Forest management intensity affects aquatic communities in artificial tree holes

Forest management could potentially affect organisms in all forest habitats. However, aquatic communities in water-filled tree-holes may be especially sensitive because of small population sizes, the risk of drought and potential dispersal limitation. We set up artificial tree holes in forest stands subject to different management intensities in two regions in Germany and assessed the influence of local environmental properties (tree-hole opening type, tree diameter, water volume and water temperature) as well as regional drivers (forest management intensity, tree-hole density) on tree-hole insect communities (not considering other organisms such as nematodes or rotifers), detritus content, oxygen and nutrient concentrations. In addition, we compared data from artificial tree holes with data from natural tree holes in the same area to evaluate the methodological approach of using tree-hole analogues. We found that forest management had strong effects on communities in artificial tree holes in both regions and across the season. Abundance and species richness declined, community composition shifted and detritus content declined with increasing forest management intensity. Environmental variables, such as tree-hole density and tree diameter partly explained these changes. However, dispersal limitation, indicated by effects of tree-hole density, generally showed rather weak impacts on communities. Artificial tree holes had higher water temperatures (on average 2° C higher) and oxygen concentrations (on average 25% higher) than natural tree holes. The abundance of organisms was higher but species richness was lower in artificial tree holes. Community composition differed between artificial and natural tree holes. Negative management effects were detectable in both tree-hole systems, despite their abiotic and biotic differences. Our results indicate that forest management has substantial and pervasive effects on tree-hole communities and may alter their structure and functioning. We furthermore conclude that artificial tree-hole analogues represent a useful experimental alternative to test effects of changes in forest management on natural communities.Fil: Petermann, Jana S.. University of Salzburg; Austria. Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research; AlemaniaFil: Rohland, Anja. Friedrich Schiller University; AlemaniaFil: Sichardt, Nora. Friedrich Schiller University; AlemaniaFil: Lade, Peggy. Friedrich Schiller University; AlemaniaFil: Guidetti, Brenda Yamile. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Friedrich Schiller University; AlemaniaFil: Weisser, Wolfgang W.. Friedrich Schiller University; Alemania. Technische Universität München; AlemaniaFil: Gossner, Martin M.. Friedrich Schiller University; Alemania. Technische Universität München; Alemani

Plant Species Loss Affects Life-History Traits of Aphids and Their Parasitoids

The consequences of plant species loss are rarely assessed in a multi-trophic context and especially effects on life-history traits of organisms at higher trophic levels have remained largely unstudied. We used a grassland biodiversity experiment and measured the effects of two components of plant diversity, plant species richness and the presence of nitrogen-fixing legumes, on several life-history traits of naturally colonizing aphids and their primary and secondary parasitoids in the field. We found that, irrespective of aphid species identity, the proportion of winged aphid morphs decreased with increasing plant species richness, which was correlated with decreasing host plant biomass. Similarly, emergence proportions of parasitoids decreased with increasing plant species richness. Both, emergence proportions and proportions of female parasitoids were lower in plots with legumes, where host plants had increased nitrogen concentrations. This effect of legume presence could indicate that aphids were better defended against parasitoids in high-nitrogen environments. Body mass of emerged individuals of the two most abundant primary parasitoid species was, however, higher in plots with legumes, suggesting that once parasitoids could overcome aphid defenses, they could profit from larger or more nutritious hosts. Our study demonstrates that cascading effects of plant species loss on higher trophic levels such as aphids, parasitoids and secondary parasitoids begin with changed life-history traits of these insects. Thus, life-history traits of organisms at higher trophic levels may be useful indicators of bottom-up effects of plant diversity on the biodiversity of consumers

Bottom-up effects of plant diversity on multitrophic interactions in a biodiversity experiment

Biodiversity is rapidly declining1, and this may negatively affect ecosystem processes, including economically important ecosystem services. Previous studies have shown that biodiversity has positive effects on organisms and processes4 across trophic levels. However, only a few studies have so far incorporated an explicit food-web perspective. In an eight-year biodiversity experiment, we studied an unprecedented range of above- and below-ground organisms and multitrophic interactions. A multitrophic data set originating from a single long-term experiment allows mechanistic insights that would not be gained from meta-analysis of different experiments. Here we show that plant diversity effects dampen with increasing trophic level and degree of omnivory. This was true both for abundance and species richness of organisms. Furthermore, we present comprehensive above-ground/below-ground biodiversity food webs. Both above ground and below ground, herbivores responded more strongly to changes in plant diversity than did carnivores or omnivores. Density and richness of carnivorous taxa was independent of vegetation structure. Below-ground responses to plant diversity were consistently weaker than above-ground responses. Responses to increasing plant diversity were generally positive, but were negative for biological invasion, pathogen infestation and hyperparasitism. Our results suggest that plant diversity has strong bottom-up effects on multitrophic interaction networks, with particularly strong effects on lower trophic levels. Effects on higher trophic levels are indirectly mediated through bottom-up trophic cascades

A comparison of the strength of biodiversity effects across multiple functions

In order to predict which ecosystem functions are most at risk from biodiversity loss, meta-analyses have generalised results from biodiversity experiments over different sites and ecosystem types. In contrast, comparing the strength of biodiversity effects across a large number of ecosystem processes measured in a single experiment permits more direct comparisons. Here, we present an analysis of 418 separate measures of 38 ecosystem processes. Overall, 45% of processes were significantly affected by plant species richness, suggesting that, while diversity affects a large number of processes not all respond to biodiversity. We therefore compared the strength of plant diversity effects between different categories of ecosystem processes, grouping processes according to the year of measurement, their biogeochemical cycle, trophic level and compartment (above- or belowground) and according to whether they were measures of biodiversity or other ecosystem processes, biotic or abiotic and static or dynamic. Overall, and for several individual processes, we found that biodiversity effects became stronger over time. Measures of the carbon cycle were also affected more strongly by plant species richness than were the measures associated with the nitrogen cycle. Further, we found greater plant species richness effects on measures of biodiversity than on other processes. The differential effects of plant diversity on the various types of ecosystem processes indicate that future research and political effort should shift from a general debate about whether biodiversity loss impairs ecosystem functions to focussing on the specific functions of interest and ways to preserve them individually or in combinatio

Multidifferential study of identified charged hadron distributions in ZZ-tagged jets in proton-proton collisions at s=\sqrt{s}=13 TeV

Jet fragmentation functions are measured for the first time in proton-proton collisions for charged pions, kaons, and protons within jets recoiling against a $Z$ boson. The charged-hadron distributions are studied longitudinally and transversely to the jet direction for jets with transverse momentum 20 $< p_{\textrm{T}} < 100$ GeV and in the pseudorapidity range $2.5 < \eta < 4$. The data sample was collected with the LHCb experiment at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 1.64 fb$^{-1}$. Triple differential distributions as a function of the hadron longitudinal momentum fraction, hadron transverse momentum, and jet transverse momentum are also measured for the first time. This helps constrain transverse-momentum-dependent fragmentation functions. Differences in the shapes and magnitudes of the measured distributions for the different hadron species provide insights into the hadronization process for jets predominantly initiated by light quarks.Comment: All figures and tables, along with machine-readable versions and any supplementary material and additional information, are available at https://cern.ch/lhcbproject/Publications/p/LHCb-PAPER-2022-013.html (LHCb public pages

Hypothyroidsm and hyperthyroidsm in children

Hipotireoza i hipertireoza predstavljaju poremećaje rada štitne žlijezde koji se očituju smanjenom ili povećanom proizvodnjom hormona štitnjače. Dva su glavna hormona koje sintetizira štitnjača: trijodtironin (T3) i tetrajodtironin (T4), a njihova sekrecija regulirana je razinom tireotropnog hormona (TSH) kojeg luči hipofiza. Tireoidni hormoni snažno potiču sve metaboličke procese i imaju ključnu ulogu u rastu i razvoju djeteta. Poremećaji rada štitne žlijezde najčešće su endokrinopatije dječje dobi. Češći su poremećaji koji uzorkuju hipotireozu, a mogu se klasificirati kao primarni ili sekundarni i kao kongenitalni ili stečeni hipotireoidizam. Kongenitalni hipotireoidizam je najčešći, izlječivi uzrok mentalne zaostalosti. U razvijenim državama svijeta uveden je novorođenački probir na kongenitalnu hipotireozu kako bi se spriječili neurorazvojni poremećaji. Stečena hipotireoza je najčešći poremećaj tireoidne funkcije u djece i adolescenata. Najčešće je uzrokovana autoimunim tireoiditisom (Hashimotov tireoiditis). Usporen rast u djeteta obično je prvi znak hipotireoze te je potrebno započeti liječenje levotiroksinom. Hipertireoidizam je u dječjoj dobi rijedak ali vrlo ozbiljan poremećaj. Gravesova bolest je najčešća hipertireoza dječje dobi. Autoimunosni je poremećaj u kojem dolazi do stimulacije tireotropinskih receptora antitijelima. Moguće terapijske opcije kod liječenja hipertireoze su antitireoidni lijekovi, liječenje radioaktivnim jodom i tireoidektomija.Hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism are disorders of the thyroid gland that are characterized by decreased or increased production of thyroid hormones. There are two main hormones synthesized by the thyroid gland: triiodothyronine (T3) and tetraiodothyronine (T4). Their secretion is regulated by the level of thyrotropic hormone (TSH) secreted by the pituitary gland. Thyroid hormones strongly stimulate all metabolic processes and play a key role in the growth and development of the child. Thyroid disorders are the most common endocrinopathies in childhood. Disorders that cause hypothyroidism are more common and can be classified as primary or secondary and as congenital or acquired hypothyroidism. Congenital hypothyroidism is the most common, curable cause of mental retardation. In the developed world, neonatal screening for congenital hypothyroidism has been introduced to prevent neurodevelopmental disorders. Acquired hypothyroidism is the most common thyroid dysfunction in children and adolescents. It is most often caused by autoimmune thyroiditis (Hashimoto's thyroiditis). Slow growth in a child is usually the first sign of hypothyroidism and levothyroxine treatment should be started. Hyperthyroidism is a rare but very serious disorder in childhood. Graves' disease is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism in childhood. It is an autoimmune disorder in which thyrotropin receptors are stimulated by antibodies. Possible options in the treatment of hyperthyroidism are antithyroid drugs, radioactive iodine treatment and thyroidectomy

Hypothyroidsm and hyperthyroidsm in children

Hipotireoza i hipertireoza predstavljaju poremećaje rada štitne žlijezde koji se očituju smanjenom ili povećanom proizvodnjom hormona štitnjače. Dva su glavna hormona koje sintetizira štitnjača: trijodtironin (T3) i tetrajodtironin (T4), a njihova sekrecija regulirana je razinom tireotropnog hormona (TSH) kojeg luči hipofiza. Tireoidni hormoni snažno potiču sve metaboličke procese i imaju ključnu ulogu u rastu i razvoju djeteta. Poremećaji rada štitne žlijezde najčešće su endokrinopatije dječje dobi. Češći su poremećaji koji uzorkuju hipotireozu, a mogu se klasificirati kao primarni ili sekundarni i kao kongenitalni ili stečeni hipotireoidizam. Kongenitalni hipotireoidizam je najčešći, izlječivi uzrok mentalne zaostalosti. U razvijenim državama svijeta uveden je novorođenački probir na kongenitalnu hipotireozu kako bi se spriječili neurorazvojni poremećaji. Stečena hipotireoza je najčešći poremećaj tireoidne funkcije u djece i adolescenata. Najčešće je uzrokovana autoimunim tireoiditisom (Hashimotov tireoiditis). Usporen rast u djeteta obično je prvi znak hipotireoze te je potrebno započeti liječenje levotiroksinom. Hipertireoidizam je u dječjoj dobi rijedak ali vrlo ozbiljan poremećaj. Gravesova bolest je najčešća hipertireoza dječje dobi. Autoimunosni je poremećaj u kojem dolazi do stimulacije tireotropinskih receptora antitijelima. Moguće terapijske opcije kod liječenja hipertireoze su antitireoidni lijekovi, liječenje radioaktivnim jodom i tireoidektomija.Hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism are disorders of the thyroid gland that are characterized by decreased or increased production of thyroid hormones. There are two main hormones synthesized by the thyroid gland: triiodothyronine (T3) and tetraiodothyronine (T4). Their secretion is regulated by the level of thyrotropic hormone (TSH) secreted by the pituitary gland. Thyroid hormones strongly stimulate all metabolic processes and play a key role in the growth and development of the child. Thyroid disorders are the most common endocrinopathies in childhood. Disorders that cause hypothyroidism are more common and can be classified as primary or secondary and as congenital or acquired hypothyroidism. Congenital hypothyroidism is the most common, curable cause of mental retardation. In the developed world, neonatal screening for congenital hypothyroidism has been introduced to prevent neurodevelopmental disorders. Acquired hypothyroidism is the most common thyroid dysfunction in children and adolescents. It is most often caused by autoimmune thyroiditis (Hashimoto's thyroiditis). Slow growth in a child is usually the first sign of hypothyroidism and levothyroxine treatment should be started. Hyperthyroidism is a rare but very serious disorder in childhood. Graves' disease is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism in childhood. It is an autoimmune disorder in which thyrotropin receptors are stimulated by antibodies. Possible options in the treatment of hyperthyroidism are antithyroid drugs, radioactive iodine treatment and thyroidectomy

Hypothyroidsm and hyperthyroidsm in children

Hipotireoza i hipertireoza predstavljaju poremećaje rada štitne žlijezde koji se očituju smanjenom ili povećanom proizvodnjom hormona štitnjače. Dva su glavna hormona koje sintetizira štitnjača: trijodtironin (T3) i tetrajodtironin (T4), a njihova sekrecija regulirana je razinom tireotropnog hormona (TSH) kojeg luči hipofiza. Tireoidni hormoni snažno potiču sve metaboličke procese i imaju ključnu ulogu u rastu i razvoju djeteta. Poremećaji rada štitne žlijezde najčešće su endokrinopatije dječje dobi. Češći su poremećaji koji uzorkuju hipotireozu, a mogu se klasificirati kao primarni ili sekundarni i kao kongenitalni ili stečeni hipotireoidizam. Kongenitalni hipotireoidizam je najčešći, izlječivi uzrok mentalne zaostalosti. U razvijenim državama svijeta uveden je novorođenački probir na kongenitalnu hipotireozu kako bi se spriječili neurorazvojni poremećaji. Stečena hipotireoza je najčešći poremećaj tireoidne funkcije u djece i adolescenata. Najčešće je uzrokovana autoimunim tireoiditisom (Hashimotov tireoiditis). Usporen rast u djeteta obično je prvi znak hipotireoze te je potrebno započeti liječenje levotiroksinom. Hipertireoidizam je u dječjoj dobi rijedak ali vrlo ozbiljan poremećaj. Gravesova bolest je najčešća hipertireoza dječje dobi. Autoimunosni je poremećaj u kojem dolazi do stimulacije tireotropinskih receptora antitijelima. Moguće terapijske opcije kod liječenja hipertireoze su antitireoidni lijekovi, liječenje radioaktivnim jodom i tireoidektomija.Hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism are disorders of the thyroid gland that are characterized by decreased or increased production of thyroid hormones. There are two main hormones synthesized by the thyroid gland: triiodothyronine (T3) and tetraiodothyronine (T4). Their secretion is regulated by the level of thyrotropic hormone (TSH) secreted by the pituitary gland. Thyroid hormones strongly stimulate all metabolic processes and play a key role in the growth and development of the child. Thyroid disorders are the most common endocrinopathies in childhood. Disorders that cause hypothyroidism are more common and can be classified as primary or secondary and as congenital or acquired hypothyroidism. Congenital hypothyroidism is the most common, curable cause of mental retardation. In the developed world, neonatal screening for congenital hypothyroidism has been introduced to prevent neurodevelopmental disorders. Acquired hypothyroidism is the most common thyroid dysfunction in children and adolescents. It is most often caused by autoimmune thyroiditis (Hashimoto's thyroiditis). Slow growth in a child is usually the first sign of hypothyroidism and levothyroxine treatment should be started. Hyperthyroidism is a rare but very serious disorder in childhood. Graves' disease is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism in childhood. It is an autoimmune disorder in which thyrotropin receptors are stimulated by antibodies. Possible options in the treatment of hyperthyroidism are antithyroid drugs, radioactive iodine treatment and thyroidectomy