REMOVING IMAGE NOISE BASED ON FUZZY LOGIC CONCEPT

In the present research algorithms employing fuzzy logic on median and mean filters for improving impulse noise removal performance for image processing have been developed. These algorithms can achieve significantly better image quality and capable of preserving the intricate details of the image than classical arithmetic and mean filters when the images are corrupted by impulse noise.The proposed fuzzy image filters (Filter1, Filter2 and Filter3) are based on a combination of fuzzy impulse detection and restoration of corrupted pixels. Fuzzy knowledge base required for detection of impulses.The research also presents an adaptive fuzzy filter system (filter 4) for noisy image enhancement combining smoothing and sharpening. The method is automatically obtaining an optimum parameter value adaptively by evaluating the local features. We present the results for different levels of impulse noise corruption on several real images, and the performance of our proposed filters is compared with statistical noise removal methods to show the effectiveness of the proposed techniques

Bacterial Skin Abscess

Patients with skin and soft tissue infections may appear with the abscess. Erroneous diagnosis of these entities is common, and should carefully consider the possible alternative diagnoses. Risk for developing skin abscess factors includes disruption of the skin barrier, edema, venous insufficiency, and immune suppression. However, healthy individuals who have no risk factors may also develop these diseases. The most common microbiologic cause of abscess, a commonly group Streptococcus or Streptococcus pyogenes; Staphylococcus aureus (including methicillin-resistant strains) is a notable but less common cause. The most common microbiologic cause of skin abscess is S. aureus; a skin abscess can be caused by more than one pathogen. The diagnosis is based on skin abscess usually on the clinical manifestations. It must be subject to patients with disposable abscess incision and drainage, with a test of culture and susceptibility of materials wet. There is no justification for the blood of patients in the cultures of the abovementioned circumstances. It can be a useful radiographic examination to determine whether the skin abscess is present (via ultrasound) to distinguish cellulitis from osteomyelitis (via magnetic resonance imaging). There may be a justification for radiological assessment in patients with immune suppression, diabetes, venous insufficiency, or lymphedema in patients with persistent symptoms of systemic lymphatic obstruction

Characterization of Novel Coronavirus and Pandemic of Covid-19 : an Overview

في الفترة الأخيرة من عام 2019 ، تم التعرف على فيروس كورونا الجديد ، المسمى حاليًا SARS-CoV-2 ، بسبب انتشار مرض الجهاز التنفسي الحاد في الصين في ووهان. خلال شهر فبراير 2020 ، حددت منظمة الصحة العالمية (WHO) أن COVID-19 هو مرض فيروس كورونا 2019. على مدى السنوات الخمسين الماضية، كانت هناك أعداد مختلفة من الفيروسات التاجية التي تسببت في مجموعة واسعة من الأمراض البشرية والطب البيطري. ومن المتوقع أن تستمر هذه الفيروسات في الظهور والتطور وتتسبب في الانتشار بالبشر بسبب قدرة الفيروسات على إعادة التجميع والتحول ونقل المرض إلى أنواع وخلايا عديدة. فيما يتعلق بفيروس كورونا، ستستمر الأبحاث المستقبلية في التحقيق في العديد من جوانب تكاثر الفيروس وامراضيته.  بداية، فإن فهم ميول الفيروسات المعنية للطفرة بين الأنواع، وتأكيد الإصابة في مضيف جديد آخر، وتحديد المستودعات الكبيرة لفيروسات كورونا سيساعد بشكل كبير في التنبؤ باين ومتى ستحدث الأوبئة المحتملة. نظرًا لأن الخفافيش تبدو مستودعًا مهمًا لهذه الفيروسات، فسيكون من المثير للاهتمام تحديد كيفية تجنب تطور المرض سريريًا والعدوى المستمرة. ثانيًا، تحديد كيفية ترميز البروتينات غير الهيكلية والملحقة للفيروس عبر بقايا فيروسات غير محددة وبدون وظيفة محددة وأيضًا يكون مهمًا لتحديد آليات عمل هذه البروتينات بالإضافة إلى تحديد دورها البارز في تضاعف الفيروس ثم احداث المرض .تحتاج هذه الدراسات إلى التوجه بشكل  رئيسي لتحديد مقدار العلاج المناسب الذي يهدف للسيطرة على العدوى.  بالإضافة إلى ذلك، توجد أيضًا العديد من الإنزيمات الفريدة المشفرة عبر فيروسات كورونا، مثل ADP-ribose-1 1-phosphatase ، في حقيقيات النوى الأعلى، مما يجعل دراستها قابلة للتطبيق لفهم الجوانب العامة للبيولوجيا الجزيئية والكيمياء الحيوية. ثالثًا، وبالمثل، فإن الحصول على صورة كاملة لتعقيدات RTC سيوفر إطارًا لفهم عملية تكرار الحمض النووي الريبي الفريدة التي تستخدمها هذه الفيروسات. أخيرًا ، فإن تحديد كيفية تسبب فيروسات كورونا في حدوث المرض ثم فهم الاستجابة المناعية للمضيف لمسببات الأمراض سيحسن بشكل كبير قدرتنا على تصنيع اللقاحات وتقليل عبء المرض.In the last period of 2019, the new corona virus, currently called SARS-CoV-2, recognized by way of the reason for the spread disease of acute respiratory in China in Wuhan. During February 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) identified   COVID-19, as the 2019 coronavirus disease. Over the past 50 years, there have been different numbers of coronary viruses that have caused a wide range of human diseases and veterinary medicine. These viruses are expected to continue to appear, develop, and cause the spread of humans and viruses because of their ability to regroup, transform them and communicate a disease to numerous species in addition cells. Investigation of future for Coronavirus will ongoing for explore many aspects of virus duplication in addition pathogenesis. First of all, understanding tendencies for the viruses involved to hurdle among species, confirm contagion in another novel host, and identify large reservoirs of corona viruses   greatly help for predicting where and when possible epidemics will happen. Since bats appear an important viruses reservoir, it will be stimulating to limit how   can evade developing clinically evident of disease and persistent infection. Second, determining how  virus's non-structural and accessory proteins coded via  remain of viruses unmarked without a identified function and also be significant to determine the act mechanisms  of these proteins in addition to determine the  starring role in duplication  of viral then disease pathogenesis. These studies need to chief toward a major a plus the amount of appropriate treatment aims for control of infection. Additionally, several unique enzymes encoded via corona viruses, for example ADP-ribose-1 1-phosphatase, moreover exist in upper eukaryotes, creation their study applicable to learning common aspects of biochemistry and molecular biology. Third, likewise, obtaining a whole picture of RTC particulars will make available a background for learning replication of the unique RNA practice these viruses employ. Lastly, identifying just how coronaviruses reason disease then understanding the host's immune reaction for pathogen will greatly progress our capability to manufacture vaccines then decrease the disease burden

A mediation approach to understanding socio-economic inequalities in maternal health-seeking behaviours in Egypt.

BACKGROUND: The levels and origins of socio-economic inequalities in health-seeking behaviours in Egypt are poorly understood. This paper assesses the levels of health-seeking behaviours related to maternal care (antenatal care [ANC] and facility delivery) and their accumulation during pregnancy and childbirth. Secondly, it explores the mechanisms underlying the association between socio-economic position (SEP) and maternal health-seeking behaviours. Thirdly, it examines the effectiveness of targeting of free public ANC and delivery care. METHODS: Data from the 2008 Demographic and Health Survey were used to capture two latent constructs of SEP: individual socio-cultural capital and household-level economic capital. These variables were entered into an adjusted mediation model, predicting twelve dimensions of maternal health-seeking; including any ANC, private ANC, first ANC visit in first trimester, regular ANC (four or more visits during pregnancy), facility delivery, and private delivery. ANC and delivery care costs were examined separately by provider type (public or private). RESULTS: While 74.2% of women with a birth in the 5-year recall period obtained any ANC and 72.4% delivered in a facility, only 48.8% obtained the complete maternal care package (timely and regular facility-based ANC as well as facility delivery) for their most recent live birth. Both socio-cultural capital and economic capital were independently positively associated with receiving any ANC and delivering in a facility. The strongest direct effect of socio-cultural capital was seen in models predicting private provider use of both ANC and delivery. Despite substantial proportions of women using public providers reporting receipt of free care (ANC: 38%, delivery: 24%), this free-of-charge public care was not effectively targeted to women with lowest economic resources. CONCLUSIONS: Socio-cultural capital is the primary mechanism leading to inequalities in maternal health-seeking in Egypt. Future studies should therefore examine the objective and perceived quality of care from different types of providers. Improvements in the targeting of free public care could help reduce the existing SEP-based inequalities in maternal care coverage in the short term

Being Mum’s Confidant, a Boon or Bane? Examining Gender Differences in the Association of Maternal Disclosure with Adolescents’ Depressive Feelings

This article reports on a longitudinal study investigating gender differences in the association between maternal disclosure and adolescents’ depressive symptoms. Little research has examined the relationship of parental disclosure to adolescents’ depressive symptoms and research on sex differences is particularly lacking. In a sample of 428 families with a mean age of 13.36 (52% female) of the target adolescents, maternal and children’s disclosure and depressive symptoms were assessed twice with an interval of 4 years. Controlling for the quality of the parent–child relationship and levels of maternal depressive symptoms, the analyses revealed an interaction effect for child’s gender, moderating the effect of maternal disclosure on adolescents’ depressive symptoms. Higher levels of maternal disclosure were accompanied by lower levels of depressive symptoms in girls and higher levels of depressive symptoms in boys. Gender differences in socialization, communication, individuation and social networks might explain why daughters and sons are differently affected by maternal disclosure

Crk and CrkL adaptor proteins: networks for physiological and pathological signaling

The Crk adaptor proteins (Crk and CrkL) constitute an integral part of a network of essential signal transduction pathways in humans and other organisms that act as major convergence points in tyrosine kinase signaling. Crk proteins integrate signals from a wide variety of sources, including growth factors, extracellular matrix molecules, bacterial pathogens, and apoptotic cells. Mounting evidence indicates that dysregulation of Crk proteins is associated with human diseases, including cancer and susceptibility to pathogen infections. Recent structural work has identified new and unusual insights into the regulation of Crk proteins, providing a rationale for how Crk can sense diverse signals and produce a myriad of biological responses

Are early somatic embryos of the norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) organised?

Background Somatic embryogenesis in conifer species has great potential for the forestry industry. Hence, a number of methods have been developed for their efficient and rapid propagation through somatic embryogenesis. Although information is available regarding the previous process-mediated generation of embryogenic cells to form somatic embryos, there is a dearth of information in the literature on the detailed structure of these clusters. Methodology/Principal Findings The main aim of this study was to provide a more detailed structure of the embryogenic tissue clusters obtained through the in vitro propagation of the Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.). We primarily focused on the growth of early somatic embryos (ESEs). The data on ESE growth suggested that there may be clear distinctions between their inner and outer regions. Therefore, we selected ESEs collected on the 56th day after sub-cultivation to dissect the homogeneity of the ESE clusters. Two colourimetric assays (acetocarmine and fluorescein diacetate/propidium iodide staining) and one metabolic assay based on the use of 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride uncovered large differences in the metabolic activity inside the cluster. Next, we performed nuclear magnetic resonance measurements. The ESE cluster seemed to be compactly aggregated during the first four weeks of cultivation; thereafter, the difference between the 1H nuclei concentration in the inner and outer clusters was more evident. There were clear differences in the visual appearance of embryos from the outer and inner regions. Finally, a cluster was divided into six parts (three each from the inner and the outer regions of the embryo) to determine their growth and viability. The innermost embryos (centripetally towards the cluster centre) could grow after sub-cultivation but exhibited the slowest rate and required the longest time to reach the common growth rate. To confirm our hypothesis on the organisation of the ESE cluster, we investigated the effect of cluster orientation on the cultivation medium and the influence of the change of the cluster’s three-dimensional orientation on its development. Maintaining the same position when transferring ESEs into new cultivation medium seemed to be necessary because changes in the orientation significantly affected ESE growth. Conclusions and Significance This work illustrated the possible inner organisation of ESEs. The outer layer of ESEs is formed by individual somatic embryos with high metabolic activity (and with high demands for nutrients, oxygen and water), while an embryonal group is directed outside of the ESE cluster. Somatic embryos with depressed metabolic activity were localised in the inner regions, where these embryonic tissues probably have a very important transport function

Pooled analysis of WHO Surgical Safety Checklist use and mortality after emergency laparotomy

Background The World Health Organization (WHO) Surgical Safety Checklist has fostered safe practice for 10 years, yet its place in emergency surgery has not been assessed on a global scale. The aim of this study was to evaluate reported checklist use in emergency settings and examine the relationship with perioperative mortality in patients who had emergency laparotomy. Methods In two multinational cohort studies, adults undergoing emergency laparotomy were compared with those having elective gastrointestinal surgery. Relationships between reported checklist use and mortality were determined using multivariable logistic regression and bootstrapped simulation. Results Of 12 296 patients included from 76 countries, 4843 underwent emergency laparotomy. After adjusting for patient and disease factors, checklist use before emergency laparotomy was more common in countries with a high Human Development Index (HDI) (2455 of 2741, 89.6 per cent) compared with that in countries with a middle (753 of 1242, 60.6 per cent; odds ratio (OR) 0.17, 95 per cent c.i. 0.14 to 0.21, P <0001) or low (363 of 860, 422 per cent; OR 008, 007 to 010, P <0.001) HDI. Checklist use was less common in elective surgery than for emergency laparotomy in high-HDI countries (risk difference -94 (95 per cent c.i. -11.9 to -6.9) per cent; P <0001), but the relationship was reversed in low-HDI countries (+121 (+7.0 to +173) per cent; P <0001). In multivariable models, checklist use was associated with a lower 30-day perioperative mortality (OR 0.60, 0.50 to 073; P <0.001). The greatest absolute benefit was seen for emergency surgery in low- and middle-HDI countries. Conclusion Checklist use in emergency laparotomy was associated with a significantly lower perioperative mortality rate. Checklist use in low-HDI countries was half that in high-HDI countries.Peer reviewe

Global variation in anastomosis and end colostomy formation following left-sided colorectal resection

Background End colostomy rates following colorectal resection vary across institutions in high-income settings, being influenced by patient, disease, surgeon and system factors. This study aimed to assess global variation in end colostomy rates after left-sided colorectal resection. Methods This study comprised an analysis of GlobalSurg-1 and -2 international, prospective, observational cohort studies (2014, 2016), including consecutive adult patients undergoing elective or emergency left-sided colorectal resection within discrete 2-week windows. Countries were grouped into high-, middle- and low-income tertiles according to the United Nations Human Development Index (HDI). Factors associated with colostomy formation versus primary anastomosis were explored using a multilevel, multivariable logistic regression model. Results In total, 1635 patients from 242 hospitals in 57 countries undergoing left-sided colorectal resection were included: 113 (6·9 per cent) from low-HDI, 254 (15·5 per cent) from middle-HDI and 1268 (77·6 per cent) from high-HDI countries. There was a higher proportion of patients with perforated disease (57·5, 40·9 and 35·4 per cent; P < 0·001) and subsequent use of end colostomy (52·2, 24·8 and 18·9 per cent; P < 0·001) in low- compared with middle- and high-HDI settings. The association with colostomy use in low-HDI settings persisted (odds ratio (OR) 3·20, 95 per cent c.i. 1·35 to 7·57; P = 0·008) after risk adjustment for malignant disease (OR 2·34, 1·65 to 3·32; P < 0·001), emergency surgery (OR 4·08, 2·73 to 6·10; P < 0·001), time to operation at least 48 h (OR 1·99, 1·28 to 3·09; P = 0·002) and disease perforation (OR 4·00, 2·81 to 5·69; P < 0·001). Conclusion Global differences existed in the proportion of patients receiving end stomas after left-sided colorectal resection based on income, which went beyond case mix alone

Histopathological Changes caused by The Chronic Effect of Nitrofurantoin Drug in The Testes of Albino Mice

The present study was conducted to determine histopathological changes caused by chronic effect of Nitrofurantoin(NFT) in The albino mice Testes. The Study included 40 mice were divided on the five groups: the first group taken distilled water and become control group . the remaining group which are exposure with NFT drug in concentration (100-150-200-250) mg / kg, respectively, Doses were given orally for a period (month and two months). The results of histopathological changes included occurrence of congestion in the blood vessel and degeneration of spermatogonia and aggregation of spermatids in the lumen of semineferous tubules and inhibition of spermatogensis process and decrease of sperm inside the lumen of semineferous tubule as well as necrosis and atrophy within germ cell layer , this changes be greatest in groups with high concentrations (200-250) mg / kg. NFT drug have side effect on testes by inhibition the spermatogenesis process and decrease of mature sperm number and necrosis found within in germ cell layer lining the seminiferous tubules