Doświadczenie agresji rówieśniczej jako zjawisko niejednorodne. Analiza klas latentnych

Peer aggression, when escalated and regular, has negative consequences for proper psychosocial development. The main aim of this study was to identify classes among middle school students according to similarity in terms of experiencing particular forms and manifestations of peer aggression. Data were collected using a proprietary questionnaire, from which 10 questions forming indicators of experienced aggression (five forms, two manifestations each) were used for analysis. A total of 1.050 middle school students (525 boys and girls each) aged 13 and 14 participated in the study. The students most often experienced verbal and relational aggression, and least often sexual aggression. Boys were more likely to report experiencing physical and verbal aggression (being insulted), while girls reported being the target of gossip and cyber aggression (offensive comments). Using Latent Class Analysis, we analyzed a model with six classes as follows: Low all, High verbal and relational, High physical and verbal, High all without sexual, High all and High sexual, cyber and relational. The results show that the phenomenon of peer aggression is not homogeneous and that the design of preventive measures should take into account the specificity of the experiences of its victims.Agresja jest wpisana w relacje rówieśnicze. Jednak nasilona i realizowana w sposób systematyczny, niesie ze sobą negatywne skutki dla prawidłowego rozwoju psychospołecznego. Głównym celem badań było wyłonienie wśród uczniów klas ze względu na podobieństwo w zakresie doświadczania poszczególnych form i przejawów agresji rówieśniczej. Dane zgromadzono za pomocą autorskiego kwestionariusza, z którego do analizy użyto 10 pytań tworzących wskaźniki doświadczanej agresji (pięć form, po dwa przejawy). W badaniu wzięło udział 1050 uczniów gimnazjum (po 525 chłopców i dziewcząt) w wieku 13 i 14 lat. Uczniowie najczęściej doświadczali agresji werbalnej i relacyjnej, a najrzadziej przejawów agresji seksualnej. Chłopcy częściej informowali o doświadczaniu agresji fizycznej i werbalnej (bycie wyzywanym), a dziewczęta o doświadczeniu plotkowania na swój temat i cyberagresji (obraźliwe komentarze). Wykorzystując Analizę Klas Latentnych, poddano analizie model z sześcioma klasami: Wszystkie wskaźniki niskie, Wysoka werbalna i relacyjna, Wysoka fizyczna i werbalna, Wysokie wszystkie poza seksualną, Wysokie wszystkie wskaźniki oraz Wysoka seksualna, cyber i relacyjna. Uzyskane rezultaty pokazują, że zjawisko agresji rówieśniczej nie jest homogeniczne, a projektowanie działań profilaktycznych powinno uwzględniać specyfikę doświadczeń jej ofiar

Comparison of good and poor sleepers : stress and life satisfaction of university athletes

The aim of the present study was to compare differences in level of perceived stress, type of stress appraisal and life satisfaction between university athletes who declare problems with sleep (Poor Sleepers, PS, n = 72) and those without problems (Good Sleepers, GS, n = 105). In preliminary analyses the PS and GS were compared for group homogeneity with (a) the Chi-Square test for gender and type of sport, and (b) the Mann-Whitney U test for practice time and weekly frequency of trainings. In both analyses no differences were present. In the main analysis, prepared with the Mann-Whitney U test, GS and PS were compared in terms of psychological variables. Athletes who reveal problems with sleep quality (in comparison to their counterparts with good sleep quality) most often appraise stressful situations as a threat, perceive more stress in everyday life and declare lower life satisfaction. The differences between GS and PS groups may result from the bi-directional relationship between sleep quality and stress and life satisfaction. High stress and low life satisfaction can result in poor sleep quality and, on the other hand, sleep problems can aggravate stress and reduce the life satisfaction. Further studies and the use of advanced analyzes are needed to indicate the relationship between the studied variables in university athletes (e.g., mediation analysis, SEM).El objetivo del presente estudio fue comparar las diferencias en el nivel de estrés percibido, el tipo de evaluación del estrés y la satisfacción con la vida entre los atletas universitarios quienes declaran tener problemas de sueño (durmientes malos, DM, n = 72) y aquellos sin tales problemas (durmientes buenos, DB, n = 105). En los análisis preliminares los DM y los DB se compararon por la homogeneidad del grupo sobre la base de (a) la prueba Chi-Square por el género y el tipo de deporte, y (b) la prueba U de Mann-Whitney por el tiempo de práctica y la frecuencia semanal de entrenamientos. En ambos análisis no se detectaron diferencias. En el análisis principal, preparado con la prueba U de Mann-Whitney, los DB y los DM se compararon en términos de variables psicológicas. Los atletas quienes revelan problemas con la calidad del sueño (en comparación con sus homólogos con buena calidad del sueño) suelen evaluar las situaciones estresantes como una amenaza, perciben más estrés en la vida cotidiana y declaran una menor satisfacción con la vida. Las diferencias entre los grupos de DB y DM pueden ser el resultado de la relación bidireccional entre la calidad del sueño y el estrés y la satisfacción con la vida. El alto estrés y la baja satisfacción con la vida pueden resultar en mala calidad del sueño y, por otro lado, los problemas del sueño pueden agravar el estrés y reducir la satisfacción con la vida. Se requieren los estudios posteriores y el uso de análisis avanzados para indicar la relación entre las variables estudiadas en los atletas universitarios (p.ej., análisis de mediación, SEM

Internet Gaming Disorder wśród polskiej młodzieży – analiza profili latentnych symptomów zaburzenia

Gaming is an activity enjoyed by adolescents, but it can be associated with the risk of developing Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD). The aim of the study was to determine what profiles can be distinguished among adolescents from two Polish voivodeships based on the presence of the nine IGD symptoms. The study included 623 students (57.9% boys) from elementary schools (years V–VII) and junior high schools (years II and III) who declared that they played video games. To measure IGD, The Internet Gaming Disorder Scale 9 – Short Form (IGDS9-SF) was used; the other variables in the study were obtained using a self-administered questionnaire. A latent profile analysis of all IGD symptoms distinguished four profiles, defined as Problem-Free Players, Experiencing Withdrawal Symptoms and Escaping, Experiencing Negative Consequences and Escaping, and Preoccupied and Escaping. A symptom regarding escape from negative emotions was revealed in each group. Significant differences between the profiles were noted for parental control of gaming time and gender, but not for developmental stage. Time spent gaming primarily differentiated the profile of Problem-Free Players from the other groups. Further analysis of the prevalence of IGD symptoms among young players is necessary to better understand the phenomenon in this population.Granie w gry jest aktywnością chętnie podejmowaną przez młodzież, jednak może się wiązać z ryzykiem wystąpienia zaburzenia korzystania z gier internetowych (ang. Internet Gaming Disorder – IGD). Celem badania było ustalenie, jakie profile można wyodrębnić wśród nastolatków z dwóch polskich województw na podstawie występowania dziewięciu symptomów IGD. W badaniu wzięło udział 623 uczniów (57,9% chłopców) ze szkół podstawowych (klasy V–VII) i gimnazjum (klasy II i III), którzy zadeklarowali granie w gry wideo. Do pomiaru IGD wykorzystano The Internet Gaming Disorder Scale 9 – Short Form (IGDS9-SF), a pozostałe zmienne uwzględnione w badaniu pozyskano za pomocą własnej ankiety. Przeprowadzona analiza profili latentnych wszystkich symptomów IGD pozwoliła na wyodrębnienie czterech profili określonych jako: Bezproblemowi gracze, Doświadczający objawów odstawienia i uciekający, Doświadczający negatywnych konsekwencji i uciekający oraz Zaabsorbowani i uciekający. Ucieczka od negatywnych emocji była symptomem, który ujawniał się w każdej grupie. Istotne różnice między profilami odnotowano dla kontroli czasu grania przez rodziców oraz płci, natomiast nie ze względu na fazę rozwoju. Czas poświęcany na granie różnicował przede wszystkim profil bezproblemowych graczy od pozostałych grup. Dalsza analiza występowania symptomów IGD wśród młodych graczy jest niezbędna do zrozumienia specyfiki tego zjawiska we wspomnianej grupie

Physical performance and motivation to exercise

The study is an attempt to assess the impact of self-evaluation and motivation on physical exercise. In the chapter, material and methods describe the specificity of the research methodology, their purpose being to compare the outcome of subjective evaluation after FMS with the objective outcome of FMS, self-esteem, and motivation analysis for sport, and the hypothesis that Additional activity does not affect the higher self-esteem and it can be assumed that the age range does not affect the result of external motivation. Materials and research tools such as questionnaire, FMS test and SMS scale were also defined. The research was done on a group of 30 people. The group included 14 women and 16 men. More than half of the respondents (53%) are between 20 and 22 years of age, 27% are between 23 and 24 years old, and 20% are between 17 and 19 years of age. Analysis of the research revealed that as many as 19 people trained their discipline over 6 years, another 9 had a training period of 2-4 years, while only 2 respondents are beginners. It has also been reported that men in the research group practice up to 7 training units a week more than women. Up to half of the group, 15 people practice their amateur discipline without achieving any sports successes, 9 people are players and 2 and 3 league players, while only 6 are participating in the championship. In turn, 24 out of 30 respondents have additional physical activity. Participants in the study rated their physical fitness very high, 28 out of 30 rated it very good and good, and only 2 rated it sufficiently. The most subjectively assessed element of physical fitness was the strength that 22 people rated very good and good. This can be a testimony to the volleyballs grown by the test subjects - 43%; Other sports 27% (tennis, table tennis, hammering, rowing, basketball, football); Bodybuilding 17% and combat sports 13%. The lowest rated motor ability is flexibility, 20 respondents rated either sufficiently or badly. This can be a sign of neglect of training in terms of exercise flexibility, as evidenced by the numerous traumas reported by the persons examined. After summing up the results of subjective assessments of the seven FMS tests, the following result was obtained: Half of the subjects surveyed ranged from 10 to 13 points, another 13 assessed their trials in the range of 15-20, while the other two showed low self-esteem. Go for 9 and 4 points. Of the 30 people tested, only 6 of them do not take any additional physical activity. In this group, only one subjective observation can be observed after the tests have been performed. The results of 5 other people are comparable to the results of people who practice additional sports. This fact makes it possible to make a claim and to confirm the hypothesis that additional physical activity does not affect self-esteem. SMS Scale (Sport Motivation Scale) study. "SMS" gives you the opportunity to explore the level of motivation in relation to physical activity, such as internal motivation, the results of which are as follows: 13 respondents rated their internal motivation high, another 13 were sufficient, and 4 were poorly rated. Range from 6 to 10 points. Research has shown that internal motivation in the research group is very high, 26 in 30 subjects are motivated by internal motivation to exercise. Thanks to the "SMS" scale, external motivation was also assessed. Research has shown that 26 respondents questioned the impact of external factors on motivation for physical activity. For 3 people, external motivation is important and 1 person has confirmed that external factors have a significant impact on her personal motivation. After comparing these two analyzes, it can be stated that there are no external factors, but internal factors are the main motivator when it comes to practicing sport. The "FMS" study (functional movement screen) showed that the majority of the respondents had a good self-assessment. The differences between the subjective assessment and the objective evaluation of these individuals were a maximum of 4 points. In the next 6 cases, the inadequate self-esteem may be observed, as the subjects are assessed too low for the FMS test. Differences between subjective and objective ratings ranged from 5 to a maximum of 8 points. In one case, an inadequate self-assessment was observed, where the test result was lower than the one declared

Nadmierne korzystanie z sieci społecznościowych

AbstractSocial networking sites (SNS) have become an integral part of people's lives, especially the young. In Poland, the most popular SNS is Facebook – almost 14 million use it every day. Users might communicate by SNS with their friends, share photos and movies or participate in groups. There are many functions of SNS that make them attractive. SNS satisfy their users’ needs such as the need to connect or to self-present. However it is not easy to find one reason why people use SNS. Because of the popularity of this media, a new question arises: it is possible to become addicted to SNS? Scientist use terms such as: excessive use, problem use or even an addiction, but there are still no precise criteria that might be useful to identify this problem. One might find analyses of time spending on SNS and activities performed by users in scientific articles about excessive SNS use. SNS addictive tendency was usually measured by questionnaires based on some internet addiction scales. Future research in this area is needed because SNS are still a novelty and it is necessary to differentiate normal usage from the abnormal.StreszczenieSieci społecznościowe (SNS – Social Networking Sites) stały się integralną częścią życia ludzi, w szczególności osób młodych. W Polsce najpopularniejszą siecią społecznościową jest Facebook – prawie 14 milionów ludzi codziennie z niego korzysta. Użytkownicy mogą komunikować się poprzez SNS ze swoimi przyjaciółmi, dzielić zdjęciami i nagraniami wideo czy też uczestniczyć w grupach. Wiele funkcji SNS czyni je atrakcyjnymi. SNS zaspokajają potrzeby swoich użytkowników, np. potrzebę przynależności czy potrzebę autoprezentacji. Niełatwo jest znaleźć jedną przyczynę, dla której ludzie korzystają z SNS. Z powodu popularności tego medium, nasuwa się nowe pytanie: czy możliwe jest uzależnienie się od sieci społecznościowych? Naukowcy posługują się terminami, takimi jak: nadmierne korzystanie, problemowe użytkowanie czy nawet uzależnienie, ale wciąż brakuje kryteriów, które mogłyby być pomocne przy identyfikowaniu tego problemu. W artykułach naukowych na temat nadmiernego korzystania z SNS można znaleźć analizy dotyczące czasu spędzanego w sieci i aktywności podejmowanych przez ich użytkowników. Tendencja do uzależnienia od SNS była zazwyczaj mierzona za pomocą kwestionariuszy opracowanych na podstawie skal badających uzależnienie od Internetu. Potrzebne są kolejne badania w tym obszarze, ponieważ SNS wciąż są nowym zjawiskiem i niezbędne jest zróżnicowanie, kiedy użytkowanie jest normą, a kiedy przestaje nią być

Subjective and objective evaluation of one’s physical fitness – the role of self-esteem, motivation, and the need for social approval

Introduction and purpose of the work: Physical fitness is an important aspect of human life that can have an impact on biological, social, and psychological functioning. The aim of the research was to compare students who were engaged and those who were not engaged in sport in terms of self-evaluation of own physical fitness and performance in the Functional Movement ScreenTM. The analyses also included the role of motivation, self-esteem, and the need for social approval. Material and method: The participants of the study were students who do sports (n = 30) and those who are not engaged in a sport activity (n = 30) at one Polish university (aged 18-24 years, Mage = 21,23; SD = 1,5). The following instruments were used in the research: Self-Esteem Scale (SES), Social Approval Test (TAS-27), Sport Motivation Scale-II (SMS-II), Functional Movement ScreenTM (FMSTM), Survey about own physical fitness and sport related information.Results: The results revealed that active and inactive students differed in the subjective scores in the FMSTM and evaluation of own physical fitness. However, in both groups similar scores in self-esteem and the need for social approval were present. Subjective evaluation (made by the subjects) of own performance in the FMSTM was rated lower than objective one (made by the researchers) in both groups. The FMSTM scores (both objective and subjective) were related to different types of motivation. The lowest mean values were noted for external motivation and amotivation. Conclusions: The research has shown differences, in evaluation of physical fitness and FMSTM score - which can inform about the risk of potential injury - between the students who were engaged and those who were not engaged in sport. Motivation, need for social approval and self-esteem were mutually related. They can play an important role in shaping the belief about one's physical fitness and the effect of one's performance, although further investigations are needed as well as different types of statistical analyses to provide conformation for this assumption

Psychometric characteristics of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale-Revised in a population of Polish university students.

The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale-Revised (CESD-R) has already been validated on the Polish population. However, the structure of the scale obtained at that time was not confirmed by confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) in subsequent studies on the Polish sample and measurement invariance for gender was not performed. The purpose of this article is to present the results of psychometric analyses to verify the structure of the CESD-R in a university student sample. An online cross-sectional study was conducted with 1519 university students (March/April 2021). The dataset was randomly divided into three subsets to perform principal component analysis (PCA, Subset 1) and CFA for CESD-R versions with different numbers of factors and items (Subsets 2 and 3). Measurement invariance for gender was verified for the whole sample. PCA pointed to a three-factor solution that was analyzed in the subsequent CFA. Due to high correlation coefficients between factors, further steps were taken using only one factor. For CFA, 20-, 18- and 9-item versions of the CESD-R were used, but the 9-item version obtained the best model fit parameters and was used to evaluate the measurement invariance for gender, which was confirmed. The 9-item CESD-R has the best model fit compared to other versions of this scale and is gender invariant. Further research is needed to verify the criterion validity of this shortened scale