Change Is Brewing: The Industrialization of the London Beer-Brewing Trade, 1400-1750

London\u27s early modern brewing trade was a dynamic one that was constantly in flux throughout the fifteenth, sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth centuries. This dissertation seeks to better understand how issues of gender, ethnicity, and class changed and shaped London\u27s early modern brewing industry. Women played a vital role in the production and marketing of ale in London\u27s medieval brewing trade. They were displaced from that position of prominence through the introduction of hops by foreign immigrants, known to strangers to their hosts, and the desire of the City of London to more closely regulate the trade in ale and beer. Those forces combined to marginalize women in the trade as they were replaced by male strangers brewing beer. Those strangers came to control the late fifteenth and early sixteenth century brewing trade. Their product, beer, was superior to English ale in durability and cost less to produce. As London began to transition from an ale-drinking community to a beer-drinking one, the community of beer-brewing strangers came under attack on several fronts. Their guild, the Beer Brewers chartered in 1493, was consolidated within Ale Brewers\u27 Guild in 1556 and in 1573 the now native-dominated guild issued an order banning strangers from the guild for ten years. Following shortly on the heels of that order, the City of London banned strangers from becoming members of London\u27s guilds and, by extension, from joining London\u27s leadership. Together the Brewers\u27 Company and the City limited opportunities for strangers, which would lead to the trade becoming dominated by natives by 1600. Native brewers had cut out many of their competitors by 1600, but were vulnerable to other threats. The greatest threat to their existence across the seventeenth and early eighteenth century was taxation by the English state. Although an attempt to tax the industry failed in 1637, an excise tax on beer was introduced in 1643 and became the backbone of government excise revenues throughout the next two centuries. London brewers were forced to adapt to the excise. Some became quite successful, expanding their breweries and influence in local and national politics. Most, however, found that the extra burden of the excise made investing in the expansion of their breweries impossible. This situation became acute following the revolution of 1688-89 as the English state demanded ever more through the excise. Those demands exacerbated already existing tensions between smaller and larger brewers in the London community, which came to a head in the early eighteenth century as many smaller brewers were forced from the trade and their share of the market gobbled up by their larger competitors. Following the introduction of porter, a beer suited to industrialized production, to London around 1720, the last piece of the puzzle for the rise of the great industrial brewers, such as the Calverts and Thrales, was in place. What had been a trade that was once dominated by marginalized populations in the form of women and strangers was now controlled by an industrialized elite

Tratamento para re?so da ?gua de lavagem de animais do frigor?fico Frigobuti? do Munic?pio de S?o Pedro do Buti?

Currently, with the water shortages, it is sensitive to concern and the search for procedures to reuse it safely, for the environment and especially for health. In the industries the area of effluent treatment is ample with the purpose of reusing it again in its production process. Thus, the objective of this study was to construct a Slow Pilot Filter, monitor its operation and evaluate the feasibility of implementing a real-scale Lentoem Filter for the treatment of animal washing waters from the Frigo Buti? located in the city of S?o Pedro do Buti? RS , in order to demonstrate that sustainable practices can be utilized seeking benefits for the industrial sectors, as well as for society and the environment. Daily analyzes were performed for the parameters of turbidity, pH, true color, conductivity and total and thermotolerant coliforms, and scraped the filter bed at the end of each filtration run. The filter removed up to 96% turbidity, up to 94.7% apparent color, conductivity was reduced up to 68%, and the pH remained between 7 and 8 at a temperature of 23 to 27 ? C. The removal of coliforms was up to 100% of thermotolerant coliforms and removal of up to 98% of total coliforms. This study shows that it is possible to install the Slow Filter in the FrigoButi? to clean the corrals, pens, corridors, cleaning trucks and other environments where water with a drinking quality standard is not required.Atualmente com a escassez das ?guas, ? sens?vel a preocupa??o e a busca por procedimentos para reutiliz?-la de forma segura, para o ambiente e principalmente para a sa?de. Nas ind?strias ? ampla a ?rea de tratamentos de efluentes com o objetivo de reutiliza-lo novamente em seu processo de produ??o. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi construir um Filtro Lento Piloto, monitor seu funcionamento e avaliar a viabilidade de implementa??o de um Filtro Lentoem escala real para o tratamento das ?guas de lavagem de animais do frigorifico Frigo Buti? localizado no munic?pio de S?o Pedro do Buti? RS, a fim de demonstrar que pr?ticas sustent?veis podem ser utilizadas buscando benef?cios para os setores industriais, assim como para a sociedade e meio ambiente. Analises di?rias foram realizadas para os par?metros de turbidez, pH, cor verdadeira, condutividade e coliformes totais e termotolerantes, e feito a limpeza por meio de raspagem do leito filtrante ao final de cada carreira de filtra??o. O filtro removeu at? 96 % de turbidez, at? 94,7 % de cor aparente, condutividade houve redu??o at? 68 %, e o pH se manteve entre 7 e 8 a uma temperatura de 23 a 27 ?C. A remo??o de coliformes foi de at? 100 % dos coliformes termotolerantes e remo??o de at? 98 % dos coliformes totais. Esse estudo mostra que ? poss?vel a instala??o do Filtro Lento no FrigoButi? para a limpeza dos currais, pocilgas, corredores, limpeza dos caminh?es e demais ambientes onde n?o ? necess?ria uma ?gua com padr?o de qualidade pot?vel

Genome sequences of four cluster P mycobacteriophages

Four bacteriophages infecting Mycobacterium smegmatis mc2155 (three belonging to subcluster P1 and one belonging to subcluster P2) were isolated from soil and sequenced. All four phages are similar in the left arm of their genomes, but the P2 phage differs in the right arm. All four genomes contain features of temperate phages