Développement de nouveaux agents antiparasitaires (vers la synthèse totale de la cissampeloflavone et de dérivés)

Les maladies tropicales provoquées par des parasites protozoaires tels que Trypanosoma brucei, Plasmodium falciparum et Leishmania donovani, infectent des milliards d'individus dans le monde et en tuent des millions chaque année. Actuellement, les phénomènes de résistance face aux thérapies actuelles utilisées pour traiter ces maladies dites " négligées " deviennent inquiétants et problématiques. Par conséquent, la découverte de nouvelles classes de molécules bioactives antiparasitaires est primordiale.C'est dans ce contexte que s'inscrit ce travail de thèse. La cissampeloflavone est un dimère chalcone-flavone isolé en 2003 d une plante vénézuélienne, Cissampelos pareira. Cette molécule a démontré une bonne activité contre T. brucei (CI50 = 1 M). Par ailleurs, des études de modélisation moléculaire ont prédit que son dérivé 4-désoxycissampeloflavone possèderait une bonne affinité pour une enzyme essentielle à la survie du parasite. Pour ces raisons, nous avons entrepris la synthèse totale de ces deux molécules originales jamais réalisée à ce jour.Des analogues simplifiés ont d abord été synthétisés afin de mettre au point le schéma réactionnel pour former la cissampeloflavone et la 4-désoxycissampeloflavone. Ces composés ont pour base commune le noyau benzofurane qui porte soit la " partie chalcone " soit la " partie flavone " de ces dimères. Les deux synthèses totales ont ensuite été entreprises.Ce travail de thèse a notamment permis la création d'une librairie d'analogues benzofuranes polysubstitués, la découverte d'une réaction de méthylénation originale et la formation de nouveaux dérivés furanoflavones. La plupart ont été évalués sur T. brucei, P. falciparum et L. donovani. Plusieurs d'entre eux ont présenté une activité trypanocide intéressante et prometteuse.Tropical diseases caused by protozoan parasites such as Trypanosoma brucei, Plasmodium falciparum and Leishmania donovani, infect billions of people worldwide and kill millions of them every year. Nowadays, resistance phenomena against actual therapies used to treat these " neglected " diseases are becoming worring and problematic. Therefore, discovery of new classes of antiparasitic bioactive molecules is primordial.This is the aim of this PhD work. Cissampeloflavone is a chalcone-flavone dimer isolated in 2003 from a Venezuelan plant, Cissampelos pareira. This molecule has showed a good activity against Trypanosoma brucei (IC50 = 1 M). Besides, molecular docking studies have predicted that its derivative 4-desoxycissampeloflavone would possess a good affinity for an essential enzyme for parasite survival. For these reasons, we undertook the total synthesis of these two original molecules never carried out to date.Simplified analogues have been prepared in order to elaborate a synthetic pathway to form cissampeloflavone and 4-desoxycissampeloflavone. These compounds possess the benzofuran ring as common core which bears either the "chalcone part" or the "flavone part" of these dimers. The total syntheses were then undertaken.This PhD work has particularly enabled the creation of a polysubstituted benzofuran library, the discovery of an original methylenation reaction and the formation of new furanoflavone derivatives. Most of them were evaluated on T. brucei, P. falciparum and L. donovani. Several compounds have showed an interesting and promising trypanocidal activity.PARIS11-SCD-Bib. électronique (914719901) / SudocSudocFranceF

A modified self‐controlled case series method for event‐dependent exposures and high event‐related mortality, with application to COVID‐19 vaccine safety

We propose a modified self‐controlled case series (SCCS) method to handle both event‐dependent exposures and high event‐related mortality. This development is motivated by an epidemiological study undertaken in France to quantify potential risks of cardiovascular events associated with COVID‐19 vaccines. Event‐dependence of vaccinations, and high event‐related mortality, are likely to arise in other SCCS studies of COVID‐19 vaccine safety. Using this case study and simulations to broaden its scope, we explore these features and the biases they may generate, implement the modified SCCS model, illustrate some of the properties of this model, and develop a new test for presence of a dose effect. The model we propose has wider application, notably when the event of interest is death

Conclusion

L’autoformation à la Bpi, lorsqu’elle est évoquée par nos usagers, est dotée de significations différentes. Si cette notion se réfère parfois pour eux à une façon d’apprendre spécifique, reposant sur un projet autogéré, l’autoformation renvoie également à une norme d’usage qui consiste à se débrouiller seul. L’autonomie est alors vécue comme un point de passage obligé, pour accéder à des ressources difficiles d’accès et pourtant nécessaires. Nos usagers ressentent une certaine gratitude à l’é..

PDRs4All IV. An embarrassment of riches: Aromatic infrared bands in the Orion Bar

(Abridged) Mid-infrared observations of photodissociation regions (PDRs) are dominated by strong emission features called aromatic infrared bands (AIBs). The most prominent AIBs are found at 3.3, 6.2, 7.7, 8.6, and 11.2 $\mu$m. The most sensitive, highest-resolution infrared spectral imaging data ever taken of the prototypical PDR, the Orion Bar, have been captured by JWST. We provide an inventory of the AIBs found in the Orion Bar, along with mid-IR template spectra from five distinct regions in the Bar: the molecular PDR, the atomic PDR, and the HII region. We use JWST NIRSpec IFU and MIRI MRS observations of the Orion Bar from the JWST Early Release Science Program, PDRs4All (ID: 1288). We extract five template spectra to represent the morphology and environment of the Orion Bar PDR. The superb sensitivity and the spectral and spatial resolution of these JWST observations reveal many details of the AIB emission and enable an improved characterization of their detailed profile shapes and sub-components. While the spectra are dominated by the well-known AIBs at 3.3, 6.2, 7.7, 8.6, 11.2, and 12.7 $\mu$m, a wealth of weaker features and sub-components are present. We report trends in the widths and relative strengths of AIBs across the five template spectra. These trends yield valuable insight into the photochemical evolution of PAHs, such as the evolution responsible for the shift of 11.2 $\mu$m AIB emission from class B$_{11.2}$ in the molecular PDR to class A$_{11.2}$ in the PDR surface layers. This photochemical evolution is driven by the increased importance of FUV processing in the PDR surface layers, resulting in a "weeding out" of the weakest links of the PAH family in these layers. For now, these JWST observations are consistent with a model in which the underlying PAH family is composed of a few species: the so-called 'grandPAHs'.Comment: 25 pages, 10 figures, to appear in A&

Identification of a BRCA2-Specific modifier locus at 6p24 related to breast cancer risk

Common genetic variants contribute to the observed variation in breast cancer risk for BRCA2 mutation carriers; those known to date have all been found through population-based genome-wide association studies (GWAS). To comprehensively identify breast cancer risk modifying loci for BRCA2 mutation carriers, we conducted a deep replication of an ongoing GWAS discovery study. Using the ranked P-values of the breast cancer associations with the imputed genotype of 1.4 M SNPs, 19,029 SNPs were selected and designed for inclusion on a custom Illumina array that included a total of 211,155 SNPs as part of a multi-consortial project. DNA samples from 3,881 breast cancer affected and 4,330 unaffected BRCA2 mutation carriers from 47 studies belonging to the Consortium of Investigators of Modifiers of BRCA1/2 were genotyped and available for analysis. We replicated previously reported breast cancer susceptibility alleles in these BRCA2 mutation carriers and for several regions (including FGFR2, MAP3K1, CDKN2A/B, and PTHLH) identified SNPs that have stronger evidence of association than those previously published. We also identified a novel susceptibility allele at 6p24 that was inversely associated with risk in BRCA2 mutation carriers (rs9348512; per allele HR = 0.85, 95% CI 0.80-0.90, P = 3.9×10−8). This SNP was not associated with breast cancer risk either in the general population or in BRCA1 mutation carriers. The locus lies within a region containing TFAP2A, which encodes a transcriptional activation protein that interacts with several tumor suppressor genes. This report identifies the first breast cancer risk locus specific to a BRCA2 mutation background. This comprehensive update of novel and previously reported breast cancer susceptibility loci contributes to the establishment of a panel of SNPs that modify breast cancer risk in BRCA2 mutation carriers. This panel may have clinical utility for women with BRCA2 mutations weighing options for medical prevention of breast cancer

An original phylogenetic approach identified mitochondrial haplogroup T1a1 as inversely associated with breast cancer risk in BRCA2 mutation carriers

Introduction: Individuals carrying pathogenic mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes have a high lifetime risk of breast cancer. BRCA1 and BRCA2 are involved in DNA double-strand break repair, DNA alterations that can be caused by exposure to reactive oxygen species, a main source of which are mitochondria. Mitochondrial genome variations affect electron transport chain efficiency and reactive oxygen species production. Individuals with different mitochondrial haplogroups differ in their metabolism and sensitivity to oxidative stress. Variability in mitochondrial genetic background can alter reactive oxygen species production, leading to cancer risk. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that mitochondrial haplogroups modify breast cancer risk in BRCA1/2 mutation carriers. Methods: We genotyped 22,214 (11,421 affected, 10,793 unaffected) mutation carriers belonging to the Consortium of Investigators of Modifiers of BRCA1/2 for 129 mitochondrial polymorphisms using the iCOGS array. Haplogroup inference and association detection were performed using a phylogenetic approach. ALTree was applied to explore the reference mitochondrial evolutionary tree and detect subclades enriched in affected or unaffected individuals. Results: We discovered that subclade T1a1 was depleted in affected BRCA2 mutation carriers compared with the rest of clade T (hazard ratio (HR) = 0.55; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.34 to 0.88; P = 0.01). Compared with the most frequent haplogroup in the general population (that is, H and T clades), the T1a1 haplogroup has a HR of 0.62 (95% CI, 0.40 to 0.95; P = 0.03). We also identified three potential susceptibility loci, including G13708A/rs28359178, which has demonstrated an inverse association with familial breast cancer risk. Conclusions: This study illustrates how original approaches such as the phylogeny-based method we used can empower classical molecular epidemiological studies aimed at identifying association or risk modification effects.Peer reviewe

Functional mechanisms underlying pleiotropic risk alleles at the 19p13.1 breast-ovarian cancer susceptibility locus

A locus at 19p13 is associated with breast cancer (BC) and ovarian cancer (OC) risk. Here we analyse 438 SNPs in this region in 46,451 BC and 15,438 OC cases, 15,252 BRCA1 mutation carriers and 73,444 controls and identify 13 candidate causal SNPs associated with serous OC (P=9.2 × 10-20), ER-negative BC (P=1.1 × 10-13), BRCA1-associated BC (P=7.7 × 10-16) and triple negative BC (P-diff=2 × 10-5). Genotype-gene expression associations are identified for candidate target genes ANKLE1 (P=2 × 10-3) and ABHD8 (P<2 × 10-3). Chromosome conformation capture identifies interactions between four candidate SNPs and ABHD8, and luciferase assays indicate six risk alleles increased transactivation of the ADHD8 promoter. Targeted deletion of a region containing risk SNP rs56069439 in a putative enhancer induces ANKLE1 downregulation; and mRNA stability assays indicate functional effects for an ANKLE1 3′-UTR SNP. Altogether, these data suggest that multiple SNPs at 19p13 regulate ABHD8 and perhaps ANKLE1 expression, and indicate common mechanisms underlying breast and ovarian cancer risk

Genome-Wide Association Study in BRCA1 Mutation Carriers Identifies Novel Loci Associated with Breast and Ovarian Cancer Risk

BRCA1-associated breast and ovarian cancer risks can be modified by common genetic variants. To identify further cancer risk-modifying loci, we performed a multi-stage GWAS of 11,705 BRCA1 carriers (of whom 5,920 were diagnosed with breast and 1,839 were diagnosed with ovarian cancer), with a further replication in an additional sample of 2,646 BRCA1 carriers. We identified a novel breast cancer risk modifier locus at 1q32 for BRCA1 carriers (rs2290854, P = 2.7×10-8, HR = 1.14, 95% CI: 1.09-1.20). In addition, we identified two novel ovarian cancer risk modifier loci: 17q21.31 (rs17631303, P = 1.4×10-8, HR = 1.27, 95% CI: 1.17-1.38) and 4q32.3 (rs4691139, P = 3.4×10-8, HR = 1.20, 95% CI: 1.17-1.38). The 4q32.3 locus was not associated with ovarian cancer risk in the general population or BRCA2 carriers, suggesting a BRCA1-specific associat