Glass sponge grounds on the Scotian Shelf and their associated biodiversity

Emerald Basin on the Scotian Shelf off Nova Scotia, Canada, is home to a globally unique population of the glass sponge Vazella pourtalesi. Through the analysis of both in situ photographs and trawl catch data from annual multispecies bottom-trawl surveys, we examined community composition, species density, and abundance of epibenthos and fish associated with V. pourtalesi compared to locations without this sponge. Using generalized linear models and analysis of similarities, the importance of V. pourtalesi in enhancing species density and abundance of the associated epibenthic community was assessed against that of the hard substrate on which it settles. Our results indicated that the megafaunal assemblage associated with V. pourtalesi was significantly different in composition and higher in species density and abundance compared to locations without V. pourtalesi. Analysis of similarity of trawl catch data indicated that fish communities associated with the sponge grounds are significantly different from those without V. pourtalesi, although no species were found exclusively on the sponge grounds. Our study provides further evidence of the role played by sponge grounds in shaping community structure and biodiversity of associated deep-sea epibenthic and fish communities. The mechanism for biodiversity enhancement within the sponge grounds formed by V. pourtalesi is likely the combined effect of both the sponge itself and its attachment substrate, which together comprise the habitat of the sponge grounds. We also discuss the role of habitat provision between the mixed-species tetractinellid sponges of the Flemish Cap and the monospecific glass sponge grounds of Emerald Basin.publishedVersio

Gender Inequality in Household Chores and Work-Family Conflict

The fact that the permeability between family and work scopes produces work-family conflict (WFC) is well established. As such, this research aims to check whether the unequal involvement in household chores between men and women is associated with increased WFC in women and men, interpreting the results also from the knowledge that arise from gender studies. A correlational study was carried out by means a questionnaire applied to 515 subjects (63% men) of two independent samples of Spanish men and women without emotional relationship, who lived with their heterosexual partner. As expected, results firstly show unequal involvement in household chores by women and men as it is higher in women that in men, and the perception of partner involvement is lower in women that in men. Secondly, those unequal involvements relate differently to men and women on different ways of work-family interaction. They do not increase WFC in women comparing to men, although there are tangentially significant differences in work conflict (WC) and statistically significant in family conflict (FC). However, perception of partner involvement on household chores increases WFC both in men and in women but not WC nor FC. Nevertheless, increase on marital conflict (MC) by domestic tasks neither affect in a significant way WFC in women nor in men, but increase WC in both women and men and FC only in women. Results also confirm that subject involvement on household chores is not a significant predictor of WFC in women nor in men, and that MC by domestic tasks is a statistically significant predictor in women of WFC and FC, but not in men. Thus, results show that traditional gender roles still affect the way men and women manage the work and family interaction, although the increased WFC due to involvement in housework is not exclusive to women, but also occurs in men. Personal and institutional recommendations are made on the basis of these results to cope with these conflicts

Half a Century of Work–Nonwork Interface Research: A Review and Taxonomy of Terminologies

The extensive interest in the work‐nonwork interface over the years has allowed scholars from multiple disciplines to contribute to this literature and to shed light on how professional and personal lives are related. In this paper, we have identified 48 terminologies that describe the interface or relationship between work and non‐work, and have organized them into mature, intermediate, and immature categories according to their stage of development and theoretical grounding. We also provide a taxonomy that places work‐nonwork interface terminologies into a matrix of six cells based on two dimensions: (1) type of nonwork being narrow or broad; and (2) nature of the mutual impact of work and nonwork domains on one another, characterizing the impact as negative, positive, or balanced. The type of nonwork dimension was informed by Frone's (2003) classification of employees’ lives into multiple subdomains; the mutual impact dimension was informed by frameworks that organized the literature in part by negative, positive, and balanced work‐nonwork interface constructs (e.g., Allen, 2012; Greenhaus & Allen, 2011). Theoretical contributions of the proposed taxonomy are discussed along with suggestions on important avenues for future research

Sub-Group Issues in Military Leadership

This article contains an integrative review of the academic literature on sub-group issues in leadership as they pertain to the Canadian Forces (CF). First, background information and definitions are provided. Then, the current Canadian employment equity legislation is explained, including how it applies to the CF. Following this, a model of token dynamics in organizations is presented and used as a framework for a review of the research on sub-group issues in leadership. The issues that are discussed include tokenism, jobholder schemas, occupational segregation, prejudice and discrimination, organizational cultures and cultural adaptation, ingroup/outgroup dynamics, and stressors and the negative outcomes that result from them. Examples of the application of the research results to the CF are provided throughout. Some of the possible interventions that can be utilized to alleviate the problems that arise from these dynamics are then presented. Finally, the best strategies for integrating diversity into the military are discussed

The Impacts of Climate Change on the Reproduction of Native and Invasive Kelps

Climate change represents a threat to coastal marine ecosystems through variable effects on community structure and function due to increasing mean sea-surface temperatures (SST), marine heatwaves, variation in salinity, and ocean acidification. Among the most at risk species are California kelps, which have already experienced significant die-offs over the past several years as a result of elevated SST and urchin grazing. However, the effects of these stresses on the very sensitive microscopic kelp life stage (gametophyte) are much less understood. Gametophytes are generally less resilient to changes in abiotic conditions, so global environmental change could result in drastic changes in kelp forest community structure and composition via impacts on this life stage. My dissertation research used manipulative laboratory experiments to investigate the interacting role of abiotic stressors on kelp reproduction and community compositions, specifically, the growth and survival of early kelp life stages. My first chapter focused on the effects of climate-driven temperature increases and ocean acidification on bull kelp (Nereocystis luetkeana) gametophytes from Point Arena, CA (Korabik et al. 2023). From 2014 to 2016, the largest marine heatwave in history appeared off the coast of California resulting in large kelp die off events. In this chapter, I asked how increased temperature and lowered pH impact the survival of bull kelp gametophytes and the production of juvenile bull kelp sporophytes. My results showed that increased temperature resulted in a significant decrease in the survival of gametophytes and a lower number of juveniles produced, whereas lowered pH only had a significant effect on the production of juveniles, slowing their rate of development. These results indicate that the predicted increase of marine heatwaves could have devastating effects on the persistence of bull kelp forest ecosystems. My second chapter considered the interacting effects of climate driven changes in temperature and salinity and interactions with the invasive seaweed (Sargassum muticum) on the growth and survival of giant kelp (Macrocystis pyrifera) gametophytes from Tomales Bay, CA. In my experiments, I tested: 1) how different salinities and temperatures impact giant kelp early life stages from different sources within Tomales Bay, 2) how the presence of invasive Sargassum propagules affect giant kelp gametophyte development, and 3) how the combined effects of salinity, temperature, and Sargassum presence affect giant kelp early life stages. My results indicate that 1) the presence of Sargassum had little effect on the survival of giant kelp gametophytes, 2) Sargassum accelerated development of giant kelp juvenile sporophytes, and 3) high temperatures resulted in the greatest reduction of giant kelp gametophyte survival. These results imply that giant kelp reproduction and presence within estuaries is more influenced by temperature than salinity and microscopic-stage competition with invasive species. My third chapter examined the effects of increased temperature and lowered salinities on invasive Wakame (Undaria pinnatifida) gametophytes in the San Francisco Bay. Previous studies have shown that low salinity can limit the distribution of Undaria, but there is no information about these effects on gametophyte stages. Using a full factorial design, I exposed Undaria gametophytes to five salinity conditions ranging from low to ambient salinity and two temperatures representing pre-2013 temperature maxima in San Francisco and maximum increased temperatures experienced under the 2014-2016 marine heatwave. I found that Undaria microstages were unable to survive below 20 psu and generally survived better under warmer temperatures of 18°C. Climate change in California is predicted to result in higher temperatures and reduced annual rainfall in drought years, which may facilitate future northward expansion of Wakame populations. With this research, I can better predict the impacts of climate change on kelp ecosystems to help coastal managers prioritize future protection efforts. Early life stages are often the most vulnerable to stress, and in this era of rapid climate change, understanding early life stage responses to stress will allow scientists and managers to better work towards the protection of our planet

Teachers' knowledge about depression among young adults

Adolescenci mierzący się z trudnymi dla siebie wyzwaniami okresu dorastania stanowią wyjątkowo podatną grupę na negatywne oddziaływania różnorodnych czynników przyczyniających się do rozwoju zaburzeń depresyjnych. Niezbędna w tej sytuacji wydaje się potrzeba podejmowania zróżnicowanych działań prewencyjnych, chroniących zdrowie psychiczne młodzieży. Odpowiednim miejscem wpływania na dobrostan psychiczny jest w głównej mierze środowisko szkolne, gdzie uczniowie spędzają większość swojego czasu. Placówka szkolna dysponując dobrze wykwalifikowaną kadrą pedagogiczną ma możliwość realizacji skutecznych działań profilaktyczno-pomocowych. W związku z powyższym, zważywszy na fakt jak istotną funkcję pełnią pracownicy placówek oświatowych jako cel poznawczy pracy ustalono określenie poziomu i zakresu wiedzy nauczycieli na temat zjawiska depresji młodzieńczej, jej charakterystycznych symptomów, przyczyn, metod leczenia oraz działań prewencyjnych niezbędnych w walce ze wzrastającą liczbą uczniów zmagających się z depresją. Z kolei celem praktycznym pracy jest opracowanie wskazań dotyczących promocji wiedzy o depresji młodzieńczej skierowanych dla kadry pedagogicznej w szkołach ponadpodstawowych.Adolescents facing the difficult challenges of adolescence constitute an exceptionally vulnerable group to the negative effects of various factors contributing to the development of depressive disorders. In this situation, it seems necessary to undertake various preventive measures to protect the mental health of adolescents. The appropriate place for influencing mental well-being is mainly the school environment, where students spend most of their time. The school facility, having at its disposal well-qualified teaching staff, has the opportunity to implement effective preventive and support measures. In connection with the above, considering the important function of employees of educational institutions, the cognitive goal of the work was determined to determine the level and scope of teachers' knowledge about the phenomenon of adolescent depression, its characteristic symptoms, causes, treatment methods and preventive actions necessary in the fight against the growing number of students. struggling with depression. On the other hand, the practical goal of the work is to develop guidelines for the promotion of knowledge about adolescent depression aimed at teaching staff in secondary schools

Managers' conflict management style and leadership effectiveness: The moderating effects of gender

In this study we examined gender differences in (1) global self-reported conflict management styles, (2) the behaviors displayed and outcomes attained by group leaders during a simulated conflict episode, and (3) the evaluation of leaders' behavior by their subordinates. We investigated conflict management using 43 role-play groups involving leaders with actual managerial experience. We assessed behavior through subordinate and leader evaluations as well as transcript codings of the discussion. There were no gender differences in self-reported conflict management style among experienced managers. However, among participants without managerial experience, women rated themselves as more integrating, obliging, and compromising than did men. There were no gender differences in the styles used by supervisors during the role play nor in the outcomes they attained. Yet there were differences in the way that subordinates evaluated male and female supervisors who used similar styles. Dominating was more negatively related, and obliging more positively related, to subordinates' perceptions of effectiveness for women than for men

Pharmacological activities of aminoflavones

Aminoflavones belong to a group of flavonoids, compounds commonly found in nature. Their pharmacological and biochemical effects include cytotoxic, antioxidant and antitumor properties. The studies have shown that complexes of aminoflavons with metal ions can be potential drugs and seem to be promising in the treatment of ovarian cancer, breast cancer, lung adenocarcinoma and melanoma. In addition aminoflavones have a lower cytotoxic activity towards healthy cells than another compounds. In the view of their wide pharmacological and biological actions, they seem to have great therapeutic potential