Wenceslas Lizé, Delphine Naudier, Séverine Sofio, dirs, Les Stratégies de la notoriété. Intermédiaires et consécration dans les univers artistiques

La consécration artistique a fait couler beaucoup d’encre car elle ne repose pas toujours sur des critères universels et unanimement définis. Dans cet ouvrage, il s’agit donc d’analyser les différents mécanismes de consécration, mais aussi de déterminer les agents qui se trouvent à l’origine de la production de la notoriété artistique. Regroupant les textes de 14 auteurs organisés sur 11 chapitres, le livre s’intéresse principalement aux intermédiaires culturels dans leur grande diversité (li..

Establishment and analysis of a reference transcriptome for Spodoptera frugiperda

International audienceBackground Spodoptera frugiperda (Noctuidae) is a major agricultural pest throughout the American continent. The highly polyphagous larvae are frequently devastating crops of importance such as corn, sorghum, cotton and grass. In addition, the Sf9 cell line, widely used in biochemistry for in vitro protein production, is derived from S. frugiperda tissues. Many research groups are using S. frugiperda as a model organism to investigate questions such as plant adaptation, pest behavior or resistance to pesticides.ResultsIn this study, we constructed a reference transcriptome assembly (Sf_TR2012b) of RNA sequences obtained from more than 35 S. frugiperda developmental time-points and tissue samples. We assessed the quality of this reference transcriptome by annotating a ubiquitous gene family - ribosomal proteins - as well as gene families that have a more constrained spatio-temporal expression and are involved in development, immunity and olfaction. We also provide a time-course of expression that we used to characterize the transcriptional regulation of the gene families studied.ConclusionWe conclude that the Sf_TR2012b transcriptome is a valid reference transcriptome. While its reliability decreases for the detection and annotation of genes under strong transcriptional constraint we still recover a fair percentage of tissue-specific transcripts. That allowed us to explore the spatial and temporal expression of genes and to observe that some olfactory receptors are expressed in antennae and palps but also in other non related tissues such as fat bodies. Similarly, we observed an interesting interplay of gene families involved in immunity between fat bodies and antennae

Consistency of aortic distensibility and pulse wave velocity estimates with respect to the Bramwell-Hill theoretical model: a cardiovascular magnetic resonance study

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Arterial stiffness is considered as an independent predictor of cardiovascular mortality, and is increasingly used in clinical practice. This study aimed at evaluating the consistency of the automated estimation of regional and local aortic stiffness indices from cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) data.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Forty-six healthy subjects underwent carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity measurements (<it>CF_PWV</it>) by applanation tonometry and CMR with steady-state free-precession and phase contrast acquisitions at the level of the aortic arch. These data were used for the automated evaluation of the aortic arch pulse wave velocity (<it>Arch_PWV</it>), and the ascending aorta distensibility (<it>AA_Distc, AA_Distb)</it>, which were estimated from ascending aorta strain (<it>AA_Strain</it>) combined with either carotid or brachial pulse pressure. The local ascending aorta pulse wave velocity <it>AA_PWVc </it>and <it>AA_PWVb </it>were estimated respectively from these carotid and brachial derived distensibility indices according to the Bramwell-Hill theoretical model, and were compared with the <it>Arch_PWV</it>. In addition, a reproducibility analysis of <it>AA_PWV </it>measurement and its comparison with the standard <it>CF_PWV </it>was performed. Characterization according to the Bramwell-Hill equation resulted in good correlations between <it>Arch_PWV </it>and both local distensibility indices <it>AA_Distc </it>(r = 0.71, p < 0.001) and <it>AA_Distb </it>(r = 0.60, p < 0.001); and between <it>Arch_PWV </it>and both theoretical local indices <it>AA_PWVc </it>(r = 0.78, p < 0.001) and <it>AA_PWVb </it>(r = 0.78, p < 0.001). Furthermore, the <it>Arch_PWV </it>was well related to <it>CF_PWV </it>(r = 0.69, p < 0.001) and its estimation was highly reproducible (inter-operator variability: 7.1%).</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>The present work confirmed the consistency and robustness of the regional index <it>Arch_PWV </it>and the local indices <it>AA_Distc and AA_Distb </it>according to the theoretical model, as well as to the well established measurement of <it>CF_PWV</it>, demonstrating the relevance of the regional and local CMR indices.</p

The Genome Sequence of the Grape Phylloxera Provides Insights into the Evolution, Adaptation, and Invasion Routes of an Iconic Pest

Background: Although native to North America, the invasion of the aphid-like grape phylloxera Daktulosphaira vitifoliae across the globe altered the course of grape cultivation. For the past 150 years, viticulture relied on grafting-resistant North American Vitis species as rootstocks, thereby limiting genetic stocks tolerant to other stressors such as pathogens and climate change. Limited understanding of the insect genetics resulted in successive outbreaks across the globe when rootstocks failed. Here we report the 294-Mb genome of D. vitifoliae as a basic tool to understand host plant manipulation, nutritional endosymbiosis, and enhance global viticulture. Results: Using a combination of genome, RNA, and population resequencing, we found grape phylloxera showed high duplication rates since its common ancestor with aphids, but similarity in most metabolic genes, despite lacking obligate nutritional symbioses and feeding from parenchyma. Similarly, no enrichment occurred in development genes in relation to viviparity. However, phylloxera evolved > 2700 unique genes that resemble putative effectors and are active during feeding. Population sequencing revealed the global invasion began from the upper Mississippi River in North America, spread to Europe and from there to the rest of the world. Conclusions: The grape phylloxera genome reveals genetic architecture relative to the evolution of nutritional endosymbiosis, viviparity, and herbivory. The extraordinary expansion in effector genes also suggests novel adaptations to plant feeding and how insects induce complex plant phenotypes, for instance galls. Finally, our understanding of the origin of this invasive species and its genome provide genetics resources to alleviate rootstock bottlenecks restricting the advancement of viticulture

TRY plant trait database – enhanced coverage and open access

Plant traits - the morphological, anatomical, physiological, biochemical and phenological characteristics of plants - determine how plants respond to environmental factors, affect other trophic levels, and influence ecosystem properties and their benefits and detriments to people. Plant trait data thus represent the basis for a vast area of research spanning from evolutionary biology, community and functional ecology, to biodiversity conservation, ecosystem and landscape management, restoration, biogeography and earth system modelling. Since its foundation in 2007, the TRY database of plant traits has grown continuously. It now provides unprecedented data coverage under an open access data policy and is the main plant trait database used by the research community worldwide. Increasingly, the TRY database also supports new frontiers of trait‐based plant research, including the identification of data gaps and the subsequent mobilization or measurement of new data. To support this development, in this article we evaluate the extent of the trait data compiled in TRY and analyse emerging patterns of data coverage and representativeness. Best species coverage is achieved for categorical traits - almost complete coverage for ‘plant growth form’. However, most traits relevant for ecology and vegetation modelling are characterized by continuous intraspecific variation and trait–environmental relationships. These traits have to be measured on individual plants in their respective environment. Despite unprecedented data coverage, we observe a humbling lack of completeness and representativeness of these continuous traits in many aspects. We, therefore, conclude that reducing data gaps and biases in the TRY database remains a key challenge and requires a coordinated approach to data mobilization and trait measurements. This can only be achieved in collaboration with other initiatives

La pratique des arts plastiques en école d’art : une pratique définitivement genrée ?

Ce chapitre nous permet de nous interroger sur la question du genre, et notamment sur la place réservée aux filles dans les écoles d’art. À partir d’une enquête de terrain réalisée dans le cadre d’un doctorat en sociologie menée dans huit écoles d’art situées dans le Nord de la France (4 écoles communales et 4 écoles supérieures ont été choisies pour l’étude), nous présenterons une partie des résultats obtenus ainsi que les questions que ces dernières polarisent quant à la place des filles dans les écoles d’art ainsi que le rôle joué par les mères et par les autres membres de la famille.Nous y présenterons, notamment, les décalages d’effectifs et de niveau scolaire entre les garçons et les filles inscrits en école d’art puis nous nous attarderons, ensuite, sur les difficultés d’insertion professionnelle que rencontrent ces dernières.En effet, au regard des études réalisées sur l’insertion professionnelle des étudiants diplômés des écoles d’art supérieures (Galodé, Danner, 2006), il apparaît que les filles montrent davantage de difficultés à s’insérer professionnellement que les garçons avec des temps d’insertion plus longs et des contrats professionnels moins favorables. Paradoxalement, les chiffres actuels prouvent que les filles demeurent pourtant plus nombreuses en école d’art et présentent des parcours scolaires souvent moins chaotiques (Segré, 1993).Que se passe-t-il pour que les filles, plus nombreuses et avec un meilleur parcours scolaire que les garçons, se retrouvent autant défavorisées à la sortie du cursus ? Comment expliquer cette « aporie » entre les difficultés d’insertion professionnelle que rencontrent encore aujourd’hui les filles, alors que les études montrent qu’elles sont plus nombreuses et réussissent mieux leur scolarité que les garçons (Lornage, 2008) ?Enfin, nous nous sommes interrogée, à travers cette étude, sur la possibilité d’une différence de comportements entre filles et garçons et sur les incidences supposées qui en découlaient. Des entretiens avec des étudiants inscrits en écoles d’art supérieures viendront éclairer en partie ces questions, même s’ils n’épuisent pas l’ensemble des possibilités d’explication des comportements

Training and socialization of teenagers and students in art schools in France

Cette thèse propose d’analyser une étude de terrain menée sur des élèves inscrits dans dix écoles d’art de pratiques amateurs et sept écoles supérieures d’art des régions Nord-Pas-de-Calais et Île-de-France. Des questionnaires et entretiens réalisés avec les élèves mais aussi avec les parents et les responsables des établissements ont permis de mettre au jour plusieurs thématiques comme la possible élaboration d’une typologie d’élève à travers l’analyse de la catégorie socioprofessionnelle des parents, ou encore via les notions de vocation ou de don. Cette étude présente également les différents aspects de l’influence familiale dans ce type de formation artistique via l’influence des prescripteurs ainsi que les motivations réelles des parents d’élèves de ces deux types d’écoles. Plus encore, cette thèse apporte un nouvel éclairage sur la notion de genre à travers le jeu des effectifs, mais également, via des entretiens réalisés auprès des étudiants. La place de l’Éducation Nationale dans l’étude de notre public fait l’objet d’une attention particulière, tout comme les nouveaux outils et moyens de communication qui façonnent de manière particulière la création mais aussi les relations artistiques. Un chapitre est également consacré au métier d’artiste. Enfin, l’étude a également permis de révéler des liens possibles entre écoles d’art de pratiques amateurs et écoles supérieures d’art, dont les missions, si différentes à l’origine, semblent se rejoindre sur plusieurs points comme la formation, l’évaluation mais aussi le profil de leurs publics.This thesis consists in a field study realized by studying students in ten schools of art practices and seven upper level art schools in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais and Île-de-France regions. Questionnaires and interviews with students but also with parents and heads of institutions were used in order to analyze several themes such as the possible development of a typology of students through the analysis of the parents social belonging, or via the concepts of vocation or gift. This study also presents the various aspects of family influence in this type of art practice through the influence of “prescribers” and the real motivations of the parents of the students of these two types of art schools. Moreover, this thesis sheds new light on the concept of gender through the game of numbers but also through interviews with students. Moreover, instead of Education in the study of our public deserves special attention, as new tools and media that shape a particular type of creation as much as they create specific artistic relations. A chapter is also devoted to the representations of being an artist. Finally, the study also reveals possible links between art schools of amateur practices and upper education schools, including similar missions in the training, evaluation and attraction of an identical public in terms of social origin

As artes plásticas nas escolas de arte: uma prática definitivamente generificada?

Este capítulo permite-nos indagar sobre a questão de gênero, particularmente sobre o lugar reservado para as meninas nas escolas de arte. A partir de uma pesquisa de campo realizada como parte de um doutorado em Sociologia da Arte e conduzida em oito escolas no Norte da França (foram escolhidas para o estudo quatro escolas municipais e quatro escolas de nível superior), apresentaremos alguns dos resultados obtidos, as questões que estes polarizam quanto ao lugar das meninas em escolas de arte, assim como o papel desempenhado pelas mães e outros membros da família.Vamos apresentar, em especial, as discrepâncias entre meninas e meninos matriculados na escola de arte com relação à quantidade e ao nível de escolaridade e, em seguida, vamos nos concentrar sobre as dificuldades de empregabilidade enfrentadas pelas meninas.À luz dos estudos realizados sobre a inserção profissional dos estudantes diplomados por escolas de arte (Galodé; Danner, 2006), verifica-se, com efeito, que as meninas apresentam mais dificuldades em se integrar profissionalmente do que os meninos. Elas levam mais tempo para entrar no mercado de trabalho e têm contratos profissionais menos favoráveis. Paradoxalmente, os números atuais provam que as meninas são, contudo, maioria nas escolas de arte e traçam trajetórias escolares muitas vezes menos caóticas (Segre, 1993).Quais são as razões para que as meninas, em maior quantidade e com melhor desempenho escolar do que os meninos, sejam tão desfavorecidas após o término da formação? Como explicar esta “aporia” entre as dificuldades de empregabilidade que ainda hoje as meninas enfrentam, embora as pesquisas mostrem que elas são mais numerosas e mais bem-sucedidas na escola do que os meninos? (LORNAGE, 2008).Finalmente, por meio deste estudo, nos interrogamos acerca da possibilidade de haver uma diferença de comportamento entre meninas e meninos e sobre supostos efeitos dela decorrentes. Entrevistas com os estudantes inscritos em escolas de arte de nível superior irão esclarecer em parte essas questões, mesmo se não esgotam todas as possibilidades de explicação dos comportamentos

Chloé DELAPORTE (2015), Le genre filmique. Cinéma, télévision, Internet

L’ouvrage de Chloé Delaporte résulte d’un travail de thèse et soulève plusieurs questions fondamentales concernant la catégorisation des films par genres. Plus précisément, cette recherche, qui pourrait s’inscrire dans le cadre des études de réception, s’appuie sur des études plus anciennes s’intéressant globalement aux choix et aux préférences des individus. En effet, la question sous-jacente qui ressort de cet ouvrage pourrait être celle-ci : avons-nous, aujourd’hui, des éléments supplément..

La pratique des arts plastiques en école d’art : une activité périscolaire marquée sexuellement

Cet article se propose de s’interroger sur la place des garçons inscrits dans les écoles d’art communales et dans les écoles d’art supérieures des régions Nord - Pas-de-Calais et Île-de-France. À partir de deux études de terrain, nous présenterons une partie des résultats obtenus ainsi que les questions que ces dernières polarisent quant à la place des garçons dans les écoles d’art ainsi que le rôle joué par les pères et les mères. Au regard des études réalisées sur l’insertion professionnell..