65 research outputs found

    Indiviididevahelised erinevused depressioonisoodumuses: aju regionaalne energiametabolism, serotoniinisĂŒsteemi talitlus ja kĂ€itumine loomkatsemudelites

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    VĂ€itekirja elektrooniline versioon ei sisalda publikatsioone.KĂ€esolev doktorivĂ€itekiri keskendub depressiooni funktsionaalse neuroanatoomia ja depressiivse kĂ€itumise uurimisele, kasutades meeleoluhĂ€irete loomkatsemudeleid. Depressiooni pĂ”hjustavad nii korduvad stressirikkad elusĂŒndmused kui ka individuaalne soodumus ja eelkĂ”ige nende kahe teguri koosmĂ”ju. Depressioonisoodumust saab mudeldada selekteerides rotte afektiivse kĂ€itumise testide alusel vĂ”i mĂ”justades pikaajaliselt nende ajus depressiooni tĂ”enĂ€olisi neuraalseid alusmehhanisme. KĂ€esolevas vĂ€itekirjas kĂ€sitletakse nelja depressioonisoodumuse mudelit - osaline serotonergiline nĂ€rvikahjustus, puudulik emahool vastsĂŒndinueas, vĂ€hene pĂŒsi-sotsiaalsus ja pĂŒsiv magusaeelistus. Keskkonnast tuleneva stressi mudeldamiseks kasutati kroonilist muutlikku stressi, mille depressiooni-pĂ”hjustav mĂ”ju rajaneb mitmete mÔÔdukalt ebameeldivate stiimulite korduval esitamisel, ja kroonilist sotsiaalset stressi, mis rajaneb looma korduval alistamisel agressiivse liigikaaslase poolt. Ajupiirkondade pikaajalise nĂ€rviaktiivsuse mÀÀramiseks hinnati mitokondriaalse elektronide transpordi-ahela talitlust tsĂŒtokroom c oksĂŒdaasi aktiivsuse histokeemilise mÔÔtmise kaudu. KĂ”ik depressioonisoodumuse ja kroonilise stressi mudelid eraldiseisvaina pĂ”hjustasid mĂ”nedes ajupiirkondades muutuse nĂ€rviaktiivsuses, kuid eri mudelite piirkondlikud aktivatsioonimustrid ei kattunud. Kui kroonilist stressi rakendati depressioonisoodumusega loomadele, ilmnesid mudelitevahelised kokkulangevused nĂ€rviaktiivsuses eesmises taalamuses, hippokampuse CA3 alas ja mediaalses mandelkehas, s.o. piirkondades, mis on kesksel kohal organismi stressivastuse, Ă”ppimise ja hirmuga seotud kĂ€itumiste kontrollis. Kui tsĂŒtokroom c oksĂŒdaasi aktiivsuse andmeid erinevatest katsetest koos analĂŒĂŒsiti, ilmnes, et depresioonisoodumusega rottidel oli nĂ€rvitegevus aktiivsem retro-spleniaalses ajukoores ja retikulaarses taalamuses, krooniline stress aga taandas selle aktiivsuse kontroll-loomadega samale tasemele. Funktsionaalse ĂŒhenduvuse analĂŒĂŒs nĂ€itas, et depressioonisoodumus ja krooniline stress nĂ”rgendasid ajupiirkondadevahelist seotust haistesibulate, tsentraalse mandelkeha, terminaaljuti sĂ€ngituumade, prefrontaalkoore ja vöökÀÀruga seotud ajuringetes. KĂ€esolev töö tĂ”i vĂ€lja mitmeid ajupiirkondi, mida tasuks ĂŒksikasjalikumalt edasi uurida, nagu nĂ€iteks vĂ”rgustik, mis hĂ”lmab eesmist taalamust, retrospleniaalset ajukoort, eesmist vöökÀÀru, hippokampust ja retikulaarset taalamust.This doctoral dissertation focuses on the functional neuroanatomy and behaviour in animal models of affective disorders. Depression is caused by stressful life events, by inherent individual vulnerability, and most potently by a combination of these two factors. Vulnerability to depression can be modelled in rats by selection in behavioural tests for a trait related to low affect or by experimentally producing a neurobiological state that possibly serves as the substrate of depression. In this dissertation four vulnerability phenotypes were studied - partial serotonergic denervation, neonatal maternal separation, low expression of the sociability trait and sucrose preference trait. Environmental stress was induced by chronic variable stress that led to a depressive state by repeated administration of several mildly noxious stimuli to the animal, and chronic social stress, that is based on the repeated social defeat of the target animal by an aggressive congener. To detect cerebral regional long-term neural activation the function of mitochondrial electron transport chain was assessed via cytochrome c oxidase histochemistry. All the vulnerability phenotypes and chronic stress regimens caused a change in long-term neuronal activity on their own in specific brain regions, but there was no overlap between the regional activity patterns in different models. When chronic stressors were applied in combination with vulnerability factors, communalities between different models in energy metabolism were detected in anterior thalamus, hippocampal CA3 area and medial amygdala, areas crucially involved in stress response, fear and learning. When cytochrome oxidase activity data from all models were collapsed and analysed jointly, it was revealed that rats with the vulnerable phenotype had more active energy metabolism in retrosplenial cortex and reticular thalamus, and stress reversed this activation to control-like levels. Functional connectivity analysis revealed that vulnerability phenotypes and chronic stress decreased inter-regional connectivity in the brain circuits including olfactory bulbi, central amygdala, bed nucleus of stria terminalis, prefrontal and cingulate cortices. Thus this work has indicated several new anatomical targets for more detailed study, for example the highly interconnected nuclei of anterior thalamus, retrosplenial cortex, anterior cingulate, hippocampus and reticular thalamus

    ADCP virtausmittausten laaduntarkastusmenetelmien kehittÀminen ja soveltaminen SaaristomerellÀ

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    Ilmatieteen laitoksella on runsaasti hankekohtaisesti tehtyjĂ€ virtausmittauksia akustisella Dopplerilmiöön perustuvalla ADCP -laitteella. TĂ€llaiset akustiset mittarit pystyvĂ€t muita virtausmittareita paremmin mittaamaan laajoja merialueita, joten ne ovatkin maailmanlaajuisesti yksi suosituimmista menetelmistĂ€ tarkkailla merien virtauksia. TĂ€rkeimmĂ€t ehdot mittausten onnistumiselle on mitatun virtauksen horisontaalinen homogeenisuus, joka ei aina toteudu muun muassa vedessĂ€ olevien ÀÀnisignaalin sirottajien itsenĂ€isen liikkeen seurauksena. Laite pyrkii jatkuvasti tarkistamaan olosuhteiden riittĂ€vĂ€n sopivuuden ja poistaa tehokkaasti esimerkiksi mittausalueelle osuneiden kalojen liikkeet. MikĂ€li laitteen sisĂ€inen laaduntarkkailu on kuitenkin liian tiukka, se saattaa liian helposti hylĂ€tĂ€ poikkeuksellisempia ilmiöitĂ€, joten tiukempi laaduntarkkailu jĂ€tetÀÀn usein erikseen tehtĂ€vĂ€ksi. TĂ€ssĂ€ tutkielmassa kehitin laaduntarkastusohjelmiston merenpohjaan ankkuroidulle ADCP:lle. TyössĂ€ keskitytÀÀn erityisesti Ilmatieteen laitoksen kĂ€yttĂ€mÀÀn Teledyne RD Instrument’s -valmistajan Workhorse Sentinel -laitteeseen. Kynnysarvot datan laadulle on mÀÀritelty erityisesti tĂ€mĂ€n valmistajan mittareille ja testit perustuvat laitteen tallentamaan tietoon mittausprosessista. LĂ€hestymistapa perustuu oletukseen, ettĂ€ jos valtaosa virtausnopeuden mÀÀrittĂ€misen yhteydessĂ€ tehdyistĂ€ mittauksista eivĂ€t olleet riittĂ€vĂ€n luotettavia, niin luultavasti loput nĂ€istĂ€ nĂ€ennĂ€isesti onnistuneista mittauksista eivĂ€t myöskÀÀn edusta todellista virtaustilannetta. Laaduntarkistusohjelmisto kehitettiin kĂ€yttĂ€mĂ€llĂ€ esimerkkimateriaalina SaaristomerellĂ€ LövskĂ€rin risteyksessĂ€ vuonna2013 suoritettuja mittauksia. LövskĂ€rin datasetti oli erittĂ€in hyvĂ€laatuista ja epĂ€homogeenisuuden seurauksena datasetistĂ€ poistettiin noin 0,3 % mittauksista. Meren ylintĂ€ 5 metrin kerrosta ei pystytty mittaamaan voimakkaan sivukeilan aiheuttaman hĂ€iriön takia (13 % mittauksista). DatasetissĂ€ on huomattavissa selkeÀÀ mittausten epĂ€varmuuden kasvua termokliinissĂ€ ja yöaikaan, mikĂ€ johtuu sirottajina toimivan elĂ€inplanktonin aktiivisuudesta. Yleisesti alueen virtaukset olivat termokliinin seurauksena vahvasti kerrostuneet ja alueella ilmeni syksyllĂ€ lyhytkestoisia voimakkaita (lĂ€hes 50 cm/s) virtauksia

    Kognitiiv-kÀitumuslik koolitusprogramm Parkinsoni tÔve patsientidele ja tugiisikutele: projekt EduPark

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    Parkinsoni tĂ”bi kroonilise neuroloogilise haigusena pĂ”hjustab lisaks fĂŒĂŒsilistele vaevustele ka psĂŒhholoogilisi probleeme, millega toimetulek mĂ”jutab otseselt patsientide elukvaliteeti. Toimetuleku soodustamiseks kasutatakse mitmesuguseid psĂŒhholoogilisi sekkumismeetodeid, sealhulgas kognitiivset kĂ€itumisteraapiat. Eesti Arst 2005; 84 (6): 402-40

    Transport dynamics in a complex coastal archipelago

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    The Archipelago Sea (in the Baltic Sea) is characterised by thousands of islands of various sizes and steep gradients of the bottom topography. Together with the much deeper Åland Sea, the Archipelago Sea acts as a pathway to the water exchange between the neighbouring basins, Baltic proper and Bothnian Sea. We studied circulation and water transports in the Archipelago Sea using a new configuration of the NEMO 3D hydrodynamic model that covers the Åland Sea–Archipelago Sea region with a horizontal resolution of around 500 m. The results show that currents are steered by the geometry of the islands and straits and the bottom topography. Currents are highest and strongly aligned in the narrow channels in the northern part of the area, with the directions alternating between south and north. In more open areas, the currents are weaker with wider directional distribution. During our study period of 2013–2017, southward currents were more frequent in the surface layer. In the bottom layer, in areas deeper than 25 m, northward currents dominated in the southern part of the Archipelago Sea, while in the northern part southward and northward currents were more evenly represented. Due to the variation in current directions, both northward and southward transports occur. During our study period, the net transport in the upper 20 m layer was southward. Below 20 m depth, the net transport was southward at the northern edge and northward at the southern edge of the Archipelago Sea. There were seasonal and inter-annual variations in the transport volumes and directions in the upper layer. Southward transport was usually largest in spring and summer months, and northward transport was largest in autumn and winter months. The transport dynamics in the Archipelago Sea show different variabilities in the north and south. A single transect cannot describe water transport through the whole area in all cases. Further studies on the water exchange processes between the Baltic proper and the Bothnian Sea through the Archipelago Sea would benefit from using a two-way nested model set-up for the region.</p

    Kustavin Loukeenkarin kalankasvattamon vedenlaatuvaikutukset vuonna 2022 : Vuoden 2015 ympÀristöseurantajÀrjestelmÀn pÀivitys

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    TÀmÀn tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli seurata Kustavin Loukeenkarin kalankasvattamon vedenlaatuvaikutuksia ympÀröivÀllÀ merialueella ja kehittÀÀ vuoden 2015 KALA-MONITOR2020-hankkeessa ehdotettua, viiden vuoden vÀlein toteutettavaa intensiivistÀ seurantajÀrjestelmÀÀ. KÀyttöön otettiin uudet mittaus- ja mallinnusmenetelmÀt, kuten Sentinel- satelliittien korkean alueellisen erotuskyvyn sameus- ja a-klorofylli-tulkinnat sekÀ automaattiset fluorometri-mittaukset poijuissa ja veneestÀ. NÀmÀ mittaukset yhdistettiin intensiivisen vesinÀytteenoton kanssa, interpoloitiin ajallisesti ja alueellisesti ja tehtiin pÀivittÀiset vedenlaatukartat koko tutkimusalueelta sekÀ vedenlaadun syvyysprofiilit ja aikasarjat laitoksen ympÀriltÀ. Samanaikaisesti toteutetun virtausmittauksen ja aikaisemmin tehtyjen mallinnusten pohjalta arvioitiin vesimassojen liikkeet sekÀ kuormituksen kulkeutuminen ja sekoittuminen ympÀröiville merialueille. Tulosten perusteella arvioitiin lÀhialuetta (1 km) laajemman merialueen alueellinen ja ajallinen vaihtelu, sekÀ mahdolliset vedenlaatuvaikutukset aikaisempaa tarkemmin ja kattavammin. Tuloksia verrattiin vuoden 2015 mallinnuksiin ja seurannan tuloksiin. Tulosten perusteella Saaristo- ja SelkÀmeren vesimassat sekoittuivat tehokkaasti Loukeenkaria ympÀröivÀllÀ saaristovyöhykkeellÀ. Elo-syyskuun seurantajakson alun etelÀtuulilla laitoksen ravinnekuorma kulkeutui pohjoista kohti sekoittuen Kihdin suunnalta virtaaviin vesimassoihin ja siitÀ edelleen Seksmiilarin ja Uudenkaupungin saaristoa kohden. Elo-syyskuun vaihteen pohjoistuulilla kuormitus sekoittui Uudenkaupungin saaristosta kulkeutuviin rehevÀmpiin vesimassoihin. TyynemmillÀ jaksoilla a-klorofyllipitoisuus nousi ajoittain laitoksen ympÀrillÀ juuri ja juuri havaittavasti taustapitoisuuden ylÀpuolelle, mutta pysyi muualla ko. saaristossa havaitun vaihtelun sisÀllÀ. Yleisesti ottaen vedenlaatu ei oleellisesti poikennut vuoden 2015 mallinnus- ja mittaustuloksista, eikÀ laitoksen vaikutusalueella havaittu merkittÀviÀ vedenlaatuvaikutuksia. KALA-MONITOR2020-hankkeessa kehitettyÀ kalankasvatuksen ympÀristöseurantajÀrjestelmÀÀ tÀydentÀvien satelliitti-, lÀpivirtaus- ja automaattimittausten sekÀ datafuusio-menetelmien avulla saatiin laitoksen vedenlaatuvaikutuksista alueellisesti ja ajallisesti tarkempi kuva. Seuraava viiden vuoden pÀÀstÀ toteutettava intensiiviseurantajakso voidaan toteuttaa yhteistarkkailuna lÀhialueen muiden kuormittajien kanssa

    Variants of the aggression-related RBFOX1 gene in a population representative birth cohort study: aggressiveness, personality and alcohol use disorder

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    Background: Recently, RBFOX1, a gene encoding an RNA binding protein, has consistently been associated with aggressive and antisocial behavior. Several loci in the gene have been nominally associated with aggression in genome-wide association studies, the risk alleles being more frequent in the general population. We have hence examined the association of four RBFOX1 single nucleotide polymorphisms, previously found related to aggressive traits, with aggressiveness, personality, and alcohol use disorder in birth cohort representative samples. Methods: We used both birth cohorts of the Estonian Children Personality Behavior and Health Study (ECPBHS; original n = 1,238). Aggressiveness was assessed using the Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire and the Lifetime History of Aggressiveness structured interview at age 25 (younger cohort) or 33 (older cohort). Big Five personality at age 25 was measured with self-reports and the lifetime occurrence of alcohol use disorder assessed with the MINI interview. RBFOX1 polymorphisms rs809682, rs8062784, rs12921846, and rs6500744 were genotyped in all participants. Given the restricted size of the sample, correction for multiple comparisons was not applied. Results: Aggressiveness was not significantly associated with the RBFOX1 genotype. RBFOX1 rs8062784 was associated with neuroticism and rs809682 with extraversion. Two out of four analyzed RBFOX1 variants, rs8062784 and rs12921846, were associated with the occurrence of alcohol use disorder. Conclusions: In the birth cohort representative sample of the ECPBHS, no association of RBFOX1 with aggressiveness was found, but RBFOX1 variants affected basic personality traits and the prevalence of alcohol use disorder. Future studies on RBFOX1 should consider the moderating role of personality and alcohol use patterns in aggressiveness

    Ru passivated and Ru doped epsilon-TaN surfaces as a combined barrier and liner material for copper interconnects: a first principles study

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    The reduction of critical dimensions in transistor scaling means that a severe bottleneck arises from the lowest levels of device interconnects. Copper is currently used as an interconnect metal, but requires separate barrier, to prevent Cu diffusion, and liner, to promote Cu deposition, materials. Advanced interconnect technology will require coating of very high aspect ratio trench structures which means that the copper barrier + liner stack should take up only a very small volume of the trench to maintain the low copper resistivity. The current industry standard for Cu diffusion barriers is TaN and Ru is a widely used liner. In this paper we use first principles density functional theory (DFT) computations to explore in detail the interaction of Cu atoms at models of TaN, Ru and combined TaN/Ru barrier/liner materials. This model allows us to explore the role of these materials in Cu adsorption and diffusion (over the surface and into the bulk) at the very early stage of Cu film growth. As a benchmark we studied the behaviour of Cu and Ru adatoms at the low index surfaces of Δ-TaN, and the interaction of Cu adatoms with the (0 0 1) surface of hexagonal Ru. These results confirm the barrier and liner properties of TaN and Ru, respectively, while also highlighting the weaknesses of both materials. We then investigate the adsorption and diffusion of Cu adatoms at Ru-passivated and Ru-doped Δ-TaN(1 1 0) surfaces. Ru passivated TaN enhances the binding of Cu adatoms compared to the bare TaN and Ru surfaces. On the other hand, the activation energy for Cu diffusion at the Ru passivated TaN surface is lower than that on the bare TaN surface which may promote Cu agglomeration. For Ru-doped TaN we find a decrease in Cu binding energy. In addition, we find favourable migration of the Cu adatoms toward the doped Ru atom, compared with unfavourable migration of Cu away from the Ru site, into the bulk. This suggests that Ru doping sites on the TaN surface can act as nucleation points for Cu growth with high activation energies for agglomeration and can promote electroplating of Cu. Therefore we propose Ru-doped TaN as a candidate for a combined barrier/liner material which will have reduced thickness compared to individual barrier/liner material stacks

    Phosphoproteomic differences in major depressive disorder postmortem brains indicate effects on synaptic function

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    There is still a lack in the molecular comprehension of major depressive disorder (MDD) although this condition affects approximately 10% of the world population. Protein phosphorylation is a posttranslational modification that regulates approximately one-third of the human proteins involved in a range of cellular and biological processes such as cellular signaling. Whereas phosphoproteome studies have been carried out extensively in cancer research, few such investigations have been carried out in studies of psychiatric disorders. Here, we present a comparative phosphoproteome analysis of postmortem dorsolateral prefrontal cortex tissues from 24 MDD patients and 12 control donors. Tissue extracts were analyzed using liquid chromatography mass spectrometry in a data-independent manner (LC-MSE). Our analyses resulted in the identification of 5,195 phosphopeptides, corresponding to 802 non-redundant proteins. Ninety of these proteins showed differential levels of phosphorylation in tissues from MDD subjects compared to controls, being 20 differentially phosphorylated in at least 2 peptides. The majority of these phosphorylated proteins were associated with synaptic transmission and cellular architecture not only pointing out potential biomarker candidates but mainly shedding light to the comprehension of MDD pathobiology
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