Influence of Hydrodynamic Interactions on Mechanical Unfolding of Proteins

We incorporate hydrodynamic interactions in a structure-based model of ubiquitin and demonstrate that the hydrodynamic coupling may reduce the peak force when stretching the protein at constant speed, especially at larger speeds. Hydrodynamic interactions are also shown to facilitate unfolding at constant force and inhibit stretching by fluid flows.Comment: to be published in Journal of Physics: Condensed Matte

Subsidies and countervailing measures under the GATT and the WTO and in the US law and practice : parallel developments and interactions

Although the number of subsidy and countervailing duty cases, both at national and WTO level is declining, they still hold centre stage in the trade wars that are the hallmark of modern international economy. Suffice it to mention the “Foreign Sales Corporations” case, the “softwood lumber” cases and the ongoing “US-EC large civil aircraft” dispute. There are several reasons for this. On the one hand, the multilateral regulation of subsidies can strongly impinge on governmental autonomy in the management of the national economy. On the other, the boundaries of subsidisation are often quite uncertain as subsidies can overlap with quite distinct areas in the public management of the economy, such as taxation. Probably as a result of the foregoing factors, the multilateral discipline on subsidies was slow to develop and it is only with the Uruguay Round that a fully fledged, wide-ranging regime took shape, while the identification of countervailable subsidies and the conditions under which they can be countered have been left for long to domestic countervailing duty proceedings. The United States, for a long time the main user of CVD proceedings, developed a much more sophisticated and detailed regime than the GATTs. The competitive margin provided by US administrative practice has enabled it to impose its perspective on the shaping of the multilateral regime, firstly as a result of the Uruguay Round negotiations, and secondly because of the creative interpretation of the WTO rules, especially by the Appellate Body. On the other hand, in implementing the WTO regime the United States has often been able to withstand attempts to change its domestic regime, although some of its aspects are not necessarily consistent with the WTO rules. The success of the United States, however, has been far from complete as the US has not been able to impose its viewpoint on decisive aspects of the subsidy regulation in the GATT and in the WTO system.EThOS - Electronic Theses Online ServiceGBUnited Kingdo

Interprofessional collaborative practice within cancer teams: Translating evidence into action. A mixed methods study protocol

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>A regional integrated cancer network has implemented a program (educational workshops, reflective and mentoring activities) designed to support the uptake of evidence-informed interprofessional collaborative practices (referred to in this text as EIPCP) within cancer teams. This research project, which relates to the Registered Nurses' Association of Ontario (RNAO) Best Practice Guidelines and other sources of research evidence, represents a unique opportunity to learn more about the factors and processes involved in the translation of evidence-based recommendations into professional practices. The planned study seeks to address context-specific challenges and the concerns of nurses and other stakeholders regarding the uptake of evidence-based recommendations to effectively promote and support interprofessional collaborative practices.</p> <p>Aim</p> <p>This study aims to examine the uptake of evidence-based recommendations from best practice guidelines intended to enhance interprofessional collaborative practices within cancer teams.</p> <p>Design</p> <p>The planned study constitutes a practical trial, defined as a trial designed to provide comprehensive information that is grounded in real-world healthcare dynamics. An exploratory mixed methods study design will be used. It will involve collecting quantitative data to assess professionals' knowledge and attitudes, as well as practice environment factors associated with effective uptake of evidence-based recommendations. Semi-structured interviews will be conducted concurrently with care providers to gather qualitative data for describing the processes involved in the translation of evidence into action from both the users' (n = 12) and providers' (n = 24) perspectives. The Graham <it>et al. </it>Ottawa Model of Research Use will serve to construct operational definitions of concepts, and to establish the initial coding labels to be used in the thematic analysis of the qualitative data. Quantitative and qualitative results will be merged during interpretation to provide complementary perspectives of interrelated contextual factors that enhance the uptake of EIPCP and changes in professional practices.</p> <p>Discussion</p> <p>The information obtained from the study will produce new knowledge on the interventions and sources of support most conducive to the uptake of evidence and building of capacity to sustain new interprofessional collaborative practice patterns. It will provide new information on strategies for overcoming barriers to evidence-informed interventions. The findings will also pinpoint critical determinants of 'what works and why' taking into account the interplay between evidence, operational, relational micro-processes of care, uniqueness of patients' needs and preferences, and the local context.</p

Preclinical studies of antiviral activity of the RPH-137 fusion protein and molnupiravir against COVID-19

Finding effective and safe medicines to fight SARS-CoV-2 infection is an urgent task. RPH-137 is an original trap fusion protein against SARS-CoV-2 virus. It comprises the angiotensin-converting enzyme type 2 extracellular domain and the human IgG1 Fc fragment.The aim of the study was to carry out a preclinical evaluation of the efficacy of RPH-137 and molnupiravir against SARS-CoV-2 infection.Materials and methods: the authors analysed RPH-137 expressed in a stable CHO cell line and molnupiravir used as an active pharmaceutical ingredient. Drug-mediated inhibition of virus-induced cytotoxicity was assessed in Vero cell culture. In vivo efficacy assessments were performed in Syrian hamsters. The animals were infected intranasally with SARS-CoV-2 (PIK35 clinical isolate) in the dose of 5 log TCID50. The authors evaluated body weight measurements, lung–body weight ratios, and lung histopathology findings and determined viral RNA levels in oropharyngeal swabs by RT-PCR using the amplification cycle threshold (Ct). The statistical analyses involved one- and two-way ANOVA, Student's t-test, and Mann–Whitney test.Results: RPH-137 and molnupiravir inhibited the cytopathic effect of SARS-CoV-2 in Vero cells; the EC50 values of RPH-137 amounted to 4.69 μg/mL (21.3 nM) and 16.24 μg/mL (73.8 nM) for 50 TCID50 and 200 TCID50, respectively, whereas the EC50 values of molnupiravir were 0.63 μg/mL (1900 nM) for both doses. Intramuscular RPH-137 (30 and 80 mg/kg) had no effect on the infection process in Syrian hamsters. The comparison with the challenge control group showed that intraperitoneal RPH-137 (100 mg/kg) had statistically significant effects on a number of parameters, including a 27% reduction in inflammation and a 30% reduction in the total lesion area of the lungs by Day 7. Intragastric molnupiravir (300 mg/kg twice daily) significantly inhibited SARS-CoV-2 infection.Conclusions: both RPH-137 and molnupiravir inhibited the cytopathic effect of SARS-CoV-2 in Vero cells. In Syrian hamsters, molnupiravir demonstrated a more pronounced inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 infection than RPH-137. However, RPH-137 had statistically significant effects on a range of parameters. This offers additional perspectives for further research

PDBe: Protein Data Bank in Europe

The Protein Data Bank in Europe (PDBe; pdbe.org) is a partner in the Worldwide PDB organization (wwPDB; wwpdb.org) and as such actively involved in managing the single global archive of biomacromolecular structure data, the PDB. In addition, PDBe develops tools, services and resources to make structure-related data more accessible to the biomedical community. Here we describe recently developed, extended or improved services, including an animated structure-presentation widget (PDBportfolio), a widget to graphically display the coverage of any UniProt sequence in the PDB (UniPDB), chemistry- and taxonomy-based PDB-archive browsers (PDBeXplore), and a tool for interactive visualization of NMR structures, corresponding experimental data as well as validation and analysis results (Vivaldi)

Host adaption to the bacteriophage carrier state of Campylobacter jejuni

The carrier state of the foodborne pathogen Campylobacter jejuni represents an alternative life cycle whereby virulent bacteriophage can persistent in association with host bacteria without commitment to lysogeny. Host bacteria exhibit significant phenotypic changes that improve their ability to survive extra-intestinal environments but exhibit growth phase dependent impairment in motility. We demonstrate that early-exponential phase cultures become synchronised with respect to the non-motile phenotype, which corresponds with a reduction in their ability adhere and invade intestinal epithelial cells. Comparative transcriptome analyses (RNA-seq) identify changes in gene expression that account for the observed phenotypes: down regulation of stress response genes hrcA, hspR and perR; and down regulation of the major flagellin flaA with the chemotactic response signalling genes cheV, cheA and cheW. These changes present mechanisms by which the host and bacteriophage can remain associated without lysis, and the cultures survive extra-intestinal transit. These data provide a basis for understanding a critical link in the ecology of Campylobacter bacteriophage

NleG Type 3 Effectors from Enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli Are U-Box E3 Ubiquitin Ligases

NleG homologues constitute the largest family of type 3 effectors delivered by pathogenic E. coli, with fourteen members in the enterohaemorrhagic (EHEC) O157:H7 strain alone. Identified recently as part of the non-LEE-encoded (Nle) effector set, this family remained uncharacterised and shared no sequence homology to other proteins including those of known function. The C-terminal domain of NleG2-3 (residues 90 to 191) is the most conserved region in NleG proteins and was solved by NMR. Structural analysis of this structure revealed the presence of a RING finger/U-box motif. Functional assays demonstrated that NleG2-3 as well as NleG5-1, NleG6-2 and NleG9′ family members exhibited a strong autoubiquitination activity in vitro; a characteristic usually expressed by eukaryotic ubiquitin E3 ligases. When screened for activity against a panel of 30 human E2 enzymes, the NleG2-3 and NleG5-1 homologues showed an identical profile with only UBE2E2, UBE2E3 and UBE2D2 enzymes supporting NleG activity. Fluorescence polarization analysis yielded a binding affinity constant of 56±2 µM for the UBE2D2/NleG5-1 interaction, a value comparable with previous studies on E2/E3 affinities. The UBE2D2 interaction interface on NleG2-3 defined by NMR chemical shift perturbation and mutagenesis was shown to be generally similar to that characterised for human RING finger ubiquitin ligases. The alanine substitutions of UBE2D2 residues Arg5 and Lys63, critical for activation of eukaryotic E3 ligases, also significantly decreased both NleG binding and autoubiquitination activity. These results demonstrate that bacteria-encoded NleG effectors are E3 ubiquitin ligases analogous to RING finger and U-box enzymes in eukaryotes

Доклинические исследования противовирусной активности гибридного белка RPH-137 и молнупиравира в отношении COVID-19

Finding effective and safe medicines to fight SARS-CoV-2 infection is an urgent task. RPH-137 is an original trap fusion protein against SARS-CoV-2 virus. It comprises the angiotensin-converting enzyme type 2 extracellular domain and the human IgG1 Fc fragment.The aim of the study was to carry out a preclinical evaluation of the efficacy of RPH-137 and molnupiravir against SARS-CoV-2 infection.Materials and methods: the authors analysed RPH-137 expressed in a stable CHO cell line and molnupiravir used as an active pharmaceutical ingredient. Drug-mediated inhibition of virus-induced cytotoxicity was assessed in Vero cell culture. In vivo efficacy assessments were performed in Syrian hamsters. The animals were infected intranasally with SARS-CoV-2 (PIK35 clinical isolate) in the dose of 5 log TCID50. The authors evaluated body weight measurements, lung–body weight ratios, and lung histopathology findings and determined viral RNA levels in oropharyngeal swabs by RT-PCR using the amplification cycle threshold (Ct). The statistical analyses involved one- and two-way ANOVA, Student's t-test, and Mann–Whitney test.Results: RPH-137 and molnupiravir inhibited the cytopathic effect of SARS-CoV-2 in Vero cells; the EC50 values of RPH-137 amounted to 4.69 μg/mL (21.3 nM) and 16.24 μg/mL (73.8 nM) for 50 TCID50 and 200 TCID50, respectively, whereas the EC50 values of molnupiravir were 0.63 μg/mL (1900 nM) for both doses. Intramuscular RPH-137 (30 and 80 mg/kg) had no effect on the infection process in Syrian hamsters. The comparison with the challenge control group showed that intraperitoneal RPH-137 (100 mg/kg) had statistically significant effects on a number of parameters, including a 27% reduction in inflammation and a 30% reduction in the total lesion area of the lungs by Day 7. Intragastric molnupiravir (300 mg/kg twice daily) significantly inhibited SARS-CoV-2 infection.Conclusions: both RPH-137 and molnupiravir inhibited the cytopathic effect of SARS-CoV-2 in Vero cells. In Syrian hamsters, molnupiravir demonstrated a more pronounced inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 infection than RPH-137. However, RPH-137 had statistically significant effects on a range of parameters. This offers additional perspectives for further research.Поиск эффективных и безопасных лекарственных средств для борьбы с коронавирусной инфекцией, вызванной вирусом SARS-CoV-2, является актуальной задачей. RPH-137 – оригинальный гибридный белок-ловушка вируса SARS-CoV-2, состоящий из внеклеточного домена ангиотензинпревращающего фермента 2 типа и Fc-фрагмента IgG1 человека.Цель работы: доклиническая оценка эффективности RPH-137 и молнупиравира в отношении инфекции, вызванной SARS-CoV-2.Материалы и методы: RPH-137 получали в стабильной линии клеток китайского хомячка. В работе использовали субстанцию молнупиравира. Изучение ингибирования вирус-индуцированной цитотоксичности проводили в культуре клеток Vero. В исследовании эффективности in vivo сирийских хомячков заражали интраназально SARS-CoV-2 (вариант ПИК35) в дозе 5 lg ТЦД50. Оценивали массу тела, массовый коэффициент и гистологическую картину легких. В орофарингеальных мазках измеряли содержание вирусной РНК методом ОТ-ПЦР по показателю порогового цикла амплификации Ct. Статистическая обработка: однофакторный и двухфакторный дисперсионный анализ (ANOVA), t-тест Стьюдента, критерий Манна–Уитни.Результаты: RPH-137 и молнупиравир ингибировали цитопатическое действие вируса SARS-CoV-2 в культуре клеток Vero: для RPH-137 EC50=4,69 мкг/мл (21,3 нМ) и 16,24 мкг/мл (73,8 нМ) для доз 50 ТЦД50 и 200 ТЦД50 соответственно, для молнупиравира EC50=0,63 мкг/мл (1900 нМ) для обеих доз вируса. RPH-137 при внутримышечном введении в дозах 30 и 80 мг/кг не оказывал влияния на развитие инфекции у сирийских хомячков. RPH-137 при внутрибрюшинном введении в дозе 100 мг/кг показал статистически значимый эффект по ряду параметров по сравнению с животными контрольной группы (контроль заражения), в том числе вызывая снижение воспалительного процесса и общей площади поражения легких на 7 сут на 27 и 30% соответственно. Молнупиравир при пероральном введении в дозе 300 мг/кг 2 раза в сутки значимо подавлял развитие инфекции, вызванной SARS-CoV-2.Выводы: RPH-137 и  молнупиравир ингибируют цитопатическое действие вируса SARS-CoV-2 в культуре клеток Vero. У сирийских хомячков введение молнупиравира демонстрировало более выраженное подавление инфекции, вызванной SARS-CoV-2, по сравнению с RPH-137. Однако RPH-137 проявлял статистически значимое действие по ряду параметров, что открывает перспективы для его дальнейшего изучения.