2,000 research outputs found
Provenance studies of volcanic clasts from the Santa Fe Group, San Luis Basin, Colorado: a guide to tectonic evolution
Volcanic clasts at the base of the Tertiary Santa Fe Group of the San Luis Basin (SLB), a major extensional feature of the northern Rio Grande Rift, provide evidence for the direction of sediment transport and timing of regional tectonic events. A combination of clast whole rock geochemistry (major and trace element), mineral chemistry (amphibole, biotite, pyroxene and feldspar) and geochronology (40Ar/39Ar of amphibole and biotite and U-Pb of zircons) is used to constrain the possible source scenarios. Several potential sources with requisite geochemical and geochronological information exist for the Santa Fe Group volcanic clasts including rocks from Spanish Peaks (SP) and Mount Mestas to the east, the San Juan volcanic field (SJVF) to the west and the Thirtynine Mile volcanic field to the north of the basin. Petrographic analysis and whole rock geochemistry establishes that the Santa Fe Group contains volcanic clasts of a wide compositional range (trachybasalt to rhyolite). Trace element data show a strong overlap of SLB volcanic clasts with rocks of the SJVF and Thirtynine Mile volcanic field, while significant differences exist between the SLB and Mount Mestas rocks. There are differences in Na and Ti contents of amphiboles between SLB and SP rocks, but no significant differences occur between SLB and SJVF amphiboles. Geochronology of the SLB clasts indicates an age range of 35-29 Ma, similar to Thirtynine Mile volcanic field and to the Conejos Formation of SJVF, but too old for SP (~26-21 Ma) and Mount Mestas (~25 Ma). Based on this data, the Santa Fe Group volcanic clasts in the SLB are interpreted to have a western and northern provenance. This implies that sediment was likely sourced from the west and north, but not from the east. The Culebra Range, a part of the Sangre de Cristo Mountains that currently bound the eastern SLB, was likely at a position and elevation to hinder the transport of eastern sediments to the basin during deposition of the Santa Fe Group
Deformation behaviour of ion-irradiated FeCr : A nanoindentation study
Understanding the mechanisms of plasticity in structural steels is essential for the operation of next-generation fusion reactors. This work on the deformation behaviour of FeCr, focusses on distinguishing the nucleation of dislocations to initiate plasticity, from their propagation through the material. Fe3Cr, Fe5Cr, and Fel OCr were irradiated with 20 MeV Fe3+ ions at room temperature to doses of 0.008 dpa and 0.08 dpa. Nanoindentation was then carried out with Berkovich and spherical indenter tips. Our results show that the nucleation of dislocations is mainly from pre-existing sources, which are not significantly affected by the presence of irradiation defects or Cr%. Yield strength, an indicator of dislocation mobility, increases with irradiation damage and Cr content, while work hardening capacity decreases mainly due to irradiation defects. The synergistic effects of Cr and irradiation damage in FeCr appear to be more important for the propagation of dislocations than for their nucleation.Peer reviewe
Deformation localisation in ion-irradiated Fe and Fe10Cr
Determining the mechanisms for irradiation-induced ductility loss is crucial for the design of reactor structural components. Here, the deformation characteristics around nanoindents in Fe and Fe10Cr irradiated with Fe ions to ∼1 displacement-per-atom at 313 K are non-destructively studied. Slip steps surrounding the nanoindents indicate that deformation is localised in the irradiated materials. Lattice rotation and strain fields near the indent site show over 87% confinement of plasticity in the irradiated material. Cr has little effect on the irradiation-induced changes in pile-up topography and deformation fields, suggesting it has limited impact on retaining strain hardening capacity and reducing irradiation-induced embrittlement
Characterising Ion-Irradiated FeCr : Hardness, Thermal Diffusivity and Lattice Strain
Ion-irradiated FeCr alloys are useful for understanding and predicting neutron damage in the structural steels of future nuclear reactors. Previous studies have largely focused on the structure of irradiation induced defects, probed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), as well as changes in mechanical properties. Across these studies, a wide range of irradiation conditions has been employed on samples with different processing histories, which complicates the analysis of the relationship between defect structures and material properties. Furthermore, key properties, such as irradiation-induced changes in thermal transport and lattice strain, are little explored. Here we present a systematic study of Fe3Cr, Fe5Cr and Fe10Cr binary alloys implanted with 20 MeV Fe3+ ions to nominal doses of 0.01 dpa and 0.1 dpa at room temperature. Nanoindentation, transient grating spectroscopy (TGS) and X-ray micro-beam Laue diffraction were used to study the changes in hardness, thermal diffusivity and strain in the material as a function of damage and Cr content. Our results suggest that Cr leads to an increased retention of irradiation-induced defects, causing substantial changes in hardness and lattice strain. However, thermal diffusivity varies little with increasing damage and instead degrades significantly with increasing Cr content in the material. We find significant lattice strains even in samples exposed to a nominal displacement damage of 0.01 dpa. The defect density predicted from the lattice strain measurements is significantly higher than that observed in previous TEM studies, suggesting that TEM may not fully capture the irradiation-induced defect population. (C) 2020 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Peer reviewe
Microstructural and material property changes in severely deformed Eurofer-97
Severe plastic deformation changes the microstructure and properties of
steels, which may be favourable for their use in structural components of
nuclear reactors. In this study, high-pressure torsion (HPT) was used to refine
the grain structure of Eurofer-97, a ferritic/ martensitic steel. Electron
microscopy and X-ray diffraction were used to characterise the microstructural
changes. Following HPT, the average grain size reduced by a factor of
30, with a marked increase in high-angle grain boundaries. Dislocation density
also increased by more than one order of magnitude. The thermal stability of
the deformed material was investigated via in-situ annealing during synchrotron
X-ray diffraction. This revealed substantial recovery between 450 K - 800 K.
Irradiation with 20 MeV Fe-ions to 0.1 dpa caused a 20% reduction in
dislocation density compared to the as-deformed material. However, HPT
deformation prior to irradiation did not have a significant effect in
mitigating the irradiation-induced reductions in thermal diffusivity and
surface acoustic wave velocity of the material. These results provide a
multi-faceted understanding of the changes in ferritic/martensitic steels due
to severe plastic deformation, and how these changes can be used to alter
material properties.Comment: 59 pages, 19 figure
Dose and compositional dependence of irradiation-induced property change in FeCr
Ferritic/martensitic steels will be used as structural components in next generation nuclear reactors. Their successful operation relies on an understanding of irradiation-induced defect behaviour in the material. In this study, Fe and FeCr alloys (3–12%Cr) were irradiated with 20 MeV Fe-ions at 313 K to doses ranging between 0.00008 dpa to 6.0 dpa. This dose range covers six orders of magnitude, spanning low, transition, and high dose regimes. Lattice strain and hardness in the irradiated material were characterised with micro-beam Laue X-ray diffraction and nanoindentation, respectively.
Irradiation hardening was observed even at very low doses (0.00008 dpa) and showed a monotonic increase with dose up to 6.0 dpa. Lattice strain measurements of samples at 0.0008 dpa allow the calculation of equivalent Frenkel pair densities and corrections to the Norgett-Robinson-Torrens (NRT) model for Fe and FeCr alloys at low dose. NRT efficiency for FeCr is 0.2, which agrees with literature values for high irradiation energy. Lattice strain increases with dose up to 0.8 dpa and then decreases when the damage dose is further increased. The strains measured in this study are lower and peak at a larger dose than predicted by atomistic simulations. This difference can be explained by taking temperature and impurities into account
Dose and compositional dependence of irradiation-induced property change in FeCr
Ferritic/martensitic steels will be used as structural components in next
generation nuclear reactors. Their successful operation relies on an
understanding of irradiation-induced defect behaviour in the material. In this
study, Fe and FeCr alloys (3-12%Cr) were irradiated with 20 MeV Fe-ions at 313
K to doses ranging between 0.00008 dpa to 6.0 dpa. This dose range covers six
orders of magnitude, spanning low, transition and high dose regimes. Lattice
strain and hardness in the irradiated material were characterised with
micro-beam Laue X-ray diffraction and nanoindentation, respectively.
Irradiation hardening was observed even at very low doses (0.00008 dpa) and
showed a monotonic increase with dose up to 6.0 dpa. Lattice strain
measurements of samples at 0.0008 dpa allow the calculation of equivalent
Frenkel pair densities and corrections to the Norgett-Robinson-Torrens (NRT)
model for Fe and FeCr alloys at low dose. NRT efficiency for FeCr is 0.2, which
agrees with literature values for high irradiation energy. Lattice strain
increases up to 0.8 dpa and then decreases when the damage dose is further
increased. The strains measured in this study are lower and peak at a larger
dose than predicted by atomistic simulations. This difference can be explained
by taking temperature and impurities into account.Comment: 49 pages, 9 figures, 3 table
Short-term heat acclimation is effective and may be enhanced rather than impaired by dehydration
Most heat acclimation data are from regimes longer than 1 week, and acclimation advice is to prevent dehydration. Objectives: We hypothesized that (i) short-term (5-day) heat acclimation would substantially improve physiological strain and exercise tolerance under heat stress, and (ii) dehydration would provide a thermally independent stimulus for adaptation. Methods: Nine aerobically fit males heat acclimated using controlled-hyperthermia (rectal temperature 38.5°C) for 90 min on 5 days; once euhydrated (EUH) and once dehydrated (DEH) during acclimation bouts. Exercising heat stress tests (HSTs) were completed before and after acclimations (90-min cycling in T a 35°C, 60% RH). Results: During acclimation bouts, [aldosterone] plasma rose more across DEH than EUH (95%CI for difference between regimes: 40-411 pg ml -1 ; P=0.03; n=5) and was positively related to plasma volume expansion (r=0.65; P=0.05), which tended to be larger in DEH (CI: -1 to 10%; P=0.06; n=9). In HSTs, resting forearm perfusion increased more in DEH (by 5.9 ml 100 tissue ml -1 min -1 : -11.5 to -1.0; P=0.04) and end-exercise cardiac frequency fell to a greater extent (by 11 b min -1 : -1 to 22; P=0.05). Hydration-related effects on other endocrine, cardiovascular, and psychophysical responses to HSTs were unclear. Rectal temperature was unchanged at rest but was 0.3°C lower at end exercise (P < 0.01; interaction: P=0.52). Conclusions: Short-term (5-day) heat acclimation induced effective adaptations, some of which were more pronounced after fluid-regulatory strain from permissive dehydration, and not attributable to dehydration effects on body temperature. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 26:311-320, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc
Analysis of gene expression from the Wolbachia genome of a filarial nematode supports both metabolic and defensive roles within the symbiosis
The α-proteobacterium Wolbachia is probably the most prevalent, vertically transmitted symbiont on Earth. In contrast with its wide distribution in arthropods, Wolbachia is restricted to one family of animal-parasitic nematodes, the Onchocercidae. This includes filarial pathogens such as Onchocerca volvulus, the cause of human onchocerciasis, or river blindness. The symbiosis between filariae and Wolbachia is obligate, although the basis of this dependency is not fully understood. Previous studies suggested that Wolbachia may provision metabolites (e.g., haem, riboflavin, and nucleotides) and/or contribute to immune defense. Importantly, Wolbachia is restricted to somatic tissues in adult male worms, whereas females also harbor bacteria in the germline. We sought to characterize the nature of the symbiosis between Wolbachia and O. ochengi, a bovine parasite representing the closest relative of O. volvulus. First, we sequenced the complete genome of Wolbachia strain wOo, which revealed an inability to synthesize riboflavin de novo. Using RNA-seq, we also generated endobacterial transcriptomes from male soma and female germline. In the soma, transcripts for membrane transport and respiration were up-regulated, while the gonad exhibited enrichment for DNA replication and translation. The most abundant Wolbachia proteins, as determined by geLC-MS, included ligands for mammalian Toll-like receptors. Enzymes involved in nucleotide synthesis were dominant among metabolism-related proteins, whereas the haem biosynthetic pathway was poorly represented. We conclude that Wolbachia may have a mitochondrion-like function in the soma, generating ATP for its host. Moreover, the abundance of immunogenic proteins in wOo suggests a role in diverting the immune system toward an ineffective antibacterial response
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