6 research outputs found

    Primate life histories and dietary adaptations: A comparison of Asian colobines and Macaques

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    Primate life histories are strongly influenced by both body and brain mass and are mediated by food availability and perhaps dietary adaptations. It has been suggested that folivorous primates mature and reproduce more slowly than frugivores due to lower basal metabolic rates as well as to greater degrees of arboreality, which can lower mortality and thus fecundity. However, the opposite has also been proposed: faster life histories in folivores due to a diet of abundant, protein-rich leaves. We compared two primate taxa often found in sympatry: Asian colobines (folivores, 11 species) and Asian macaques (frugivores, 12 species). We first described new data for a little-known colobine (Phayre's leaf monkeys, Trachypithecus phayrei crepusculus ) from Phu Khieo Wildlife Sanctuary, Thailand. We then compared gestation periods, ages at first birth, and interbirth intervals in colobines and macaques. We predicted that heavier species would have slower life histories, provisioned populations would have faster life histories, and folivores would have slower life histories than frugivores. We calculated general regression models using log body mass, nutritional regime, and taxon as predictor variables. Body mass and nutritional regime had the predicted effects for all three traits. We found taxonomic differences only for gestation, which was significantly longer in colobines, supporting the idea of slower fetal growth (lower maternal energy) compared to macaques and/or advanced dental or gut development. Ages at first birth and interbirth intervals were similar between taxa, perhaps due to additional factors (e.g., allomothering, dispersal). Our results emphasize the need for additional data from wild populations and for establishing whether growth data for provisioned animals (folivores in particular) are representative of wild ones. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2011. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/79432/1/21403_ftp.pd

    Data from: Timing of conceptions in Phayre's leaf monkeys: energy and phytochemical intake

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    <p class="MsoNormal">Raising offspring imposes energetic costs, especially for female mammals. Consequently, seasons favoring high energy intake and sustained positive energy balance often result in a conception peak. Factors that may weaken this coordinated effect include premature offspring loss and adolescent subfertility. Furthermore, seasonal ingestion of phytochemicals may facilitate conception peaks. We examined these factors and potential benefits of a conception peak (infant survival, interbirth interval) in Phayre's leaf monkeys (<em>Trachypithecus phayrei crepusculus</em>). Data were collected at Phu Khieo Wildlife Sanctuary, Thailand (78 conceptions). We estimated periods of high energy intake based on fruit and young leaf feeding and via monthly energy intake rates. Phytochemical intake was based on fecal progestin. We examined seasonality (circular statistics, cox proportional hazard models) and compared consequences of timing (infant survival and interbirth intervals, t-test, Fisher exact test). Conceptions occurred in all months but peaked from May to August. This peak coincided with high fecal progestin rather than presumed positive energy balance. Primipara conceived significantly later than multipara. Neither infant survival nor interbirth intervals were related to the timing of conception. Periods of high energy intake may not exist and would not explain the conception peak in this population. However, the presumed high intake of phytochemicals was tightly linked to the conception peak. Timing conceptions to the peak season did not provide benefits, suggesting that the clustering of conceptions may be a mere by-product of phytochemical intake. To confirm this conclusion, seasonal changes in phytochemical intake and hormone levels need to be studied more directly.</p><p>Funding provided by: National Science Foundation<br>Crossref Funder Registry ID: https://ror.org/021nxhr62<br>Award Number: BCS-0215542</p><p>Funding provided by: Wenner-Gren Foundation<br>Crossref Funder Registry ID: https://ror.org/04qvvhf62<br>Award Number: 7241</p><p>Funding provided by: Leakey Foundation<br>Crossref Funder Registry ID: https://ror.org/018kdpd27<br>Award Number: </p><p>Funding provided by: American Society of Primatologists<br>Crossref Funder Registry ID: https://ror.org/04j0s0m53<br>Award Number: </p><p>Funding provided by: National Science Foundation<br>Crossref Funder Registry ID: https://ror.org/021nxhr62<br>Award Number: BCS-0452635</p><p>Funding provided by: National Science Foundation<br>Crossref Funder Registry ID: https://ror.org/021nxhr62<br>Award Number: BCS-0542035</p><p>Funding provided by: National Science Foundation<br>Crossref Funder Registry ID: https://ror.org/021nxhr62<br>Award Number: BCS-0647837</p><p>Funding provided by: Wenner-Gren Foundation<br>Crossref Funder Registry ID: https://ror.org/04qvvhf62<br>Award Number: 7639</p><p class="MsoNormal">The data were observational in nature. Of the 78 total conceptions used in the analyses, 71 were based on the day of detection of a newborn in the study groups from which the mean gestation length (205 days) was subtracted to find the conception date. The 7 additional conceptions were determined via hormone analysis of fecal material (Lu, Borries, Czekala & Beehner, 2010).</p> <p class="EndNoteBibliography">Lu, A., Borries, C., Czekala, N. M., & Beehner, J. C. (2010). Reproductive characteristics of wild female Phayre's leaf monkeys. <em>American Journal of Primatology</em>, <strong>72</strong>, 1073-1081. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.20866">https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.20866</a>.</p&gt

    Possible predation attempt by a marbled cat on a juvenile Phayre's leaf monkey

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    Borries, Carola, Primeau, Zachary M, Ossi-Lupo, Kerry, Dtubpraserit, Surachest, Koenig, Andreas (2014): Possible predation attempt by a marbled cat on a juvenile Phayre's leaf monkey. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 62: 561-565, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.535448

    Primate dietary ecology in the context of food mechanical properties

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    Substantial variation exists in the mechanical properties of foods consumed by primate species. This variation is known to influence food selection and ingestion among non-human primates, yet no large-scale comparative study has examined the relationships between food mechanical properties and feeding strategies. Here, we present comparative data on the Young's modulus and fracture toughness of natural foods in the diets of 31 primate species. We use these data to examine the relationships between food mechanical properties and dietary quality, body mass, and feeding time. We also examine the relationship between food mechanical properties and categorical concepts of diet that are often used to infer food mechanical properties. We found that traditional dietary categories, such as folivory and frugivory, did not faithfully track food mechanical properties. Additionally, our estimate of dietary quality was not significantly correlated with either toughness or Young's modulus. We found a complex relationship among food mechanical properties, body mass, and feeding time, with a potential interaction between median toughness and body mass. The relationship between mean toughness and feeding time is straightforward: feeding time increases as toughness increases. However, when considering median toughness, the relationship with feeding time may depend upon body mass, such that smaller primates increase their feeding time in response to an increase in median dietary toughness, whereas larger primates may feed for shorter periods of time as toughness increases. Our results emphasize the need for additional studies quantifying the mechanical and chemical properties of primate diets so that they may be meaningfully compared to research on feeding behavior and jaw morphology. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Indonesian State Ministry for Research and Technology (RISTEK)Indonesian Institute of Science (LIPI)Director General Departemen Kehutanan (PHKA), Departemen Dalam NegriBKSDA Palangkarayalocal government in Central KalimantanBornean Orangutan Survival Foundation (BOSF)Mawas in PalangkarayaNational Science FoundationUSAID]L.S.B. Leakey FoundationDenver Zoological Society, University of ZurichA.H. Schultz StiftungNetherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO)Netherlands Foundation for the Advancement of Tropical Research (WOTRO)Treub FoundationDobberke FoundationLucie Burgers Foundation for Comparative Behaviour ResearchWorld Wildlife Funds-NL Conservation FundUniversity of AmsterdamNSF IGERTNSF HOMINIDLeakey FoundationFAPESPCNPqIBAMAConservation International Primate Action FundPrimate Conservation IncorporatedAnthropology Department of George Washington UniversityAmerican Society of Primatologists General Small GrantInternational Primatological Society Research GrantSchool of Human Evolution and Social Change Graduate Student Research GrantInstitute of Human Origins FellowshipUniversity of Southern CaliforniaNational Science Foundation (NSF-DDIG)Wenner-Gren FoundationAmerican Society of PrimatologistsNational Science Foundation (DDIG)Graduate College at University of IllinoisBeckman Institute CS/AI FellowshipIdea WildSigma XiIBAMA (Sisbio)Committee for Research and Exploration of the National Geographic SocietyRutgers State Univ, Dept Anthropol, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USAUniv Notre Dame, Dept Biol Sci, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USAMercer Univ, Sch Med, Dept Basic Med Sci, Macon, GA 31207 USAUniv Oxford, WiIdCRU, Dept Zool, Oxford, EnglandOrang Utan Trop Peatland Project OuTrop, Palangka Raya, IndonesiaMarshall Univ, Dept Biol, Huntington, WV USADartmouth Coll, Dept Anthropol, Hanover, NH 03755 USAFlorida Gulf Coast Univ, Dept Social Sci, Ft Myers, FL USAArizona State Univ, Sch Human Evolut & Social Change, Tempe, AZ USAUniv Southern Calif, Dept Biol Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USASUNY Stony Brook, Interdept Doctoral Program Anthropol Sci, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USAUniv Illinois, Dept Anthropol, 109 Davenport Hall, Urbana, IL 61801 USAUniv Fed Sao Paulo, Dept Environm Sci, Campus Didema, Sao Paulo, Brazil[Talebi, Mauricio G.Pro Muriqui Assoc, Southern Muriqui Conservat & Res Southern Brazili, Sao Miguel Arcanjo, SP, BrazilUniv Fed Sao Paulo, Ciencias Biol, Sao Paulo, BrazilDuke Univ, Sch Med, Dept Orthopaed Surg, Durham, NC USADuke Univ, Dept Evolutionary Anthropol, Durham, NC USANortheast Ohio Med Univ, Dept Anat & Neurobiol, Rootstown, OH USAKansas City Univ Med & Biosci, Dept Anat, Kansas City, MO USAUniv Vet Med, Inst Populat Genet, Vienna, AustriaAustrian Acad Sci, A-1010 Vienna, AustriaSmithsonian Trop Res Inst, Balboa, PanamaUniv Fed Sao Paulo, Dept Environm Sci, Campus Didema, Sao Paulo, BrazilUniv Fed Sao Paulo, Ciencias Biol, Sao Paulo, BrazilNSF: BCS-0643122NSF: BCS 0420133USAID: AID-497-A-13-00005LSB: 20070517NSF IGERT: DGE-0801634NSF HOMINID: BCS-0725122FAPESP: 2014/09319-2CNPq: 002547/2011-12CNPq: 477812/2009-0NSF-DDIG: BCS-0647837WGF: 7639NSF (DDIG): 0622411IBAMA : 21511CRE National Geographic Society: 7384-02Web of Scienc
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