot contributing 12% of the total catchment emissions whilst covering only 0.5% of the catchment area. In contrast to many other studies we found smaller CH4 emissions and greater uptake in chambers containing either sedges or rushes. We also found clear differences in the drivers of temporal CH4 dynamics across the site, e.g. water table was important only in chambers which did not contain aerenchymous plants. We suggest that depending on the heterogeneity of the site, flux models could be improved by incorporating a number of spatially distinct sub-models, rather than a single model parameterized using whole-catchment averages

Health characterization herd of cattle Breed Sindi in the city of Petrolina, PE

Os bovinos da raça Sindi, originários do Paquistão, apresentam elevada rusticidade e alta tolerância ao calor. São animais de pequeno porte, pelagem avermelhada e altamente adaptados às condições adversas da região semiárida do Nordeste do Brasil. Diante da importância da brucelose e da tuberculose na saúde humana e animal, o Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento (MAPA) instituiu o Programa Nacional de Controle e Erradicação da Brucelose e Tuberculose (PNCEBT), visando diminuir o impacto negativo destas enfermidades nos rebanhos nacionais. Diante disso, o presente estudo teve como objetivo caracterizar sanitariamente os bovinos da raça Sindi do rebanho da Embrapa Semiárido, Petrolina, PE. Foram examinadas 109 amostras de soro sanguíneo dos bovinos pelo teste de soroaglutinação com Antígeno Acidificado Tamponado (AAT) para a detecção de anticorpos contra a Brucella abortus. Das 109 amostras avaliadas, todas apresentaram resultado negativo no teste de soroaglutinação rápida em placa. Realizou-se o teste intradérmico cervical comparado com as tuberculinas (PPD) bovina e aviária nos 109 animais e nenhum apresentou reação positiva para tuberculose. Diante dos resultados obtidos, concluiu-se que neste tipo de rebanho em que ocorre pouco ou nenhum transito de animais (entrada), o risco de ocorrência de brucelose e tuberculose é considerado pequeno.The bovine of the breed Sindi is original of Paquistan and they present high rusticity and high tolerance to the heat. They are animals of small load, red coat and highly adapted the adverse conditions of the semiarid area of the Northeast of Brazil. Before the importance of the brucelosis and tuberculosis in the human and animal health the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply (MAPA) has set the National Program of Control and Erradication of Brucelosis and Tuberculosis (PNCEBT), in order to decrease the negative impact of these diseases in the national herds. Before that, the present study ained to characterize the health the bovine of the breed Sindi of the flock of Embrapa Tropical Semi-arid, Petrolina, PE. 109 samples of sanguine serum of the bovine were examined by the rapid soroaglutination test with Antigen Acidified Buffered (AAT) for thedetection of antibodies against the Brucella abortus. Of 109 appraisedsamples, presented negative result in the soroaglutination test in plate.The comparative cervical test with the bovine tuberculine (PPD) and the avium tuberculin in the 109 animals none presented positive reaction for tuberculosis. Before the obtained results, it was ended that in herds in that happens not very or none of animals the risk of brucelosis occurrence and tubercullosis, is considered small