Estadística Descriptiva y Probabilidad: (Teoría y problemas)

XXXIV, 261 p. ; 24 cm.Libro ElectrónicoÍndice Bibliografía: p. [256]-258 Manual para alumnos de titulaciones experimentales que proporciona una visión práctica e intuitiva de la estadística descriptiva y el cálculo de probabilidades, campos básicos y fundamentales de la ciencia estadísticaLibro : Español (spa) : 3a. edIndice general Prólogo XIII 1. Introducción XIII 2. History (Histórico) XV 3. Licencia de Documentación Libre de GNU XVI 4. GNU Free Documentation License XXVI A Estadística Descriptiva 1 1 Síntesis de la información 7 1. Rese˜na histórica 7 2. La organización de la información 9 3. Representaciones grá?cas 15 4. Medidas centrales 17 5. Medidas de posición 26 6. Medidas de dispersión 27 7. Desigualdad de Tchebychev 31 8. Momentos de la distribución 31 9. Medidas de forma 33 10. Transformaciones 36 11. Análisis exploratorio de datos 37 12. Ejercicios 40 2 Análisis conjunto de variables. 53 1. Distribución conjunta de dos caracteres 53 2. Distribuciones marginales 55 3. Distribuciones condicionadas 55 4. Independencia 60 5. Medidas de dependencia. Coeficientes de relación 61 6. Ejercicios 78 3 Ajuste y regresión bidimensional 89 1. Introducción 89 2. Ajuste. Criterio de los mínimos cuadrados 91 3. Análisis de la bondad del ajuste 97 4. Regresión. Método de regresión a la media 100 5. Análisis de la bondad de la regresión 102 6. Notas y conclusiones 104 7. Ejercicios 105 B Probabilidad 113 4 Teoría de la probabilidad 117 1. Evolución histórica 117 2. Conjuntos. Operaciones 120 3. Algebra de sucesos 122 4. Distintas de?niciones del concepto de probabilidad 126 5. Propiedades de la función de probabilidad 129 6. Probabilidad condicionada. Independencia 131 7. Dependencia e independencia 132 8. Teorema de la probabilidad total. Teorema de Bayes 133 9. Ejercicios 136 5 Variable aleatoria 145 1. Concepto 145 2. Variables discretas y continuas 146 3. Variables unidimensionales 147 4. Variables multidimensionales 161 5. Ejercicios 173 6 Algunos modelos probabilísticos 185 1. Distribución uniforme discreta 185 2. Experimento de Bernouilli 186 3. Distribución hipergeométrica 191 4. Proceso de Poisson 192 5. Distribución uniforme continua 195 6. Distribución normal 197 7. Relación entre binomial, Poisson y normal 200 8. Teorema central del límite 201 9. Distribución gamma 202 10. Distribución beta 203 11. Distribución de Cauchy 204 12. Distribuciones derivadas de la normal 206 13. Distribución de Laplace 210 14. Distribución logística 211 15. Distribución de Pareto 211 16. Algunos modelos multidimensionales 212 17. Ejercicios 215 A Combinatoria 225 1. Introducción 225 2. Variaciones con repetición 225 3. Variaciones 226 4. Permutaciones 226 5. Permutaciones con repetición 226 6. Combinaciones sin repetición 227 7. Combinaciones con repetición 228 8. Ejercicios 228 B Tablas Estadísticas 233 C Bibliografía 25

Changes produced by the application of biostimulants on almond rootstocks properties during the nursery process

[EN] During the last ten years we have assisted to the consolidation of the almond crop that has remarkably increased its cultivation area causing a high demand for both plants and products related to growth stimulation. Accordingly, in the present work we aim to study the changes produced by the contribution of two biostimulants (humic and fulvic acids or aminoacids) on the properties of almond tree rootstocks. This kind of studies are of interest to the nursery cultivation industry where rapid growth of trees and good adaptation to their cultivation environment are required. Plants' radicular and vegetative systems responded differently according to the rootstock selection. The fastest and vigorous vegetative development was observed in GN rootstock whereas GF 677 showed the greatest number of main roots and RP-R of secondary roots. Differences on antioxidant activity and phenol content have also been found between rootstocks. All the tested samples were found to have a high antioxidant power and a high phenol content but GN stood out in this regard over the other rootstocks under study. The efficiency of the biostimulants applied has been verified. Both biostimulants promoted the development of the aerial part of the trees but biostimulant 2 did it to a greater extent. Biostimulant 1 was able to duplicate the number of main roots in RP-R and during the first year of study, biostimulant 2 originated an increase of the weight of the root system by 26.44% for RP-R, 16.93% for GF 677 and 48.00% for GN. In view of these results, synthetic chemical fertilizers can be at least partially replaced by biostimulants.Mondragón-Valero, A.; Malheiro, R.; Salazar Hernández, DM.; Pereira, JA.; López- Cortés, I. (2019). Changes produced by the application of biostimulants on almond rootstocks properties during the nursery process. Advances in Agriculture & Botanics (Online). 11(1):56-71. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/151095S567111

The development of the radicular and vegetative systems of almond trees with different rootstocks following the application of biostimulants

[EN] Aim of study: Recently, the development of almond crops on a global scale has increased their area under cultivation. The demand for both plants and products that stimulate the growth of almond trees has therefore become increasingly necessary. Accordingly, in this project we have studied the response in the vegetative and root systems of almond trees with different rootstocks to varying inputs of several root stimulants. Area of study: Valencia (Spain) Material and methods: Several different organic biostimulants were studied in isolation, i.e. not combined with synthetic chemical fertilizers, in order to ascertain if chemical fertilizers could be at least partially replaced. Main results: Good results were obtained by applying a biostimulant composed of organic matter rich in saccharides and carboxylates. Using an approach that enabled a distinguishing between them, plant radicular systems were shown to respond differently according to the biostimulant applied and the rootstock tested. The best results were obtained with a biostimulant composed of organic matter from corn hydrolysis and containing free amino acids and extracts from algae, as well as 0.07% zeaxanthins. Research highlights: Although biostimulants are promoters of young almond tree growth, they should be applied to only partially replace chemical fertilizers. The present paper shows the importance of using an organic-origin biostimulant, as a complement to chemical nutritionMondragón-Valero, A.; Malheiro, R.; Salazar Hernández, DM.; Martinez-Tome, J.; Pereira, JA.; López- Cortés, I. (2020). The development of the radicular and vegetative systems of almond trees with different rootstocks following the application of biostimulants. Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research (Online). 18(4):1-11. https://doi.org/10.5424/sjar/2020184-14787S111184Apone F, Tito A, Carola A, Arciello S, Tortora A, Filippini L, 2010. A mixture of peptides and sugars derived from plant cell walls increases plant defense responses to stress and attenuates ageing-associated molecular changes in cultured skin cells. J Biotech 145: 367-376.Basak A, 2008. Effect of preharvest treatment with seaweed products, Kelpak® and Goëmar BM 86®, on fruit quality in apple. Inter J Fruit Sci 8: 1-14.Battacharyya D, Babgohari MZ, Rathor P, Prithiviraj B, 2015. Seaweed extracts as biostimulants in horticulture. Sci Hortic 196: 39-48.Bernhard R, Grasselly C, 1981. Les pêchers x amandiers. Arb Fruit 328: 37-42.Bi G, Scagel C, Cheng L, Dong S, Fuchigami L, 2003. Spring growth of almond nursery trees depends upon nitrogen from both plant reserves and spring fertilizer application. J Hortic Sci Biotech 78: 853-858.Burns AM, Zitt MA, Rowe CC, Langkamp-Henken B, Mai V, Nieves C, et al., 2016. Diet quality improves for parents and children when almonds are incorporated into their daily diet: a randomized, crossover study. Nutr Res 36: 80-89.Bussi C, Huguet J, Besset J, Girard T, 1995. Rootstock effects on the growth and fruit yield of peach. Eur J Agron 4: 387-393.Chen SK, Edwards CA, Subler S, 2003. The influence of two agricultural biostimulants on nitrogen transformations, microbial activity, and plant growth in soil microcosms. Soil Biol Biochem 35: 9-19.Chouliaras V, Tasioula M, Chatzissavvidis C, Therios I, Tsabolatidou E, 2009. The effects of a seaweed extract in addition to nitrogen and boron fertilization on productivity, fruit maturation, leaf nutritional status and oil quality of the olive (Olea europaea L.) cultivar Koroneiki. J Sci Food Agric 89: 984-988.Deliopoulos T, Kettlewell P, Hare M, 2010. Fungal disease suppression by inorganic salts. A review. Crop Prot 29: 1059-1075.Enz M, Dachler CH, 1997. Compendium of growth stage identification keys for mono- and dicotyledonous plants. Extended BBCH scale. A joint publication of BBA, BSA, IGZ, IVA, AgrEvo, BASF, Bayer, Novartis. 94 pp.Ertani A, Cavani L, Pizzeghello D, Brandellero E, Altissimo A, Ciavatta C, Nardi S, 2009. Biostimulant activity of two protein hydrolyzates in the growth and nitrogen metabolism of maize seedlings. J Plant Nutr Soil Sci 172: 237-244.Espada J, Romero J, Cmuñas F, Alonso J, 2013. Nuevos patrones para el melocotonero: mejora de la eficiencia y calidad del fruto. Gobierno de Aragón, Zaragoza, Spain.European Biostimulants Industry Council, 2018. Economic overview of biostimulants sector in Europe. http://www.biostimulants.eu/.Felipe A, 2009. Felinem, Garnem and Monegro almond x peach hybrid rootstocks. HortScience 44: 196-197.Forcada C, Gogorcena Y, Moreno M, 2012. Agronomical and fruit quality traits of two peach cultivars on peach-almond hybrid rootstocks growing on Mediterranean conditions. Sci Hortic 140: 157-163.Gómez-Aparisi J, Carrera M, Felipe A, Socias I Company R, 2001. Garnem, Monegro y Felinem: Nuevos patrones híbridos almendro x melocotonero, resistentes a nematodos y de hoja roja para frutales de hueso. Inf Téc Econ Agrar 97: 282-288.Goss M, Miller M, Bailey L, Grant C, 1993. Root growth and distribution in relation to nutrient availability and uptake. Eur J Agron 2: 57-67.INC, 2019. Global statistical review 2017-2018. International Nut and Dried Fruit Council, Reus, Spain.Khan W, Rayirath UP, Subramanian S, Jithesh MN, Rayorath P, Hodges DM, et al., 2009. Seaweed extracts as biostimulants of plant growth and development. J Plant Growth Reg 28: 386-399.Lopus SE, Santibañez MP, Beede RH, Duncan RA, Edstrom J, Niederholzer FJA, et al., 2010. Survey examines the adoption of perceived best management practices for almond nutrition. Calif Agric 64: 149-154.Mondragón-Valero A, Lopéz-Cortés I, Salazar DM, Córdova PF, 2017. Physical mechanisms produced in the development of nursery almond trees (Prunus dulcis Miller) as a response to the plant adaptation to different substrates. Rhizosphere 3: 44-49.Moreno M, Gogorcena Y, Pinochet J, 2008. Mejora y selección de patrones de prunus tolerantes a estreses abióticos. In: La adaptación al ambiente y los estreses abióticos en la mejora vegetal, pp. 451-475. Junta de Andalucía, Dirección General de Planificación y Análisis de Mercados, Servicio de Publicaciones y Divulgación, Sevilla.Muhammad S, Luedeling E, Brown P, 2009. A nutrient budget approach to nutrient management in almond. XVI Proc Int Plant Nutr Col, California (USA), pp: 1-9.Nardi S, Pizzeghello D, Schiavon M, Ertani A, 2016. Plant biostimulants: physiological responses induced by protein hydrolyzed-based products and humic substances in plant metabolism. Sci Agric 73: 18-23.Olivares FL, Busato JG, Paula AM, Lima LS, Aguiar NO, Canellas LP, 2017. Plant growth promoting bacteria and humic substances: crop promotion and mechanisms of action. Chem Biol Tech Agric 4: 30.Pinochet J, 2010. 'Replantpac' (Rootpac R), a plum-almond hybrid rootstock for replant situations. HortScience 45: 299-301.Pinochet J, Bordas M, Torrents J, 2011. ROOTPAC R: un nuevo portainjerto de Prunus para situaciones de replante. Revista de Fruticultura 15: 4-10.Pizzeghello D, Francioso O, Ertani A, Muscolo A, Nardi S, 2013. Isopentenyladenosine and cytokinin-like activity of different humic substances. J Geochem Expl 129: 70-75.Rayorath P, Jithesh M. Farid A, Khan W, Palanisamy R, 2008. Rapid bioassays to evaluate the plant growth promoting activity of Ascophyllum nodosum (L.) Le Jol. using a model plant, Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. J Appl Phycol 20: 423-429.Rouphael Y, Cardarelli M, Bonini P, Colla G, 2017. Synergistic action of a microbial-based biostimulant and a plant derived-protein hydrolysate enhances lettuce tolerance to alkalinity and salinity. Front Plant Sci 8: 131.Salazar D, Melgarejo P, 2002. El cultivo del almendro. Mundi-Prensa, Madrid, Spain. 307 pp.Scaglia B, Pognani M, Adani F, 2017. The anaerobic digestion process capability to produce biostimulant: the case study of the dissolved organic matter (DOM) vs. auxin-like property. Sci Total Environ 589: 36-45.Sotomayor C, Castro J, Bustos E, 2008. Nuevos portainjertos para Chile. Rev Agron For UC 35: 22-26.Vargas F, Romero M, Altea N, 1985. Porte-greffe d'amandier: Aspects importants des programmes de Centre Agropecuari Mas Bové. GREMPA, colloque 1985. CIHEAM, Paris. Opt Mediterr Sér Etudes 1985-I: 61-68. http://om.ciheam.org/om/pdf/s09/CI010822.pdfVernieri P, Borghesi E, Ferrante A, Magnani G, 2005. Application of biostimulants in floating system for improving rocket quality. J Food Agric Environ 3: 86-88.Wells C, Labranche A, Mccarty L, Skipper H, 2003. Biostimulants encourage strong root growth. Turfgrass Trend 59: 56-59.Williams L, Smith R, 1991. The effect of rootstocck on the partitioning of dry weight, nitrogen and potassium and root distribution of cabernet sauvignon grapevines. Am J Enol Vitic 42: 118-112.Zhang X, Ervin E, 2004. Cytokinin-containing seaweed and humic acid extracts associated with creeping bentgrass leaf cytokinins and drought resistance. J Appl Phycol 44: 1737-1745

Контрастный градиент метаморфизма: Барровенский тип относительно высокобарических преобразований на примере северной окраины Гондваны (СЗ Иберия)

Контрастный метаморфизм в соседних террейнах характерен для крупномасштабных тектонических событий, которые включают сценарии как коллизии, так и рифтинга, когда один из этих террейнов характеризуется наличием пород высокого давления. Он, скорее всего, будет связан обычно в местах, близких к сутурным зонам. Примером этих комплексов в геодинамическо

Analysis of the holm oak (Quercu Ilex subs ballota) pollen proteome by using NLC-MS/MS

Comunicaciones a congreso

Chemical Design and Magnetic Ordering in Thin Layers of 2D Metal−Organic Frameworks (MOFs)

Through rational chemical design, and thanks to the hybrid nature of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), it is possible to prepare molecule-based 2D magnetic materials stable at ambient conditions. Here, we illustrate the versatility of this approach by changing both the metallic nodes and the ligands in a family of layered MOFs that allows the tuning of their magnetic properties. Specifically, the reaction of benzimidazole-type ligands with different metal centers (MII = Fe, Co, Mn, Zn) in a solvent-free synthesis produces a family of crystalline materials, denoted as MUV-1(M), which order antiferromagnetically with critical temperatures that depend on M. Furthermore, the incorporation of additional substituents in the ligand results in a novel system, denoted as MUV-8, formed by covalently bound magnetic double layers interconnected by van der Waals interactions, a topology that is very rare in the field of 2D materials and unprecedented for 2D magnets. These layered materials are robust enough to be mechanically exfoliated down to a few layers with large lateral dimensions. Finally, the robustness and crystallinity of these layered MOFs allow the fabrication of nanomechanical resonators that can be used to detect─through laser interferometry─the magnetic order in thin layers of these 2D molecule-based antiferromagnets

La importancia de antecedentes y ejemplos en la comprensión efectiva de conceptos ecológicos por alumnos universitarios

La importancia de tener conceptos claros en Ecología resulta esencial en todas las titulaciones universitarias cuyos profesionales participan en la gestión medioambiental. En la UA diferentes grados incluyen estos conceptos entre sus objetivos formativos. En la presente contribución se recopila la opinión de grupos de alumnos de los grados en Biología, Química, Geología, y Sociología. Se valoran los antecedentes formativos en el ámbito ecológico de los alumnos encuestados, así como la opinión sobre diferentes problemas ambientales de ámbito local, para optimizar la eficacia del proceso enseñanza-aprendizaje. Esta encuesta se cumplimentó, vía Internet, por grupos de alumnos pertenecientes a las titulaciones mencionadas. En ella se analiza la perspectiva de los encuestados tanto sobre conceptos de ecología, como de las aplicaciones prácticas consideradas relevantes por ellos. La encuesta se subdivide en cuatro bloques referidos a : 1) Exploración de la motivación del alumno por las Ciencias del Medio Ambiente, 2) Actividades docentes que realizaron si cursaron Ciencias de la Tierra y del Medio Ambiente (CTMA) en secundaria, 3) Propuestas de nuevas actividades en la asignatura, 4) Conocimiento del entorno y sus problemas ambientales. Se valoran los resultados y diferencias que se detectan en su apreciación de los conceptos ecológicos. Se discuten los métodos a incorporar, en la práctica, en el diseño de las guías docentes de las respectivas asignaturas. Representa una ampliación de un análisis iniciado en el programa redes de 2012-13

Endocrine disrupter chemicals affect the humoral antimicrobial activities of gilthead seabream males even upon the cease of the exposure

17α-ethynilestradiol (EE2) and tamoxifen (Tmx) are pollutants world-wide distributed in aquatic environments. Gilthead seabream, Sparus aurata L., is highlighted as a species model of intensively culture in anthropogenic disturbed environments. The effects of these pollutants on gilthead seabream reproduction and some immune responses have been described but, the humoral innate antimicrobial activities have never received attention. In this work we analysed the latest in the plasma of gilthead seabream males of different ages and reproductive stages treated with 0, 2.5, 5 or 50 μg EE2 or 100 μg Tmx g−1 food during different times of exposure and of reverting to commercial diet (recovery). The peroxidase and protease activities decreased as the spermatogenesis of the first reproductive cycle (RC) proceeded in control fish. However, only protease and antiprotease activities showed different level at different stages of the second RC in control fish, but showed scarce disruption in fish treated with EE2 or Tmx. Peroxidase and bactericide activities are more sensitive to EE2, than to Tmx. The effects induced by EE2 varied depending on the activity analyzed, the dose and the time of exposure and the reproductive stage and the age of the specimens.Versión del editor2,92

EVI1 as a Prognostic and Predictive Biomarker of Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma

The transcription factor EVI1 plays an oncogenic role in several types of neoplasms by promoting aggressive cancer features. EVI1 contributes to epigenetic regulation and transcriptional control, and its overexpression has been associated with enhanced PI3K-AKT-mTOR signaling in some settings. These observations raise the possibility that EVI1 influences the prognosis and everolimus-based therapy outcome of clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). Here, gene expression and protein immunohistochemical studies of ccRCC show that EVI1 overexpression is associated with advanced disease features and with poorer outcome-particularly in the CC-e.3 subtype defined by The Cancer Genome Atlas. Overexpression of an oncogenic EVI1 isoform in RCC cell lines confers substantial resistance to everolimus. The EVI1 rs1344555 genetic variant is associated with poorer survival and greater progression of metastatic ccRCC patients treated with everolimus. This study leads us to propose that evaluation of EVI1 protein or gene expression, and of EVI1 genetic variants may help improve estimates of prognosis and the benefit of everolimus-based therapy in ccRCC