Data from: Timing of conceptions in Phayre's leaf monkeys: energy and phytochemical intake

Abstract

<p class="MsoNormal">Raising offspring imposes energetic costs, especially for female mammals. Consequently, seasons favoring high energy intake and sustained positive energy balance often result in a conception peak. Factors that may weaken this coordinated effect include premature offspring loss and adolescent subfertility. Furthermore, seasonal ingestion of phytochemicals may facilitate conception peaks. We examined these factors and potential benefits of a conception peak (infant survival, interbirth interval) in Phayre's leaf monkeys (<em>Trachypithecus phayrei crepusculus</em>). Data were collected at Phu Khieo Wildlife Sanctuary, Thailand (78 conceptions). We estimated periods of high energy intake based on fruit and young leaf feeding and via monthly energy intake rates. Phytochemical intake was based on fecal progestin. We examined seasonality (circular statistics, cox proportional hazard models) and compared consequences of timing (infant survival and interbirth intervals, t-test, Fisher exact test). Conceptions occurred in all months but peaked from May to August. This peak coincided with high fecal progestin rather than presumed positive energy balance. Primipara conceived significantly later than multipara. Neither infant survival nor interbirth intervals were related to the timing of conception. Periods of high energy intake may not exist and would not explain the conception peak in this population. However, the presumed high intake of phytochemicals was tightly linked to the conception peak. Timing conceptions to the peak season did not provide benefits, suggesting that the clustering of conceptions may be a mere by-product of phytochemical intake. To confirm this conclusion, seasonal changes in phytochemical intake and hormone levels need to be studied more directly.</p><p>Funding provided by: National Science Foundation<br>Crossref Funder Registry ID: https://ror.org/021nxhr62<br>Award Number: BCS-0215542</p><p>Funding provided by: Wenner-Gren Foundation<br>Crossref Funder Registry ID: https://ror.org/04qvvhf62<br>Award Number: 7241</p><p>Funding provided by: Leakey Foundation<br>Crossref Funder Registry ID: https://ror.org/018kdpd27<br>Award Number: </p><p>Funding provided by: American Society of Primatologists<br>Crossref Funder Registry ID: https://ror.org/04j0s0m53<br>Award Number: </p><p>Funding provided by: National Science Foundation<br>Crossref Funder Registry ID: https://ror.org/021nxhr62<br>Award Number: BCS-0452635</p><p>Funding provided by: National Science Foundation<br>Crossref Funder Registry ID: https://ror.org/021nxhr62<br>Award Number: BCS-0542035</p><p>Funding provided by: National Science Foundation<br>Crossref Funder Registry ID: https://ror.org/021nxhr62<br>Award Number: BCS-0647837</p><p>Funding provided by: Wenner-Gren Foundation<br>Crossref Funder Registry ID: https://ror.org/04qvvhf62<br>Award Number: 7639</p><p class="MsoNormal">The data were observational in nature. Of the 78 total conceptions used in the analyses, 71 were based on the day of detection of a newborn in the study groups from which the mean gestation length (205 days) was subtracted to find the conception date. The 7 additional conceptions were determined via hormone analysis of fecal material (Lu, Borries, Czekala & Beehner, 2010).</p> <p class="EndNoteBibliography">Lu, A., Borries, C., Czekala, N. M., & Beehner, J. C. (2010). Reproductive characteristics of wild female Phayre's leaf monkeys. <em>American Journal of Primatology</em>, <strong>72</strong>, 1073-1081. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.20866">https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.20866</a>.</p&gt