918 research outputs found
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Developmental pathways of offender treatment: outlined routes and evaluation of goal attainment
Funder: Friedrich-Alexander-UniversitĂ€t Erlangen-NĂŒrnberg (1041)ZusammenfassungDer Aufsatz gibt einen Ăberblick ĂŒber die Konzepte und empirischen Evaluationsergebnisse zur StraftĂ€terbehandlung seit den 1960er-Jahren. Zahlreiche Metaanalysen zeigen im Durchschnitt positive Ergebnisse. Kognitiv-verhaltenstherapeutische Programme und das RNR-Modell haben die solideste Evidenzbasis, aber auch einige andere AnsĂ€tze sind erfolgversprechend. Bei SexualtĂ€tern sind die Ergebnisse noch weniger einheitlich, insbesondere hinsichtlich der Behandlung in GefĂ€ngnissen. Bei der Umsetzung in die Praxis zeigen sich zahlreiche EinflĂŒsse auf die Wirksamkeit, die den Programminhalt, den Kontext, die Probanden und die Methodik der Evaluation betreffen. Das âgood lives modelâ und das âdesistance modelâ erfordern kein anderes Paradigma, sondern sind gut mit dem âWhat-works-Ansatzâ und erweiterten RNR-Modell vereinbar. In diesem Rahmen werden 12 VorschlĂ€ge zur empirisch fundierten Weiterentwicklung der StraftĂ€terbehandlung gemacht.</jats:p
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Re-framing the Analysis: A 3-dimensional Perspective of Prisoners' Children's Well-being
This article highlights three dimensions to understanding children's well-being during and after parental imprisonment which have not been fully explored in current research. A consideration of âtimeâ reveals the importance of children's past experiences and their anticipated futures. A focus on âspaceâ highlights the impact of new or altered environmental dynamics. A study of âagencyâ illuminates how children cope within structural, material and social confines which intensify vulnerability and dependency. This integrated perspective reveals important differences in individual children's experiences and commonalities in broader systemic and social constraints on prisonersâ children. The paper analyses data from a prospective longitudinal study of 35 prisonersâ children during and after their (step) father's imprisonment to illustrate the arguments
Implizite VerbkausalitÀt in chinesischer Sprache - Replikation und differentielle Befunde
Verben, die zwischenmenschliche Ereignisse beschreiben, existieren in jeder Sprache der Welt. Beispiele sind âĂŒberraschenâ, âbestechenâ, âtadelnâ oder âbewundernâ. Diese so genannten interpersonalen Verben fĂŒhren, auch wenn keinerlei weitere Informationen gegeben werden, zu systematischen Ursachenzuschreibungen auf einen der beiden Interaktionspartner â ein PhĂ€nomen, das als âimplizite KausalitĂ€t in Sprache" bezeichnet wird. Die vorliegende Studie untersucht anhand einer Stichprobe in der Volksrepublik China (N=193) die vorhergesagten Ursachenzuschreibungen von 24 interpersonalen Verben, die nach der Revised Action-State Distinction (Rudolph & Försterling, 1997) ausgewĂ€hlt wurden. Es zeigt sich in Ăbereinstimmung mit der bisherigen Forschung, dass auch bei einer kollektivistisch geprĂ€gten Kultur die Ursache in systematischer und vorhersagbarer Weise auf einen Interaktionspartner attribuiert wird. Allerdings ergeben sich hierbei fĂŒr einige Verben systematische Abweichungen, die auf eine kulturspezifische Semantik eines Verbtyps hindeuten: So zeigt sich bei einzelnen Zustandsverben, die ĂŒblicherweise Attributionen auf das Objekt nahelegen (z.B. âmögenâ), dass in Abweichung hiervon in systematischer Weise eher auf das Satzsubjekt attribuiert wird. Dies deutet darauf hin, dass - zumindest wenn keine weiteren Kausalinformationen vorliegen - in der chinesischen Kultur möglicherweise das grammatikalische Subjekt stĂ€rker als Verursacher wahrgenommen wird als in westlichen Kulturen
âMixedâ Sexual Offending Against Both Children and Adults: An Empirical Comparison With Individuals Who Exclusively Offended Against Child or Adult Victims
Funder: Bavarian State Ministry of Justice (Germany) Individuals who sexually offended against both children and adults might be particularly dangerous. However, studies on this group are rare due to methodological difficulties. We investigated adverse childhood experiences, criminological variables, and other characteristics as well as recidivism in individuals who sexually offended against mixed-aged victims (ISOMAVs) compared to individuals who exclusively offended against adults (ISOAs) or children (ISOCs). Compared to previous studies, we applied more stringent classification criteria by including only individuals with at least two past sexual offenses. Analyses revealed that ISOMAVs more often had an extensive history of sexual offending. In addition, they were more likely than ISOAs to assault males, and more likely than ISOCs to assault strangers. Violent reoffending was more common in ISOMAVs compared to ISOCs, but ISOMAVs showed no more sexual recidivism. Other findings, limitations, and implications for research and practice are discussed. </jats:p
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A Comprehensive Meta-Analysis of Randomized Evaluations of the Effect of Child Social Skills Training on Antisocial Development
Funder: Friedrich-Schiller-UniversitÀt Jena (1010)Abstract
Purpose
Developmental and life course criminology (DLCC) engages not only in correlational longitudinal research but also in programs of developmental prevention. Within this context, child training on social skills plays an important role. The present article contains a comprehensive meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on the effects of this type of intervention.
Method
We updated a meta-analysis on this topic Lösel & Beelman (Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 587:84â109, 2003) to cover more recent studies while focusing specifically on aggression, delinquency, and related antisocial outcomes. From a systematic search of 1133 reports, we found 113 studies with 130 eligible RCT comparisons between a program and control group. Overall, 31,114 children and youths were included in these evaluations. Most interventions were based on a cognitive-behavioral approach.
Results
Overall, the mean effect was positive, but rather small (dâ=â0.25 using the random effect model). There were similar effects on aggression, delinquency, and other outcomes, but a tendency to somewhat stronger effects in behavior observations and official records than in rating scales. Most outcome measurements were assessed within 3Â months or up to 1Â year after training. Only a minority (kâ=â14) had follow-up assessments after more than 1Â year. In the latter studies, mean effects were no longer significant. Indicated prevention for youngsters who already showed some antisocial behavior had better effects than universal approaches and (partially related to this) older youngsters benefited more than preschool children. There was much heterogeneity in the findings. Evaluations performed since our previous meta-analysis in 2003 did not reveal larger effects, but training format, intensity, and other moderators were relevant.
Conclusions
Mean results are promising, but more long-term evaluations, replications, booster approaches, and combinations with other types of interventions are necessary to ensure a substantial impact on antisocial development in the life course.
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Mindfulness-based interventions for young offenders: a scoping review
Youth offending is a problem worldwide. Young people in the criminal justice system have frequently experienced adverse childhood circumstances, mental health problems, difficulties regulating emotions and poor quality of life. Mindfulness-based interventions can help people manage problems resulting from these experiences, but their usefulness for youth offending populations is not clear. This review evaluated existing evidence for mindfulness-based interventions among such populations. To be included, each study used an intervention with at least one of the three core components of mindfulness-based stress reduction (breath awareness, body awareness, mindful movement) that was delivered to young people in prison or community rehabilitation programs. No restrictions were placed on methods used. Thirteen studies were included: three randomized controlled trials, one controlled trial, three pre-post study designs, three mixed-methods approaches and three qualitative studies. Pooled numbers (nâ=â842) comprised 99% males aged between 14 and 23. Interventions varied so it was not possible to identify an optimal approach in terms of content, dose or intensity. Studies found some improvement in various measures of mental health, self-regulation, problematic behaviour, substance use, quality of life and criminal propensity. In those studies measuring mindfulness, changes did not reach statistical significance. Qualitative studies reported participants feeling less stressed, better able to concentrate, manage emotions and behaviour, improved social skills and that the interventions were acceptable. Generally low study quality limits the generalizability of these findings. Greater clarity on intervention components and robust mixed-methods evaluation would improve clarity of reporting and better guide future youth offending prevention programs
Preventing Violence in Seven Countries: Global Convergence in Policies
Do governments take the measures that are supported by the best scientific evidence available? We present a brief review of the situation in: Australia, Canada, Germany, the Netherlands, Spain, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Our findings show surprisingly similar developments across countries. While all seven countries are moving towards evidence-based decision making regarding policies and programs to prevent violence, there remain a number of difficulties before this end can be achieved. For example, there continue to be few randomized controlled trials or rigorous quasi-experimental studies on aggression and violence. Results from experimental research are essential to both policy makers and researchers to determine the effectiveness of programs as well as increase our knowledge of the problem. Additionally, all noted that media attention for violence is high in their country, often leading to management by crisis with the result that policies are not based on evidence, but instead seek to appease public outrage. And perhaps because of attendant organizational problems (i.e., in many countries violence prevention was not under the guise of one particular agency or ministry), most have not developed a coordinated policy focusing on the prevention of violence and physical aggression. It is hypothesized that leaders in democratic countries, who must run for election every 4 to 6 years, may feel a need to focus on short-term planning rather than long-term preventive policies since the costs, but not the benefits for the latter would be incurred while they still served in office. We also noted a general absence of expertise beyond those within scientific circles. The need for these ideas to be more widely accepted will be an essential ingredient to real and sustaining change. This means that there must be better communication and increased understanding between researchers and policy makers. Toward those ends, the recent establishment of the Campbell Collaboration, formed to provide international systematic reviews of program effectiveness, will make these results more available and accessible to politicians, administrators and those charged with making key policy decision
Measurement of the cross-section and charge asymmetry of bosons produced in proton-proton collisions at TeV with the ATLAS detector
This paper presents measurements of the and cross-sections and the associated charge asymmetry as a
function of the absolute pseudorapidity of the decay muon. The data were
collected in proton--proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 8 TeV with
the ATLAS experiment at the LHC and correspond to a total integrated luminosity
of 20.2~\mbox{fb^{-1}}. The precision of the cross-section measurements
varies between 0.8% to 1.5% as a function of the pseudorapidity, excluding the
1.9% uncertainty on the integrated luminosity. The charge asymmetry is measured
with an uncertainty between 0.002 and 0.003. The results are compared with
predictions based on next-to-next-to-leading-order calculations with various
parton distribution functions and have the sensitivity to discriminate between
them.Comment: 38 pages in total, author list starting page 22, 5 figures, 4 tables,
submitted to EPJC. All figures including auxiliary figures are available at
https://atlas.web.cern.ch/Atlas/GROUPS/PHYSICS/PAPERS/STDM-2017-13
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