Prodrugs of reverse fosmidomycin analogues

Fosmidomycin inhibits IspC (Dxr, 1-deoxy-d-xylulose 5-phosphate reductoisomerase), a key enzyme in nonmevalonate isoprenoid biosynthesis that is essential in Plasmodium falciparum. The drug has been used successfully to treat malaria patients in clinical studies, thus validating IspC as an antimalarial target. However, improvement of the drug's pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics is desirable. Here, we show that the conversion of the phosphonate moiety into acyloxymethyl and alkoxycarbonyloxymethyl groups can increase the in vitro activity against asexual blood stages of P. falciparum by more than 1 order of magnitude. We also synthesized double prodrugs by additional esterification of the hydroxamate moiety. Prodrugs with modified hydroxamate moieties are subject to bioactivation in vitro. All prodrugs demonstrated improved antiplasmodial in vitro activity. Selected prodrugs and parent compounds were also tested for their cytotoxicity toward HeLa cells and in vivo in a Plasmodium berghei malaria model as well as in the SCID mouse P. falciparum model

Binding Modes of Reverse Fosmidomycin Analogs toward the Antimalarial Target IspC

1-Deoxy-d-xylulose 5-phosphate reductoisomerase of Plasmodium falciparum (<i>Pf</i>IspC, <i>Pf</i>Dxr), believed to be the rate-limiting enzyme of the nonmevalonate pathway of isoprenoid biosynthesis (MEP pathway), is a clinically validated antimalarial target. The enzyme is efficiently inhibited by the natural product fosmidomycin. To gain new insights into the structure activity relationships of reverse fosmidomycin analogs, several reverse analogs of fosmidomycin were synthesized and biologically evaluated. The 4-methoxyphenyl substituted derivative <b>2c</b> showed potent inhibition of <i>Pf</i>IspC as well as of P. falciparum growth and was more than one order of magnitude more active than fosmidomycin. The binding modes of three new derivatives in complex with <i>Pf</i>IspC, reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, and Mg²⁺ were determined by X-ray structure analysis. Notably, <i>Pf</i>IspC selectively binds the <i>S</i>-enantiomers of the study compounds