Respostas fisiológicas de cafeeiro em crescimento vegetativo inicial a cloreto de mepiquat e disponibilidade hidrica

The aim of this work was to investigate growth alteration induced by foliar application of mepiquat chloride of coffee plants cv. Catuaí Vermelho 144 IAC under different water regimes. The trial was carried out in the experimental area of the State University of Southwest Bahia, Vitória da Conquista campus, from January 2014 to April 2014. Two assays characterized by availability and water restriction, were defined by ranging from two and 15 days consecutive periods after which the field capacity was reestablished. The experimental design was a randomized block, represented by five concentrations of mepiquat chloride (0; 50; 100; 150; 200 mg a. e. L-1) applied by foliar sprinkling, with five replicates. Foliar sprinkling of mepiquat chloride provides morphological and physiological changes in coffee plants, reduced vegetative growth and increased the percentage of root dry matter. These alterations are dependent on the applied dose and the water regime. Under a longer period of water restriction doses up to 200 mg a. e. L-1 of mepiquat chloride applied in coffee canopy raises the water potential modulus, but has little relevance to the initial vegetative growth of Arabica coffee plants cv. Catuaí Vermelho.Objetivou-se, neste estudo, avaliar os efeitos de doses de cloreto de mepiquat aplicado via foliar, na morfofisiologia de cafeeiros cultivar Catuaí Vermelho IAC 144, sob distintos regimes hídricos. Os ensaios foram realizados em casa de vegetação, na área experimental da Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia, campus de Vitória da Conquista, no período de janeiro de 2014 a abril de 2014. Foram realizados dois ensaios, caracterizados por disponibilidade e restrição hídrica, nos quais a capacidade de vaso foi mantida a cada dois e 15 dias, respectivamente. Para os dois experimentos, foi utilizado o delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados, representado por cinco concentrações de cloreto de mepiquat (0; 50; 100; 150 e 200 mg de e. a. L-1) aplicadas via foliar, com cinco repetições. A relação entre as doses de cloreto de mepiquat e o crescimento dos cafeeiros apresenta tendências delineadas por modelos matemáticos, somente quando as plantas são conduzidas com disponibilidade hídrica constante. Nesta condição, foi possível constatar redução do crescimento da parte aérea e aumento do percentual de matéria seca das raízes em plantas de café, em relação às doses de cloreto de mepiquat. Sob condição de restrição hídrica prolongada, o efeito de doses até 200 mg de e. a. L-1 de cloreto de mepiquat, aplicado via foliar, eleva o módulo do potencial hídrico foliar ante-manhã. Entretanto, há pequena relevância para o crescimento vegetativo inicial das plantas de café Arabica cv Catuaí Vermelho

Clinicians' attitude towards a placebo-controlled randomised clinical trial investigating the effect of neuraminidase inhibitors in adults hospitalised with influenza

Background: The value of neuraminidase inhibitors (NAIs) in reducing severe clinical outcomes from influenza is debated. A clinical trial to generate better evidence is desirable. However, it is unknown whether UK clinicians would support a placebo controlled trial. A survey was conducted to determine the attitude of clinicians towards a clinical trial and their current practice in managing adults admitted to hospital with suspected influenza. Methods: Senior clinicians (n=50) across the UK actively involved in the care of patients hospitalised with severe respiratory infections and/or respiratory infection research were invited to participate in an on-line survey. Participants were asked their opinion on the evidence for benefit of NAIs in influenza, their current practice in relation to: a) testing for influenza; b) treating empirically with NAIs; and c) when influenza infection is virolologically confirmed, prescribing NAIs. Results: Thirty-five (70%) of 50 clinicians completed the survey. Respondents were drawn mainly from infectious diseases, intensive care and respiratory medicine. Only 11 (31%) of 35 respondents agreed that NAIs are effective at reducing influenza mortality;14(40%)disagreed, 10 (28.6%) neither agreed nor disagreed. When managing adults admitted to non-ICU wards with a respiratory infection during an influenza season, 15 (51.7%) clinicians indicated they would usually perform a test for influenza in greater than 60% of patients but only 9 (31%) would treat empirically with NAIs in greater than 60% of patients. Few clinicians would either test or empirically treat patients presenting with other (non-respiratory infection related) diagnoses. If influenza infection is confirmed, 17 (64.5%) clinicians would prescribe NAIs in greater than 80% of patients with a respiratory infection treated on non-ICU wards Thirty-one (89%) clinicians agreed that a placebo-controlled clinical trial should be conducted and 29 (85%) would participate in such a trial. Conclusions: There is strong support from UK clinicians for a placebo-controlled trial of NAI treatment in adults hospitalised with suspected influenza. Current variation in medical opinion and clinical practice demonstrates collective equipoise, supporting ethical justification for a trial. Low use of NAIs in the UK suggests randomisation of treatment would not substantially divert patients towards placebo

Paclobutrazol e restrição hídrica no crescimento e desenvolvimento de plantas de café

Paclobutrazol can mitigate the negative effects of water stress in many plant species, however, for coffee plants is necessary to expand the knowledge base on the subject. In this research it was aimed to evaluate the morphophysiology of young plants of Coffea Arabica cv. ‘Catuaí Vermelho IAC 144’ in response to different water regimes and paclobutrazol concentrations applied in the soil. The trial was carried out in a greenhouse at Vitória da Conquista, BA. The experimental design was a randomized block with factorial arrangement represented by five concentrations of paclobutrazol (0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 mg L-1) applied in the soil and two water regimes (with and without water restriction) in five replicates.At 120 days after the application of plant growth regulator was evaluated the water status, the SPAD index and the morphological characteristics of plants. The application of paclobutrazol reduced the SPAD index and individual leaf area, and favored the water status of coffee plants under water restriction. The young coffee plants without water restriction and treated with the plant growth regulator, had higher leaf retention and SPAD index, and lowest individual leaf area. Paclobutrazol at high concentrations resulted in plants more compact. The water restriction provided less total leaf area, number of branches and dry weight of the coffee.O paclobutrazol pode atenuar os efeitos negativos do estresse hídrico em diversas espécies vegetais, todavia, para cafeeiros é necessário ampliar a base de conhecimentos sobre este tema. Neste estudo, objetivou-se avaliar a morfofisiologia de plantas jovens de Coffea arabica var. ‘Catuaí Vermelho IAC 144’ em resposta a diferentes regimes hídricos e concentrações de paclobutrazol aplicado via solo. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação em Vitória da Conquista, BA. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados, com esquema fatorial representado por cinco concentrações de paclobutrazol (0, 50, 100, 150 e 200 mg L-1) aplicado via solo e dois regimes hídricos (com e sem restrição hídrica), em cinco repetições. Aos 120 dias após a aplicação do regulador vegetal avaliou-se o status hídrico, o índice SPAD e as características morfológicas das plantas. A aplicação de paclobutrazol reduziu o índice SPAD e a área foliar individual, e favoreceu o status hídrico dos cafeeiros sob restrição hídrica. As plantas jovens de café, sem restrição hídrica e tratadas com o regulador vegetal, tiveram maior retenção foliar e índice SPAD, e menor área foliar individual. A aplicação de paclobutrazol em concentrações elevadas resultou em plantas mais compactas. A restrição hídrica proporcionou menor área foliar total, número de ramos e massa seca dos cafeeiros

Complete Genome Sequences of the Novel Cluster BP Phages Infecting Streptomyces sanglieri, AxeJC, Cumberbatch, Eastland, Eklok, HFrancette, Ignacio, Piccadilly, and Vondra

Article describes the Streptomyces sanglieri bacteriophages AxeJC, Cumberbatch, Eastland,Eklok, HFrancette, Ignacio, Piccadilly, and Vondra form a novel actinobacteriophage cluster,BP. These siphoviruses have circularly permuted genomes with an average size of 37,700 bp and a GC content of 71%. Each genome contains approximately 58 protein-coding genes, with no tRNAs

Carbon sequestration potential of second-growth forest regeneration in the Latin American tropics

Regrowth of tropical secondary forests following complete or nearly complete removal of forest vegetation actively stores carbon in aboveground biomass, partially counterbalancing carbon emissions from deforestation, forest degradation, burning of fossil fuels, and other anthropogenic sources. We estimate the age and spatial extent of lowland second-growth forests in the Latin American tropics and model their potential aboveground carbon accumulation over four decades. Our model shows that, in 2008, second-growth forests (1 to 60 years old) covered 2.4 million km2 of land (28.1%of the total study area).Over 40 years, these lands can potentially accumulate a total aboveground carbon stock of 8.48 Pg C (petagrams of carbon) in aboveground biomass via low-cost natural regeneration or assisted regeneration, corresponding to a total CO2 sequestration of 31.09 Pg CO2. This total is equivalent to carbon emissions from fossil fuel use and industrial processes in all of Latin America and the Caribbean from1993 to 2014. Ten countries account for 95% of this carbon storage potential, led by Brazil, Colombia, Mexico, and Venezuela. We model future land-use scenarios to guide national carbon mitigation policies. Permitting natural regeneration on 40% of lowland pastures potentially stores an additional 2.0 Pg C over 40 years. Our study provides information and maps to guide national-level forest-based carbon mitigation plans on the basis of estimated rates of natural regeneration and pasture abandonment. Coupled with avoided deforestation and sustainable forestmanagement, natural regeneration of second-growth forests provides a low-costmechanism that yields a high carbon sequestration potential with multiple benefits for biodiversity and ecosystem services. © 2016 The Authors

Biodiversity recovery of Neotropical secondary forests

Old-growth tropical forests harbor an immense diversity of tree species but are rapidly being cleared, while secondary forests that regrow on abandoned agricultural lands increase in extent. We assess how tree species richness and composition recover during secondary succession across gradients in environmental conditions and anthropogenic disturbance in an unprecedented multisite analysis for the Neotropics. Secondary forests recover remarkably fast in species richness but slowly in species composition. Secondary forests take a median time of five decades to recover the species richness of old-growth forest (80% recovery after 20 years) based on rarefaction analysis. Full recovery of species composition takes centuries (only 34% recovery after 20 years). A dual strategy that maintains both old-growth forests and species-rich secondary forests is therefore crucial for biodiversity conservation in human-modified tropical landscapes. Copyright © 2019 The Authors, some rights reserved

Global investments in pandemic preparedness and COVID-19: development assistance and domestic spending on health between 1990 and 2026

Background The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted gaps in health surveillance systems, disease prevention, and treatment globally. Among the many factors that might have led to these gaps is the issue of the financing of national health systems, especially in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs), as well as a robust global system for pandemic preparedness. We aimed to provide a comparative assessment of global health spending at the onset of the pandemic; characterise the amount of development assistance for pandemic preparedness and response disbursed in the first 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic; and examine expectations for future health spending and put into context the expected need for investment in pandemic preparedness. Methods In this analysis of global health spending between 1990 and 2021, and prediction from 2021 to 2026, we estimated four sources of health spending: development assistance for health (DAH), government spending, out-of-pocket spending, and prepaid private spending across 204 countries and territories. We used the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)'s Creditor Reporting System (CRS) and the WHO Global Health Expenditure Database (GHED) to estimate spending. We estimated development assistance for general health, COVID-19 response, and pandemic preparedness and response using a keyword search. Health spending estimates were combined with estimates of resources needed for pandemic prevention and preparedness to analyse future health spending patterns, relative to need. Findings In 2019, at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, US$9·2 trillion (95$7·3 trillion (95% UI 7·2–7·4) in 2019; 293·7 times the $24·8 billion (95$43·1 billion in development assistance was provided to maintain or improve health. The pandemic led to an unprecedented increase in development assistance targeted towards health; in 2020 and 2021, $1·8 billion in DAH contributions was provided towards pandemic preparedness in LMICs, and$37·8 billion was provided for the health-related COVID-19 response. Although the support for pandemic preparedness is 12·2% of the recommended target by the High-Level Independent Panel (HLIP), the support provided for the health-related COVID-19 response is 252·2% of the recommended target. Additionally, projected spending estimates suggest that between 2022 and 2026, governments in 17 (95% UI 11–21) of the 137 LMICs will observe an increase in national government health spending equivalent to an addition of 1% of GDP, as recommended by the HLIP. Interpretation There was an unprecedented scale-up in DAH in 2020 and 2021. We have a unique opportunity at this time to sustain funding for crucial global health functions, including pandemic preparedness. However, historical patterns of underfunding of pandemic preparedness suggest that deliberate effort must be made to ensure funding is maintained