Relaciones entre el tamaño del balón y la mano de balonmanistas mujeres y hombres: ¿Se juega con el balón adecuado en cada categoría deportiva?

El presente estudio trata de contestar a la pregunta de cuáles son la relaciones entre el tamaño del balón y el tamaño de la mano de los jugadores y jugadoras de balonmano, es decir si, en este deporte se juega con el balón proporcionalmente adecuado en cada categoría deportiva. Para ello, primero se tuvo que determinar que partes del deportista medir y concluyendo que era necesario medir la mano dominante de los balonmanistas y más concretamente las distancias entre los dedos meñique, corazón y pulgar, con la mamo totalmente abierta y los dedos separados. Posteriormente, mediante cálculos matemáticos se determinó la fórmula para calcular el “índice de cobertura P.O.S” de una mano, es decir la cantidad de medio balón que la mano, totalmente abierta, de un deportista es capaz de abarcar. Conociendo estas medidas se procedió a determinar el índice de cobertura de todos los deportistas. En total se midieron 1612 deportista, 779 mujeres y 833 hombres, pertenecientes a las categorías de edad infantil, cadete, juvenil y senior y se hallaron los correspondientes índices de cobertura de cada mano con arreglo al tamaño del balón de cada categoría deportiva. Los resultados confirman que en casi todas las categorías deportivas la proporción entre la medida de la mano de las jugadoras y jugadores con el tamaño del balón de esa categoría no es correcta. Para finalizar se proponen las medidas que los balones deberían tener en cada categoría deportiva para que la proporcionalidad entre el tamaño del balón y de la mano sea correcta

Aplicación del conocimiento neurocientífico a un modelo sistémico de entrenamiento en balonmano. Una aproximación metodológica

El balonmano es algo más que ejecución. La percepción y la decisión le otorgan la condición de deporte complejo. Proponer entrenamientos en condiciones complejas y lo más parecidos a los partidos será una obligación del entrenador, así como diseñarlos bajo esas circunstancias. La concentración o atención ejecutiva permite a los jugadores focalizar de modo interno o externo su percepción. Un jugador en formación o uno experto no lo hacen de la misma manera. Es conveniente tener presente los dos modos de pensamiento: el sistema 1 o “sistema automático” y el sistema 2 o “sistema esforzado”. Asimismo, para el desarrollo de balonmanistas jóvenes, la dualidad entre “cantidad” y “calidad” de la información deberá estar presente. Además, la variabilidad y la impredecibilidad de las acciones aumentan la experiencia y facilitan la decisión. El error y el autocontrol completan, enriquecen y dinamizan el proceso de toma de decisión del jugador y son elementos que el entrenador debe regular. El trabajo finaliza con una propuesta para la construcción de ejercicios de entrenamiento, mostrando los elementos básicos en el diseño de tareas, con sus variantes temporales, espaciales y grupales y haciendo hincapié en las herramientas del autocontrol y del error

Aplicación del conocimiento neurocientifico a un modelo sistémico de entrenamiento en balonmano. Una aproximación metodológica

[EN] Handball is more than execution. Perception and decision making make it a complex sport. It is the coach's responsibility to propose training sessions under complex conditions as close as possible to match conditions and to design them under these circumstances. Concentration or executive attention allows players to focus their perception internally or externally. A player in training or an expert player does not do it in the same way. It is convenient to keep in mind the two modes of thinking: system 1 or "automatic system" and system 2 or "effortful system". Also, for the development of young handball players, the duality between "quantity" and "quality" of information must be present. In addition, the variability and unpredictability of actions increase experience and facilitate decision making. Error and self-control complete, enrich and dynamise the player's decision-making process and are elements that the coach must regulate. The work ends with a proposal for the construction of training exercises, showing the basic elements in the design of tasks, with their temporal, spatial and group variants and emphasising the tools of self-control and error.[ES] El balonmano es algo más que ejecución. La percepción y la decisión le otorgan la condición de deporte complejo. Proponer entrenamientos en condiciones complejas y lo más parecidos a los partidos será una obligación del entrenador, así como diseñarlos bajo esas circunstancias. La concentración o atención ejecutiva permite a los jugadores focalizar de modo interno o externosu percepción. Un jugador en formación o uno experto no lo hacen de la misma manera. Esconveniente tener presente los dos modos de pensamiento: el sistema 1 o “sistema automático” y el sistema 2 o “sistema esforzado”. Asimismo, para el desarrollo de balonmanistas jóvenes, la dualidad entre “cantidad” y “calidad” de la información deberá estar presente. Además, la variabilidad y la impredecibilidad de las acciones aumentan la experiencia y facilitan la decisión. El error y el autocontrol completan, enriquecen y dinamizan el proceso de toma de decisión del jugador y son elementos que el entrenador debe regular. El trabajo finaliza con una propuesta para la construcción de ejercicios de entrenamiento, mostrando los elementos básicos en el diseño de tareas, con sus variantes temporales, espaciales y grupales y haciendo hincapié en las herramientas del autocontrol y del error.S

Assessment of psychological skills in young elite female handball players

The aim of this study was to know psychological characteristics of young elite female handball players using the C.P.R.D. questionnaire, and to establish possible differences based on years competing. The obtained results show that these young female handball players have similar psychological characteristics to other sports players. Players with more year of competitive experience showed higher scores in different psychological skills assessed. Nevertheless, only significant differences were found between more experienced players and less experienced players (years competing) in mental skills scale (p≤ 0,05)

Level Domain of Psychological Skills in Young Woman Elite Handball Players

The study aimed to know psychological skills of young elite female handball players and to analyze possible differences in these variables considering their level of competitive experience, depending on the scores obtained in CHPCDC- Children and Youth Scale. The more experienced players showed lower scores on several psychological skills and also a lower total score. Therefore should be included in sports training, psychological skills training

Study of the Physical Condition of Young Elite Female Handball Players

The main aim of this study was to determine physical fitness profile of young elite female handball players. A second objective was to establish differences based on their playing positions. Results showed significant differences in all physical fitness tests based on their specific playing positions. In general, wings and first line players (center, left back and right back) obtained the best results, while goalkeepers obtained the worst results

Rarity of monodominance in hyperdiverse Amazonian forests.

Tropical forests are known for their high diversity. Yet, forest patches do occur in the tropics where a single tree species is dominant. Such "monodominant" forests are known from all of the main tropical regions. For Amazonia, we sampled the occurrence of monodominance in a massive, basin-wide database of forest-inventory plots from the Amazon Tree Diversity Network (ATDN). Utilizing a simple defining metric of at least half of the trees ≥ 10 cm diameter belonging to one species, we found only a few occurrences of monodominance in Amazonia, and the phenomenon was not significantly linked to previously hypothesized life history traits such wood density, seed mass, ectomycorrhizal associations, or Rhizobium nodulation. In our analysis, coppicing (the formation of sprouts at the base of the tree or on roots) was the only trait significantly linked to monodominance. While at specific locales coppicing or ectomycorrhizal associations may confer a considerable advantage to a tree species and lead to its monodominance, very few species have these traits. Mining of the ATDN dataset suggests that monodominance is quite rare in Amazonia, and may be linked primarily to edaphic factors

Local hydrological conditions influence tree diversity and composition across the Amazon basin

Tree diversity and composition in Amazonia are known to be strongly determined by the water supplied by precipitation. Nevertheless, within the same climatic regime, water availability is modulated by local topography and soil characteristics (hereafter referred to as local hydrological conditions), varying from saturated and poorly drained to well-drained and potentially dry areas. While these conditions may be expected to influence species distribution, the impacts of local hydrological conditions on tree diversity and composition remain poorly understood at the whole Amazon basin scale. Using a dataset of 443 1-ha non-flooded forest plots distributed across the basin, we investigate how local hydrological conditions influence 1) tree alpha diversity, 2) the community-weighted wood density mean (CWM-wd) – a proxy for hydraulic resistance and 3) tree species composition. We find that the effect of local hydrological conditions on tree diversity depends on climate, being more evident in wetter forests, where diversity increases towards locations with well-drained soils. CWM-wd increased towards better drained soils in Southern and Western Amazonia. Tree species composition changed along local soil hydrological gradients in Central-Eastern, Western and Southern Amazonia, and those changes were correlated with changes in the mean wood density of plots. Our results suggest that local hydrological gradients filter species, influencing the diversity and composition of Amazonian forests. Overall, this study shows that the effect of local hydrological conditions is pervasive, extending over wide Amazonian regions, and reinforces the importance of accounting for local topography and hydrology to better understand the likely response and resilience of forests to increased frequency of extreme climate events and rising temperatures

Estimating the global conservation status of more than 15,000 Amazonian tree species

Estimates of extinction risk for Amazonian plant and animal species are rare and not often incorporated into land-use policy and conservation planning. We overlay spatial distribution models with historical and projected deforestation to show that at least 36% and up to 57% of all Amazonian tree species are likely to qualify as globally threatened under International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List criteria. If confirmed, these results would increase the number of threatened plant species on Earth by 22%. We show that the trends observed in Amazonia apply to trees throughout the tropics, and we predict thatmost of the world’s >40,000 tropical tree species now qualify as globally threatened. A gap analysis suggests that existing Amazonian protected areas and indigenous territories will protect viable populations of most threatened species if these areas suffer no further degradation, highlighting the key roles that protected areas, indigenous peoples, and improved governance can play in preventing large-scale extinctions in the tropics in this century